Unit 3 – Chapter 8Unit 3 – Chapter 8

Physical Development DuringPhysical Development During

The First YearThe First Year

JournalJournal

Abilities of a 1 yr old?Abilities of a 1 yr old? How does the baby move?How does the baby move? How does the baby communicate?How does the baby communicate? How does the baby handle toys and other How does the baby handle toys and other

objects?objects? How has this baby grown/changed in the How has this baby grown/changed in the

first year?first year?

Assignment Assignment

Take 2 pictures to school on ASAPTake 2 pictures to school on ASAP 1. picture of you as a newborn1. picture of you as a newborn 2. picture of you as a 1 year old2. picture of you as a 1 year old DO NOT SHOW ANYBODY THESE DO NOT SHOW ANYBODY THESE

PICTURES!!!!PICTURES!!!! WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A MATCHING WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A MATCHING

GAME, SO KEEP THEM TO YOURSELFGAME, SO KEEP THEM TO YOURSELF

Growth & development during the Growth & development during the 11stst year year

Development and growth during the first Development and growth during the first year are the most rapid of any time in lifeyear are the most rapid of any time in life

In 12 months, the baby who begins as a In 12 months, the baby who begins as a helpless newborn triples his or her birth helpless newborn triples his or her birth weight, learns to stand alone, and may weight, learns to stand alone, and may even begin to walk. even begin to walk.

Patterns of physical developmentPatterns of physical development

Follows an orderly sequenceFollows an orderly sequence Proceeds step-by-step in the same order Proceeds step-by-step in the same order

with most every babywith most every baby 3 types3 types

Head to footHead to foot Near to farNear to far Simple to complexSimple to complex

Head to footHead to foot Head takes lead in development Head takes lead in development

2 months into prenatal development – ½ of body is 2 months into prenatal development – ½ of body is headhead

Birth – ¼ of body is headBirth – ¼ of body is head Arms and legs don’t catch up until laterArms and legs don’t catch up until later First, babies learn to lift their heads to see an First, babies learn to lift their heads to see an

interesting objectinteresting object Later, changes to hands and feet to pick object Later, changes to hands and feet to pick object

upup Lastly, baby will walk on legs/feet to go get Lastly, baby will walk on legs/feet to go get

objectobject

Near to farNear to far

Development starts at trunk and moves Development starts at trunk and moves outwardoutward

First, babies wave their arms when see an First, babies wave their arms when see an object they wantobject they want

Later, they are able to grab an object with Later, they are able to grab an object with palm of handpalm of hand

Lastly, babies learn to pick of small objects Lastly, babies learn to pick of small objects with their thumbs and fingerswith their thumbs and fingers Opposable thumbsOpposable thumbs

Simple to ComplexSimple to Complex

At first, babies main activities are eating At first, babies main activities are eating and sleepingand sleeping

Gradually they learn more complicated Gradually they learn more complicated taskstasks

Learn to hold bottle, eat with fingers, use Learn to hold bottle, eat with fingers, use fork and spoon for eatingfork and spoon for eating

Growing during 1Growing during 1stst year year

Measurable change in sizeMeasurable change in size WeightWeight

One of the best indications of good healthOne of the best indications of good health Slight weight loss just after birthSlight weight loss just after birth 11stst 6 months, gain 1-2 lbs per month 6 months, gain 1-2 lbs per month Last 6 months, 1 lb per monthLast 6 months, 1 lb per month Weigh usually doubles within the 1Weigh usually doubles within the 1stst few months few months Triples by the 1Triples by the 1stst year year 20-22 lbs average20-22 lbs average

HeightHeight Birth – 20 inchesBirth – 20 inches 11stst year – 30 inches year – 30 inches Heredity has a large influence on heightHeredity has a large influence on height

ProportionProportion Size relationship of one thing to anotherSize relationship of one thing to another Head and abdomen are largeHead and abdomen are large Head grows fast to provide room for the Head grows fast to provide room for the

rapidly growing brainrapidly growing brain Over ½ the total growth of the head occurs in Over ½ the total growth of the head occurs in

the 1the 1stst year year Fontanels close – allow room for growthFontanels close – allow room for growth

Development during 1Development during 1stst year year

Increase in skillIncrease in skill SightSight

Don’t focus wellDon’t focus well May blink at different times or look different May blink at different times or look different

ways due to lack of muscleways due to lack of muscle May or may not produce tearsMay or may not produce tears 11stst week – focus on images 7-10 inches away week – focus on images 7-10 inches away About 3 ½ months – vision as good as young About 3 ½ months – vision as good as young

adult’sadult’s

Depth perceptionDepth perception Ability to recognize that an object is 3-D, not Ability to recognize that an object is 3-D, not

flatflat Developed at 2Developed at 2ndnd month month 33rdrd month – babies prefer 3-D over flat month – babies prefer 3-D over flat

