cd4cdmcd4cdm estimating co 2 emissions reduction by example
TRANSCRIPT
CD4CDM
On Emissions from Power Plants:
Power Generation (MWh)
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/MWh)
X=CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
=
X
44g/moleCO2
12g/moleC
X1 ton C
1 kgC
TJvol unit of fuel Xkg
CTJ
Xvol fuel
consumedMwh output
conversion factors
Plant based- actual data
Carbon emission factor, per fuel type - IPCC
Net calorific value, country specific, per fuel type - IPCC
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/kWh)
GHG = EFA X
CD4CDM
Power Generation (MWh)
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/MWh)
X=CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
On Emissions from Power Plants :
Power Generation (MWh)
=Installe
d Capacit
y (MW)
XPlant
Capacity
(%)
8760 hours in a year
X
On Emissions from a Power Grid :
Total CO2 Emissions (tons
CO2)
= t Op * Pt*CEFt
Emission factor for specific technology and
or fuel type(tons CO2/MWh)
Total electricity generation output of grid (MWh)
Percentage contribution to
grid (%)
CD4CDM
On Emissions from a Power Grid :
Total CO2 Emissions
= t Op * Pt*CEFt
= Op t Pt*CEFt
= Op* CEFwt.ave
CD4CDM
Module
Submodule
WorksheetSheet
Year
Fuel Typekg CO2/
kWh
Generation Mix , %
EF (kgCO2/kWh)
Oil-based 0.798 11.58 0.09Diesel 0.764 9.18 0.07Hydro 0 10.29 0.00Geothermal 0 21.68 0.00Coal 0.94 47.22 0.44Natural Gas 0.581 0.05 0.00
1000.61
Energy
CO2 Emissions from Total Electricity
Consumption per city/municipality
1-A Supplementary - Worksheet to
compute for CO2 Emission Factor
(kgCO2/kWH)1 of 12000
Step 1 - Calculate for Weighted CO2 Emission Factor
Total PercentageWeighted EF
CD4CDM
Module
Submodule Worksheet
SheetYear
A B C D
City/MunicipalityEmission Factor (kg CO2/kWh)
Electricity Consumption
(MWh)
CO2
Emissions (Gg CO2)
From 1-1 A D = B x C*10-3
City A 0.61 164,346 99.70
Step 2 - Calculate for CO2 emissions
EnergyCO2 Emissions from Electricity
Consumption1-11 of 12000
Total CO2 Emissions
= Op* CEFwt.ave
CD4CDM
Conversion Factors
1 kiloton = 1000 tons = 1,000,000 kg
1000 tons = 1 kiloton = 1 Gigagram
1 GWh = 1000 MWh = 1,000,000 kWh
1 ton = 1000 kg = 1,000,000 g
Kilo = 103
Mega = 106
Giga = 109
CD4CDM
Example 1: Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
Description of the project activity:
• Host country: Brazil
• generate electricity using hydroelectric resources to sell to the power grid.
• Hydroelectric power with 4.2 MW installed capacity = 25,755 MWh/year
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project - renewable electricity for a grid)
• baseline methodology - baseline is average of “operating margin” and “build margin”
• crediting period is 7 years - renewable twice
CD4CDM
Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
Sources On-Site Off-SiteDirect - CO2 emissions during
project construction -excluded- emissions during operation(production of electricity fromhydro power) – negligible = 0
- One-step upstream: emissionsdue to transport of constructionmaterials and equipment to projectsite- excluded
Indirect(leakage)
None are expected
Emissions from manufacture ofparts, supplies and machineryrequired for building the project– excluded.
