cd industry aliv

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An Entrepreneurship Project On

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYOF

COMPACT DISC

KRITIKA MAURYA-0501227437

GULMI PATANAYAK-0501227596

Branch-Information Technology

8TH SEMESTER


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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that KRITIKA MAURYA and

GULMI PATANAYAKis studying in 8

th

semester, ofInformation Technology branch for the academic session

2008-09, bearing class roll no. 0501227437 and

0501227596 submitted his entrepreneurship report on

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF COMPACT DISC for

partial fulfillment of B.Tech in Computer Science &

Engineering has been given by B.P.U.T, Rourkela, Orissa.

Under the guidance of

Dr.Prof.Mrs.Rachita Mishra

H.O.D IT Dept.

Miss. Haripriya Rout

Project In Charge

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing a job has never been an easy go for a single person; often it is the

result of invaluable contributions from individuals in the surrounding in a direct or

indirect manner.

I am deeply grateful to my advisorMiss. Haripriya Rout

for having been a constant source of encouragement for my Business Plan Report on

Compact Disc Manufacturing Industry.

In my association with my guide for this purpose, I experienced not only his in-depth

knowledge but also his affection towards me. I would like to thank all my friends who

have helped me for successful completion of my report.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL INFORMATION...........................................................................5

2. WHAT IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP................................................................9

3. DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT.15

3.1 BACKGROUND...16

3.2 RAW MATERIAL & DESIGN...19

3.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS21

3.4 DATA.27

3.4.1 Land and Building

3.4.2 Machineries / Equipments

3.4.3 Miscellaneous Fixed Assets

3.4.4 Preliminary and Pre Operative Expenses

3.4.5 Working Capital

4. MARKET POTENTIAL..31

4.1. Present Demand and Supply of the Product Competition

4.2 Target Clients

4.3 Marketing Strategy

5. TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE.34

5.1 Technical Know How Availability

5.2 Step by Step Description

6. PRODUCTION SCHEDULE366.1 Number of Working Days per Annum

6.2 Number of Working Shifts

6.2.1 Sales Revenue

6.2.2 Utilities

6.2.3 Salaries/Wages

6.2.4 Repairs and Maintenance

6.2.5 Selling and Distribution Expenses

6.2.6 Administrative Expenses

6.2.7 Total Cost of the Project

7. PROFIBILTY PROJECTIONS.41

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8. QUALITY CONTROL43

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY.45

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Name of the Entrepreneur:

Gulmi patanayak and Kritika Maurya

Proposed Project:

A compact disc, or CD, is an optical storage medium with digital data recorded on it.

The digital data can be in the form of audio, video or computer information. When the

CD is played, the information is read or detected by a tightly focused light source

called a laser (thus, the name optical medium).The CD is plastid disc 1.2mm thick and

12 cm in diameter, with a silver-colored surface that reflects laser light. The

maximum playing time for music recorded on compact disc is 74 minutes.

Mechanically, the CD is less vulnerable than the analogue record, but that doesnt

mean that it must not be treated with care.

Major Product / Services:

Compact disc

Proposed Locations:

Bhubaneswar / Hyderabad / Bangalore/Mumbai

Type of Organization:

Hardware Development

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ENTREPRENUER PROFILE:

Name : Gulmi Patanayak and Kritika Maurya

Educational Qualification:Bachelor of Technology

Technical Skills:C, C++

TYPE OF THE PRODUCT / SERVICES:

1. Type of the Project :

Compact Disc Manufacturing

2. Product / Services Description :

It is a Product Oriented firm which Manufactures Compact

Disc in the form of CD-R (Compact Disc Writeable) and

CD-RW (Compact Disc Re writeable). With two different

storage capacity 700MB and 128MB which are generally used

in various field such as audio video recording and data storing

etc.

3. Major Consumers :

Our plan is to start our business with most of our local audio

companies, video companies and Software companies. So that

we can supply them with affordable price in comparisons to

other manufacturers due to reduction in transportation cost.When we can able to grab a better market condition in local

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market we must tries to spread our business in global market.

We also planed to target most of the office stationary suppliers.