Hand-eye CoordinationHand-eye Coordination Ability to move the hands and fingers Ability to move the hands and fingers

precisely in relation to what is seenprecisely in relation to what is seen• 3-4 months – reach for objects3-4 months – reach for objects• Necessary for eating, catching ball, coloring, tying Necessary for eating, catching ball, coloring, tying

shoesshoes

HearingHearing Develops before birthDevelops before birth Respond to sounds in the womb by change in heart Respond to sounds in the womb by change in heart

rate and activity levelsrate and activity levels Respond to tone of voiceRespond to tone of voice Soothing – calmsSoothing – calms Angry, loud – alarms Angry, loud – alarms Important for language developmentImportant for language development Learning words – associating meaning with words is Learning words – associating meaning with words is

11stst step in learning to speak step in learning to speak

AudiologistAudiologist Professional trained to diagnose and treat Professional trained to diagnose and treat

hearing problemshearing problems• Newborn is not startled by sharp noiseNewborn is not startled by sharp noise• 3 month old never turns toward source of noise3 month old never turns toward source of noise• Baby is not awakened by loud noisesBaby is not awakened by loud noises• Doesn’t respond to familiar voicesDoesn’t respond to familiar voices

Smell & tasteSmell & taste Sense of smell doesn’t develop much in Sense of smell doesn’t develop much in

wombwomb• Amniotic fluid surrounds babyAmniotic fluid surrounds baby

Do respond to bad odors shortly after birthDo respond to bad odors shortly after birth Within 10 days they can distinguish the smell Within 10 days they can distinguish the smell

of their own mother from other peopleof their own mother from other people 2 weeks old can distinguish different tastes2 weeks old can distinguish different tastes

• Prefer sweetPrefer sweet

VoiceVoice CryCry

• Initially shrillInitially shrill• Become softer after the lungs mature and voice is usedBecome softer after the lungs mature and voice is used• Also results from the physical growth of throat muscles, Also results from the physical growth of throat muscles,

tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cordstongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords• These changes effect eating – eventually solidsThese changes effect eating – eventually solids

Growth of mouth effects speech developmentGrowth of mouth effects speech development• Teeth are necessaryTeeth are necessary

Different cry’s mean different needsDifferent cry’s mean different needs Prepare for speech by babbling vowel soundsPrepare for speech by babbling vowel sounds Many don’t say first word until after 1Many don’t say first word until after 1stst birthday birthday

TeethTeeth 66thth week of pregnancy begins dev week of pregnancy begins dev Primary teeth – first set of teethPrimary teeth – first set of teeth

• 6-7 months usually6-7 months usually Painful process Painful process Stretch and tear gumsStretch and tear gums Cranky, restless, won’t sleepCranky, restless, won’t sleep Coughing, fever, loss of appetiteCoughing, fever, loss of appetite 2-10 days2-10 days 20 teeth20 teeth

What to do during teething?What to do during teething? Teething ringsTeething rings Liquid filled teething ring – coldLiquid filled teething ring – cold Ice cube on gumsIce cube on gums medicationmedication

Motor skillsMotor skills

Abilities that depend on the use and Abilities that depend on the use and control of musclescontrol of muscles

Mastering them takes physical Mastering them takes physical development, but also social, intellectual development, but also social, intellectual and emotional as well, as these areas are and emotional as well, as these areas are interrelatedinterrelated

11stst – control of head – control of head

Month by Month Dev.Month by Month Dev. 11stst – –

Lifts chin when put on stomachLifts chin when put on stomach Gaining neck muscle to hold heavy headGaining neck muscle to hold heavy head

22ndnd – – Lifts chest when placed on stomachLifts chest when placed on stomach

3-4th– 3-4th– Reaches for objectsReaches for objects Holds head up steadilyHolds head up steadily RollsRolls Complete head control when sitting on adult’s lapComplete head control when sitting on adult’s lap Holds head up when carriedHolds head up when carried

5-6th –5-6th – Sits alone brieflySits alone briefly Reaches and graspsReaches and grasps Turns completely overTurns completely over Prefers to sit upPrefers to sit up Uses hands for many tasksUses hands for many tasks

7-8th – 7-8th – Reaches for spoonReaches for spoon Pulls self up on furniturePulls self up on furniture Sits upSits up Starts to army crawlStarts to army crawl Eats with fingersEats with fingers Picks up large objectsPicks up large objects

9-109-10thth – – Walks when ledWalks when led Picks up smaller objects – more controlPicks up smaller objects – more control Stands by furnitureStands by furniture More skilled with spoonMore skilled with spoon CrawlsCrawls