emissions at the national gridthat would be displaced byproviding renewable power –baseline emissions
CD4CDM
Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity production of project
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
Step 3. Determine baseline emissions
i) determine baseline methodology
ii) compute for emission factors
iii) compute for baseline emissions
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
CD4CDM
Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity production of project
XPlant
Capacity Factor (%)
Annual Plant Electricity
Output (MWh/yr)
=Installed
Plant Capacity (MW)
X Hours year
XPlant
Capacity Factor (%)
= 4.2 MW X 70% X 8760Hours year
= 25,755 MWh/year
Annual Plant Electricity
Output
• how much electricity the hydropower project will deliver annually
• how much amount of electricity will be displaced from the grid by the hydropower
CD4CDM
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
Power Generatio
n (MWh/year)
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/MWh)
X=Annual
CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
= 25,755 MWh/year
X Zero (0)
Zero project emissions
=Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
CD4CDM
“approximate operating margin” - grid mix of all generating sources serving the system, excluding hydro, geothermal, wind, low-cost biomass, nuclear and solar generation
“build margin” - grid mix of recent capacity additions (newly installed plants) defined as lower of most recent 20% of plants built or the 5 most recently built plants
EFbase = (EFoperating + EFbuild)/2
*Baseline and Monitoring Methods Workshop on July 17
Step 3. Determine baseline emissionsi) determine baseline methodology
CD4CDM
GRID
Hydro
Diesel
Coal
Wind
Geothermal
Nat Gas
Solar
Priority Source Dispatched to GridSources most likely to be displaced by Project
Back
CD4CDM
ii) compute for emission factors
Generation withdiesel
199.3 GWh Actual (SIESEE)
Dieselconsumption
72,236 Millionliters/year
Actual (SIESEE)
Specificconsumption
363 Liter/kWh* calculated
Calorific value(Diesel)
10,700 Kcal/liter Reference value
Diesel EF 20.0 Tons C/TJ Reference value
Emission factor 1.190 KgCO2/kWH Calculated
EF = Calorific value
X Carbon EFXSpecific consumption
X Conversion factors
* page 30 of Aquarius PDD (Liter/MWh) - errata
CD4CDM
ii) compute for emission factors
operating margin -mix composed of diesel-fueled (199.3 GWh) and natural gas-fueled (420.5GWh) power plants
• diesel EF = 1.190 kg CO2/kWh (32.16%)• nat gas EF = 0.690 kgCO2/kWh (67.84%)• weighted EF = 0.851 kgCO2/kWh
build marginmix composed of natural gas-fueled (718.32 GWh) and hydroelectric (883.008GWh) power plants
• nat gas EF = 0.690 kgCO2/kWh (44.85%)• hydro EF = 0 kgCO2/kWh (55.15%)• weighted EF = 0.310 kgCO2/kWh
* Aquarius PDD typographical error - 883,008GWh
CD4CDM
EFbase = (EFoperating + EFbuild)/2
= (0.851 + 0.310)/2
EFbase = 0.580 kgCO2/kWh
ii) compute for emission factors
iii) compute for baseline emissions (annual)
0.580 kgCO2/kWhX
25,755MWh=
Annual CO2
Emissions (tons CO2) X
1000kWh1MWh X
1tonCO2
1000kgCO2
= 14,942 tons CO2
Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
CD4CDM
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
Eredn = Ebase - Eproject
=14, 942 tons CO2 - 0
= 14,942 tons CO2
Emissions reductions1 year 14,942 tons CO2
7 years 104,594 tons CO2
21 years 313,782 tons CO2
30 years 448,260 tons CO2
CD4CDM
Example 2: Burgos Wind Farm Project
Description of the project activity:
• Host country: Philippines (Burgos, Ilocos Norte)
• generate electricity using wind energy to sell to the Luzon power grid.