PROMOTERS:

1. Capital from reliable and Supportive Capital Ventures

2. The main Promoter of our project will be loans taken from

banks.

3. The company to whom our firm will collaborate will produce

audio CDs, video CDS, game CDs, and software CDs etc

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The definition of Entrepreneurship is as diverse as the different functions of the

Entrepreneur. A largely held view of the term is that an Entrepreneur is the person

who brings about a change and possesses characteristics to implement ideas to benefit

the society as a whole. Only a few people are talented enough to manage this change.

Apart from this definition, a simple explanation of the term Entrepreneurship is that

it is the person who wants to work for himself.

The Austrian economist Schumpeter defines Entrepreneurship as an event that

introduces a new product, a new product method, new markets or a new form of

organization. According to Schumpeter, in a perfect scenario, these actions will help

generate wealth by creating a demand in the market from a newly introduced

innovation. Thus, a true Entrepreneur is one who combines the input factors in such a

manner that will generate a greater output. This greater output from the various input

factors will result in creating wealth for the society.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIETY

Entrepreneurship helps the society as well as the entrepreneur, itself. The benefitsof an entrepreneurship may be divided into three distinct categories that include the

benefits to the nation, benefit to the society and the benefit to the individual.

As already discussed, an effective entrepreneurship venture fosters the

production of wealth for a nation. When many of the entrepreneurship produce an

output greater than the input, the economy of the nation is directly bolstered. Another

advantage to the nation is the creation of jobs for its people. Such a job creation

utilizes the human resources of that particular country and helps the natural talent

materialize. With the new inventions and development in the new technology a nation

can use its resources more effectively. Since, a majority of the entrepreneurship

projects are private; it provides an environment of competitiveness which further

increases the quality of the products in the national markets. By privatizing the local

economy, entrepreneurship ventures help attract eager foreign firms who areotherwise reluctant to do business with the government subsidized economy.

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The income level of the average person and the standard of living of a society

increase with every successful entrepreneurship project that is undertaken. There is an

increase in the employment level on the regional scale. It is also noticeable that an

entrepreneurship helps develop other entrepreneur businesses because of the extra

incentives that it can provide to a new entrepreneur in the shape of capital, knowledge

and technology. Entrepreneurship helps the societies to fulfill its basic needs in the

world that calls for the survival of the fittest. Entrepreneurs lead by example in

assisting the society and therefore boost the moral of the public.

An entrepreneur helps himself while creating opportunities for others. It is a

fact that by doing so an entrepreneur fulfills his creative urge. Each successful project

carried out by the entrepreneur leads to self satisfaction. The greatest satisfaction is

derived from the fact that the individual is his own boss and therefore can use its

creativity without any fear of repercussion. The quality of every good entrepreneur

project is the profit and the fame that such a career provides. Infect, entrepreneurs

always enjoy respect and high status in their communities.

FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF ENTREPRENUERSHIP

Ever since the French economist Richard Cantillon tired to define the

entrepreneurship, there has been a debate on the exact role and functions of an

entrepreneur. Apart from the differences in defining the term, all of the economist

from Adam Smith, David Ricardo to the\ modern economist like Mill and Marshall

agree that entrepreneurship plays an important role in developing the economy by

generating wealth.

Early economist agreed that among the four factors of production, (land, labor,

capital and organization) organization is the factor that is the coordinating factor that

brings together the other three factors and the entrepreneurship is the element that

powers and strengthens the organization. These economists approved that the

entrepreneur has a vast understanding of the workings of the industry in which he

determines to undertake the venture. Also, the entrepreneurship is a skill that not

everyone possesses. The ability to be an entrepreneur is inherited and is displayed by

a minority in a population.

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A few modern economists believe that entrepreneurship is itself the fourth factor

of production that is the most important in driving a successful economy. These

experts are of the view that entrepreneur are defined by their risk taking abilities and

their intentions to fill in the void because of the existing lack of knowledge about a

product. According to them the entrepreneur ventures are carried out where there is a

gap in the development of a product. The entrepreneurs work to fill the gap by

introducing something that increases the effectiveness of the already existing product.

Still, many recent theories of entrepreneurship stress that it is not only the

inherent and risk taking abilities of a person that can define an entrepreneur but also

the ability to predict where the opportunity for growth exist. By grasping these

favorable opportunities, an entrepreneur works to create a new product by using

innovation. The new entrepreneurs are able to track the deficiencies in the demand

and supply of the market and provide a new improved product, for which there will be

a demand. It is true that a great amount of entrepreneurship projects in the developing

countries can be attributed to inventing a new product, very few of the entrepreneurs

can innovate a new product in less developed countries due to limited resources.

Therefore, in the third world countries the definition of the entrepreneur can be

modified to include those people who try to improve on the existing technology which

is already present in the developing countries.

ENTREPRENUERSHIP AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The state of the society and the government are interdependent on the manyentrepreneur projects being undertaken around the world. The role of each

entrepreneurship projects differs widely on a global scale due to the disparities in the

local business environment. In developing countries, the process of privatization has

helped to eliminate restrictions on the kind of opportunities that exist in the market.

Whereas, socialist countries have historically helped entrepreneurs who have shown

keen interest in optimizing the plans of the government. On the other side, less

developed counties have rarely provided the entrepreneur a thriving atmosphere.

The major hurdles that the new entrepreneurs face are the availabilityof resources

to carry out such a business. The most important is the allocation of funds that comes

in the form of money to research and development. Another largely ignored factor is

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the availability of knowledgeable partners who can run a successful entrepreneurship

after its initial stage. This is so because there is a great tendency for the entrepreneur

to move from one project to another. The lack of knowledge on part of the

management can halt the development process, if adequate training is not provided.

Historically, women owned businesses have not been successful even in the

developing countries due to the lack of government support. It remains the most

significant problem in mainly the theoretical and male dominated societies.

Governments can help improvise the entrepreneurial spirit by not only removing

the hurdles described above but by creating an industrial atmosphere that is favorable

to the structural change. If the resources are allocated from the losers to gainers by

purchasing the sales of assets, the entry and exist of the firms and rise and fall of the

industries, the governments can effectively allocate resources to the successful

entrepreneurs.

Experts agree that the most effective method of managing the entrepreneurship

industry is to foster the start-ups. Among other techniques, this can be achieved by

minimizing the paper work and formalities for the new starter. A single identification

number should be issued to every new entrepreneurial project to track down each

case. The authorization process should not take long and the case decisions should be

made by a fixed date. Tax treatment of the new subsidiaries and the policies on

induction of new employees should be simplified.

TYPES OF ENTREPRENUERSHIP

According to Schumpeter, there are five basic types of entrepreneurshipprojects. The introduction of a new good in the market is the first of these. By new

product, it means something that has been invented and has never been available in

the market. In simple terms, whenever a new invention is made, it is seen as an act of

entrepreneurship. The second is the introduction of the new method of production. As

we know that it is production of goods that forms the pillar of the economy. By new

method, it is assumed that the method that is effective and efficient and is able to

improve on an existing production method. The third type of entrepreneurship is the

opening of a new market. Whenever, such resources are provided that enables the

population to benefit, whether it is an economic, education or any other benefit, it

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establishes a new opportunity that is known as a new market for using that particular

resource. The fourth factor is the conquest of a new source of supply. Economist

believes that a new supply source allows the industry to increase its productivity. This

new source can be in many forms including the discovery of a natural resource (oil,

steel etc) or attracting a labor force that hasnt been exposed to that industry. The last

but not least is the carrying out the new organization of industry that will increase

human welfare.

Although, all of the five types of entrepreneurship are important but according to

Schumpeter, the most influential is the introduction of the new product in the market

(invention) that will directly increase the human welfare. The remaining four factors

indirectly affect the human welfare by reducing the cost. Therefore, in order for the

remaining four factors to contribute, it is important that the first factor be present and

it can only be done with the invention of a new product.

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Ever since the invention of the phonograph in 1876, music has been a popular

source of home entertainment. In recent years, the compact disc has become the

playback medium of choice for recorded music.

A compact disc, or CD, is an optical storage medium with digital data recorded on it.