• First commercial wind power with approximately 120 MW total capacity*
• divided into different phases - Phase 1 = 42MW installed capacity = 107GWh/year
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project - renewable electricity for a grid)* as per Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) feasibility
study
CD4CDM
Example 2: Burgos Wind Farm Project
Assumption:
• crediting period: 10 years
• start of crediting period: 2004
• baseline methodology: fossil fuel mix of 2000 will be the same mix as crediting period
• constant annual emissions reduction for the entire crediting period
• no leakages considered, no other direct or indirect emissions covered
CD4CDM
Annual Plant Electricity
Output (MWh/yr)
=Installed
Plant Capacity (MW)
X Hours year
XPlant
Capacity Factor (%)
= (42 MW) x (29%) x (8760hours/year)
= 107 GWh/year
Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity production of project
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
Power Generation (MWh/year)
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/MWh)X=
Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
107,000GWh/year
X Zero (0)
=
Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
= Zero Project Emissions
CD4CDM
Step 3. Determine baseline emissionsi) determine baseline methodology
a) operating margin and build margin average b) recent capacity additionsc) power generation mix of 2000d) projected energy mix
ii) compute for emission factors
- collect data on fuel consumption and power generation per fuel type to get specific consumption (volume consumed/kWh generated)
Assumption:• table of emission factors on next page:
CD4CDM
ii) compute for emission factors
Fuel Type kg CO2/ kWh
Oil-based 0.798
Diesel 0.764
Hydro 0
Geothermal 0
Coal 0.94
Natural Gas 0.581
Greenhouse Gases from Local Communities: An Inventory Manual - Page 14
Fuel TypePower Generation,
GWh% Contribution to
Luzon Grid
Oil-based 4,017 11.58
Diesel 3,182 9.18
Hydro 3,569 10.29
Geothermal 7,520 21.68
Coal 16,374 47.22
Natural Gas 17.357 0.05
Total 34,679 100.00
Source: DOE
CD4CDM
Module
Worksheet
Sheet
Year
Fuel Typekg CO2/
kWh
Generation Mix , %
EF (kgCO2/kWh)
Oil-based 0.798 11.58 0.09Diesel 0.764 9.18 0.07Hydro 0 10.29 0.00Geothermal 0 21.68 0.00Coal 0.94 47.22 0.44Natural Gas 0.581 0.05 0.00
1000.6066
Step 1 - Calculate for Weighted CO2 Emission Factor
Total PercentageWeighted EF
Energy1-A Supplementary - Worksheet to compute for CO2 Emission Factor (kgCO2/kWH)
1 of 1
2000
Final Weighted Emission Factor = 0.6066 kgCO2/kWh
CD4CDM
iii) compute for baseline emissions (annual)
0.6066 kgCO2/kWhX
107,000MWh=
Annual CO2
Emissions (tons CO2) X
1000kWh1MWh X
1tonCO2
1000kgCO2
= 64,906 tonsCO2
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
Eredn = Ebase - Eproject
=64,906 tons CO2 - 0
Eredn =64,906 tons CO2
CD4CDM
Emissions reductions2004 64,906 tons CO2
2005 129,812 tons CO2
2006 194,718 tons CO2
2007 259,624 tons CO2
2008 324,530 tons CO2
2009 389,436 tons CO2
2010 454,342 tons CO2
2011 519,248 tons CO2
2012 584,154 tons CO2
2013 649,060 tons CO2
If at $3 per ton CO2
$1, 947, 180
CD4CDM
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm ProjectDescription of the project activity:
• Host country: Jamaica
• generate electricity using wind energy to sell to the grid.
• First commercial wind power with approximately 20.7 MW capacity = 62.97Million kWh
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project - renewable electricity for a grid)
• baseline methodology - “Recent Additions to the Grid (10 years)”
• crediting period - 10 years
CD4CDM
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
Steps in computing for the emissions reduction:
1. Compute for the project activity emission.
2. Compute for the weighted carbon emission factor for baseline scenario.
3. Compute for the baseline emission. 4. Compute for the annual emissions
reduction and the cumulative emission reduction for the crediting period.
5. Estimate total sales of CERs based on US$3 per ton of CO2 for the entire crediting period.
CD4CDM
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
1. Compute for the project activity emission.
Annual Plant Electricity
Output (MWh/yr)
=Installed
Plant Capacity (MW)
X Hours year
XPlant
Capacity Factor (%)
= 20.7 MW 34.7
%X 8760X
= 62.97GWh = 62,970MWhPower
Generation (MWh/year)
Emission Factor (Tons CO2/MWh)X=
Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
62,970MWh
X Zero (0)
=
Annual CO2 Emissions (tons CO2)
= Zero Project Emissions
CD4CDM
2. Compute for the weighted carbon emission factor for baseline scenario. 3. Compute for the baseline emission. 4. Compute for the annual emissions reduction and the cumulative emission reduction for the crediting period. 5. Estimate total sales of CERs based on US$3 per ton of CO2 for the entire crediting period.