The digital data can be in the form of audio, video, or computer information. Whenthe CD is played, the information is read or detected by a tightly focused light source

called a laser (thus the name optical medium). This article will focus on audio

compact discs, which are used to play back recorded music.

The history of the compact disc can be traced back to the development of electronic

technology and particularly digital electronic technology in the 1960s. Although the

first applications of this technology were not in the recording area, it found increasing

use in audio components as the technology evolved.

During the same period, many companies started experimenting with optical

information storage and laser technology. Among these companies, electronic giantsSony and Philips made notable progress in this area.

By the 1970s, digital and optical technologies had reached a level where they could be

combined to develop a single audio system. These technologies provided solutions to

the three main challenges faced by the developers of digital audio.

The first challenge was to find a suitable method for recording audio signals in digital

format, a process known as audio encoding. A practical method of audio encoding

was developed from the theories published by C. Shannon in 1948. This method,

known as pulse code modulation (PCM), is a technique that samples a sound during a

short time interval and converts the sample to a numerical value that is then

modulated or stored for later retrieval.

The storing of audio signals in digital form requires a large amount of data. For

instance, to store one second of music requires one million bits of data. The next

challenge, therefore, was to find a suitable storage medium to accommodate any

significant amount of sound. The solution to this problem came in the form of optical

discs. An optical disc can store large amounts of data tightly compressed together. For

example, one million bits of data on a CD can occupy an area smaller than a pinhead.

This information is read by means of a laser beam that is capable of focusing on a

very narrow area as small as 1/2500th of an inch.

The final challenge of digital audio was to process the densely packed information on

compact discs quickly enough to produce continuous music. The solution was

provided by the development of integrated circuit technology, which allow the

processing of millions of computations in just micro-seconds.

By the late 1970s, a common set of standards for the optical storage discs had been

developed by the joint efforts of Sony and Philips. A consortium of 35 hardware

manufacturers agreed to adopt this standard in 1981 and the first compact discs and

compact disc players were introduced in the market in 1982.

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Making a compact disc involves first preparing a glass "disc master." This master is

then encoded with the desired information and put through a series of electroforming

steps. In electroforming, metal layers are deposited on the glass master using electric

currents. When the final master version is ready, its information is transferred onto a

plastic disc. A reflective aluminum layer is applied, followed by a clear acrylic

protective layer, and finally the label.

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RAW MATERIAL

A compact disc is a deceptively simple looking device considering the technology

required to make it. CDs consist of three layers of materials:

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A base layer made of a polycarbonate plastic.

A thin layer of aluminum coating over the polycarbonate plastic.

A clear protective acrylic coating over the aluminum layer.

Some manufacturers use a silver or even gold layer instead of the aluminum layer in

the manufacture of their compact discs.

DESIGN

The compact disc is designed strictly according to the standards established by Sony

and Philips in order to maintain universal compatibility. A CD is 4.72 inches (120

millimeters) in diameter and .047 inches (1.2 millimeters) thick. The positioning hole

in the middle is .59 of an inch (15 millimeters) in diameter. A CD usually weighs

around .53 of an ounce (15 grams).

A standard CD can store up to 74 minutes of data. However, most CDs contain only

about 50 minutes of music, all of which is recorded on only one side of the CD (the

underside). The recorded data on the CD takes the form of a continuous spiral starting

from the inside and moving outward. This spiral or track consists of a series of

indentations called pits, separated by sections called lands. A tiny laser beam movingalong the track reflects light back to a photo sensor. The sensor sees more light when

it is on a land than when it is on a pit, and these variations in light intensity are

converted into electrical signals that represent the music originally recorded.

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This business plan is to install a manufacturing plant for compact disk. In such

a location where we can easily get the raw materials and target market. Our

manufacturing process will go through the following process.

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1. Premastering

First, we ensure the CD-ROM content provided by ourcustomers meets the proper ISO standards when it is organized

on the disc. This is an essential step to guarantee quality for

professionals who require precise, high quality data

reproduction that is backed by ISO certification.

Figure 1.1-Premastering

2. Mastering

Then we create a glass master covered with a photosensitive

layer and engrave all our customers information on it with a

laser light. To help fight against piracy on behalf of our

customers, the plant engraves its International Federation of the

Phonographic Industry (IFPI) number on every glass disc it

produces. Following that, a fine silver coating is applied to the

glass masters surface by a process known as vacuum

evaporation.

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Figure 1.2-Mastering

3. Electroplating

The glass master is then transformed into a mould which is

used to press discs. This is achieved by adding a layer of nickel

on the glass master by means of electrolysis. The nickel layer is

then separated from the glass base to recover the negative of

the CD. The result is what is called the stamper. Other masters

can be produced by repeating the electrolysis phase.

Figure 1.3- Electroplating

4. Pressing

With the mould ready, CDs can now be replicated.

Liquefied polycarbonate is then injected into the mould and,

after only a few seconds of pressing, a compact disc containing

all the data is quickly created.

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Figure 1.4- Pressing

5. Metallization

In order for the CD to be readable, it must be covered with a

micro thin layer of aluminum which is vacuum laid. The

aluminum surface acts as a mirror to reflect the laser light back

so information can be read.

Figure 1.5- Metallization

6. Varnishing

To protect the CD and its information from harm scratching,

bending, or dropping it the disc is covered with a layer of

varnish. The lacquer envelops the aluminum and seals it from

the elements. The disc is then ready for printing.

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Figure 1.6- Varnishing

7. Label Printing

The final touch comes with the printing of the label right on the

disc, either by a silk screen or offset process or with up to six

colors. The result is a clean, polished appearance.

Figure 1.7 Label Printing

8. packaging

The CD is automatically packaged and prepared for shipping.

We are committed to providing customers with the highest

quality printing services and the most complete selection of

packaging solutions in the industry. We know the importanceof choosing packaging that has maximum customer impact, and

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offer a variety of options from cost-saving automated

packaging to custom-made solutions.

Figure 1.8 Packaging

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3.4.1 Land and Building:

Serial

.No.

Particular Area Required Total

Value(Rs)

Remarks

1. Land 2 acres 10,00,000 Permanent purpose

2. Plant 1500 Sq Feet 25,50,000 Manufacturing plant

3. Building 2 acres

15000 Sq. Feet

25,50,000 Buildings for

accommodating the entire

staff.

Total : 51,00,000

3.4.2 Machineries / Equipments:

Sr. No. Description Nos. Required Rate(Rs.) Total Value(Rs.)

1 CD Mastering machine 2 50,000 1,00,000

2 Electro plating machine 2 10,000 20,000

3 Processing machine 2 15,500 31,000

4 Metallization machine 2 10,000 20,000

5 Varnishing machine 2 7,000 14,000

6 Label printing machine 2 5,500 11,000

7 Packaging machine 2 22,000 44,000

8 Computers 15 30,000 4,50,000

9 Printers 5 3,000 15,000

10. Scanners 5 3,500 17,500

Total: 7,22,500

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3.4.3. Miscellaneous Fixed Assets:

Serial No. Particular Requirement Rate (Rs.) Total Value

(Rs.)

1. Personal

Computers

10 32000 3,20,000

2. Documents

and

Stationeries

Paper, Office

Accessories etc

30000 30,000

3. Printers 4 2000 8,000

4. Furniture Sofa, Chair,Table, etc

30,000

5. Phone and fax 2 10,000

Total 3,98,000

3.4.4. Preliminary and Pre Operative Expenses:

Serial

No.

Particulars Amount

(Rs.)

Remarks

1. Interest during

Implementation

64,000 If we take a loan of Rs 80,00,000

2. Establishments 15,00,000 For creating the Business Area

3. Start Up Expenses 20,15,000 For starting the Business

Total : 22,46,200

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3.4.5 Working Capital:

SerialNo.

Item Rs.

1. Raw Material 3,25,000

2. Salary 15,00,000

3. Interest on Loan 8,00,,000

4. Rent 7,50,000

Total : 29,60,200

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4.1. Present Demand and Supply of the ProductCompetition:

We have to make compact disc that will use by all the audio & video companies &

local softwares/hardwares vendors. This is going to help a user in many ways. Thereare no further charges of this product.

The CD system technology has come a long way in the last few years, and new

applications for compact disc systems are being discovered every day. The market has

already seen the introduction of CD-ROMs, CD-Videos and CD-Interactive. The

latest product to attract consumer attention is Kodak's Photo-CD, which can display

photographs on television and computer screens. These pictures can be edited or

cropped by the user, just like clip art images.

Our plan is to start our business with most of our local audio companies, video

companies and Software companies. When we can able to grab a better market

condition in local market we must tries to spread our business in global market. We

also planed to target most of the office stationary suppliers.

Hence we get the market of small businessmen to youngsters who are in largenumbers hence our business will do well during the start and flourish afterwards.

4.2 Target Clients:

Our main target clients are sarthak music, Samrat cassettes, TP musics ,T-series &

local software companies like-NTCS, 3M business solution private ltd. That includes

around the 70% of the total population and which is a large target section.

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4.3 Marketing Strategy:

The Marketing Strategy will be advertising the product in the media and by

companys representatives by visiting various target clients and by making them

aware of the features, application and the type of technology used in product. Our

main aim is to target all those above music companies & software companies all over

the country.

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5.1 Technical Know How Availability:

Books related to CD manufacturing process, Chemistry, Polymer Science and

Material Science. Different working platforms like Windows, Linux etc and

processing skills like premastering, mastering, electroplating, varnishing, labeling for

the enhancement of the CD manufacturing technology and for development of the

new technology.

5.2 Steps by Step Description:

1) Study and analysis of whole project: - It includes knowing the full

manufacturing process of the project i.e. what the project means and how to do

the project.

2) Design of the Compact Disc includes these processes:-

Premastering.

Mastering

Electroplating

Pressing

Metallization

Varnishing

Label printing

Packaging

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Number of Working Days per Annum:

The Industry will remain open for all weekdays except Sundays and National

holidays.

Number of Working Shifts:

Since it is a service and production firm it follows a shift system which has working

hours from 9:00am to 5:00 pm for 1st shift and from 10:00pm to 6:00am for the other.

6.2.1 Sales Revenue:

The sales revenue of the business depends on the number of clients it has dealt with in

the present year.

Year No of Items Quantity sold per

year

Unit Price

In Rupees

Total

Realization(Rs)

2007

700MB CD-R 40,00,000 3 1,20,00,000

700MB CD-RW 5,50,000 10 55,00,000

128MB CD-R 10,00,000 3 30,00,000

128MB CD-RW 1,50,000 10 15,00,000

Total: 2,20,00,000

Utilities:

SerialNo. Particulars Expenditure(Rs.) Remarks

1. Power/Electricity 1,50,000

2. Water 10,000

3. Miscellaneous 30,000

Total : 1,90,000

Salaries/Wages:

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Serial

No

Particulars Numb

ers

Wages/Salary per month

(Rs.)

Annual Expenses

(Rs.)

1.

2.

3.

Skilled

Semi-skilled

Unskilled

3

8

18

75,000

1,20,000

1,26,000

9,00,000

14,40,000

15,12,000

4. Office Staff 10 1,00,000 12,00,000

Total : 50,52,000

Repairs and Maintenance:

Repair and Maintenance charges are based upon the amount of work to be put in by

the system manager and team to get the assignment finished correctly and completely.

Selling and Distribution Expenses:

Serial

No.

Particulars Amount

(Rs.)

Remarks

1. Publicity Expenses 1,00,000

2. Traveling 80,000

3. Commission 10,000

Total : 1,90,000

Administrative Expenses:

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Serial

No.

Particulars Amount

(Rs.)

Remarks

1. Stationery\Printing 40,000

2. Post\Telephone 30,000

3. Entertainment 1,00,000

Total : 1,70,000

6.2.7 Interest:

Year Outstanding

Loan Amount

(Rs)

Interest Installment(Rs.) Balance(Rs.)

1 80,00,000 8,00,000 9,00,000 88,00,000

Depreciation:

Sr.

No.

Type of Asset Cost of

Asset

Expected

Life

Depreciation Total

Amount(Rs.)

1. Computer 30,000 5 yrs 15,000 3,00,000

2. A.C. 20,000 5 yrs 5,000 25,000

Total 3,25,000

Misc. Expenses:

Sr.

No.

Description Cost

1. Furniture 40,000

2. Coffee Maker 5,000

3. A.C. 1,00,000

Total 1,45,000

Rent:

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Sr.

No.

Item Rs.

1.

2.

3.4.

Building

Electricity

WaterPhone

6,00,000

1,50,000

10,00030,000

Total 7,90,000

Total Cost of the Project:

Sr. No. Particulars Total Value(Rs.)

1.

2.

3.

Fixed Capital

(Total of item No.2.1,2.2,2.3)

Working Capital margin

(Total of item No. 2.5)

Preliminary & Pre-operative

Expenses

(Total of item No. 2.4)

23,80,500

29,60,200

22,46,200

Total 75,86,900

Means of Finance:

Sr. No. Particulars Amount

(Rs.)

Remarks

1. Own Investment 30,00,000

2. Term Loan 80,00,000

3. Working Capital Loan 6,86,900

4. Any Other Source

Total: 1,16,86,900

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Serial

No.

Particulars Amount (Rs.)

1. Sale Realization 2,20,00,000

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2. Cost of Servicing/Manufacturing

i. Utilities 1,90,000

ii. Selling and Distribution 1,90,000

iii. Salary \ wages 50,52,000

iv. Administrative Expenses 1,70,000

v. Interest 8,00,000

Vi Rent 7,90,000

Vii Depreciation 3,25,000

Viii Misc. expenses 1,45,000

Ix Annual working capital 30,00,000

Total 1,06,62,000

3. Gross Profit 1,13,38,000

4. Income tax 33,08,000

5. Net Profit 80,30,000

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A compact disc is a very precise and accurate device. The microscopic size of

the data does not allow for any errors in the manufacturing process. The smallest of

dust particles can render a disc unreadable.

The first quality control concern is to ensure that the clean room environment is

properly monitored, with controlled temperature, humidity, and filtering systems.

Beyond that, quality control checkpoints are built into the manufacturing process. Thedisc master, for instance, is inspected for smoothness and its photo resist surface for

proper thickness by means of laser equipment. At later stages in the process, such as

before and after the aluminum coating is deposited and after the protective acrylic

coating is applied, the disc is checked automatically for warps, bubbles, dust particles,

and encoding errors on the spiral track. This mechanical checking is combined with

human inspection using polarized light, which allows the human eye to spot defective

pits in the track.

In addition to checking the discs, the equipment used to manufacture them must be

carefully maintained. The laser cutting machine, for instance, must be very stable,

because any vibration would make proper cutting impossible. If strict quality control

is not maintained, the rejection rate of CDs can be very high.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAGAZINES:

1. CHIP

2. DIGIT3. PC WORLD

4. PC QUEST

5. Red Book (audio CD standard)

6. DVD-Audio

7. Computer hardware

8. Phase-change Dual

9. DVD-ROM

10.CD/DVD authoring

11.CD shattering

12. MultiLevel Recording, an obsolete technology (with non-binary modulation)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_Dualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_Dualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD/DVD_authoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiLevel_Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_Dualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD/DVD_authoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_shatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiLevel_Recording


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WEBSITES:

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.google.com

3. How CDs Workfrom HowStuffWorks.com

4. Andy McFadden's CD-Recordable FAQ5. Understanding CD-R & CD-RWby Hugh Bennett

6. Inside a CD-ROM drive from The PC Doctor

7. Comparative perspective on CD data transfer rates. Database for examination
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.google.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cd.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/cd.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/cd.htmhttp://www.cdrfaq.org/http://www.osta.org/technology/cdqa.htmhttp://www.pcdoctor-guide.com/wordpress/?p=1396http://www.pcdoctor-guide.com/wordpress/?p=1396http://www.pcdoctor-guide.com/wordpress/?p=1396http://www.units-of-measure.com/Block_Database_Pages/Seconds_-08_-10.htmlhttp://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.google.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cd.htmhttp://www.cdrfaq.org/http://www.osta.org/technology/cdqa.htmhttp://www.pcdoctor-guide.com/wordpress/?p=1396http://www.units-of-measure.com/Block_Database_Pages/Seconds_-08_-10.html