11-1211-12thth – – Stands aloneStands alone May be walking aloneMay be walking alone Shows preference for one hand over anotherShows preference for one hand over another Holds an drinks from cupHolds an drinks from cup Understands toysUnderstands toys Picks up small object with thumb and Picks up small object with thumb and

forefinger - oppositionforefinger - opposition

Section 2Section 2

Handling a babyHandling a baby Baby needs to lifted for many reasons:Baby needs to lifted for many reasons:

• Eat, dressed, bathed, diaper changeEat, dressed, bathed, diaper change• 2 more reasons – comfort and attention2 more reasons – comfort and attention• Opportunity to strengthen the bondOpportunity to strengthen the bond• Help baby feel secure and happyHelp baby feel secure and happy

Handle baby gentlyHandle baby gently Lack of neck muscles/head controlLack of neck muscles/head control Baby’s temperament may influence how you Baby’s temperament may influence how you

handlehandle Keep hand or arm under baby’s neck at all Keep hand or arm under baby’s neck at all

timestimes

PositionsPositions Upright against your body – maintain eye contactUpright against your body – maintain eye contact Looking over shoulderLooking over shoulder

As the baby grows older, they need less As the baby grows older, they need less supportsupport When setting a baby down, make sure you hold When setting a baby down, make sure you hold

everything secure until he/she makes contact everything secure until he/she makes contact with next support systemwith next support system

Baby needs to trust you!Baby needs to trust you!

Avoiding stressAvoiding stress Put the baby down in crib and walk to another Put the baby down in crib and walk to another

roomroom Count to 10Count to 10 Ask a friend or relative to come over for a Ask a friend or relative to come over for a

breakbreak Take a deep breath, look out window, drink Take a deep breath, look out window, drink

glass of waterglass of water

Feeding a babyFeeding a baby

Provides more than just nourishmentProvides more than just nourishment Opportunity to bond, learn more about the worldOpportunity to bond, learn more about the world Cuddling, body contact, nurturing words are as Cuddling, body contact, nurturing words are as

important as the foodimportant as the food Feeding schedulesFeeding schedules

Need to eat as much as they want, as often as Need to eat as much as they want, as often as they wantthey want

Newborn – 6-8 times in 24 hrsNewborn – 6-8 times in 24 hrs• Stomach are very smallStomach are very small

2-32-3rdrd month month• Baby wakes every 3-4 hrs around the clockBaby wakes every 3-4 hrs around the clock• Eventually baby won’t need late night feedingsEventually baby won’t need late night feedings• 12 lbs – usually sleep through the night12 lbs – usually sleep through the night

Stomach can hold more milkStomach can hold more milk

• End of 1End of 1stst year year Eat 3 meals/day plus snacksEat 3 meals/day plus snacks

Mealtime methodsMealtime methods A. breast feedingA. breast feeding

• 1. a mother will receive help and instructions while in 1. a mother will receive help and instructions while in the hospital or from a midwifethe hospital or from a midwife

• 2. information is also available from La Leche League2. information is also available from La Leche League A. organization that promotes breast feedingA. organization that promotes breast feeding

B. head should be well above the stomachB. head should be well above the stomach C. bottle at angle so can comfortably suck and C. bottle at angle so can comfortably suck and

nipple is always fullnipple is always full• 1. limit the amount of swallowed air1. limit the amount of swallowed air

D. feed until baby feels satisfiedD. feed until baby feels satisfied• Usually eats the amount they needUsually eats the amount they need

E. burp twiceE. burp twice• 1. once during feeding, once after feeding1. once during feeding, once after feeding• 2. may not burp each time, but needs the 2. may not burp each time, but needs the

opportunity toopportunity to F. warm bottlesF. warm bottles

• 1. put in pan of warm water until lukewarm1. put in pan of warm water until lukewarm• 2. don’t microwave2. don’t microwave

A. hotspotsA. hotspots B. kills valuable nutrients in breast milkB. kills valuable nutrients in breast milk

G. sterilize bottles and don’t let formula sit out G. sterilize bottles and don’t let formula sit out after bottle is madeafter bottle is made

Introducing new foodsIntroducing new foods A. 6 monthsA. 6 months B. cereal is usually first – smooth, runny B. cereal is usually first – smooth, runny

consistencyconsistency C. add strained foodC. add strained food

• 1. solids processed to make them smooth and 1. solids processed to make them smooth and runnyrunny

• 2. buy baby food or puree your own food2. buy baby food or puree your own food• 3. usually fruits and veggies3. usually fruits and veggies

D. add foods gradually so you know what may D. add foods gradually so you know what may cause an allergic reactioncause an allergic reaction

E. Tips for adding foodsE. Tips for adding foods• 1. head foods if used to warm milk1. head foods if used to warm milk

A. check temp on wristA. check temp on wrist

• 2. large bib – messy feedings2. large bib – messy feedings• 3. be ready for spitting – may not like food3. be ready for spitting – may not like food

A. combine with food they do likeA. combine with food they do like

4. Weaning4. Weaning A. process of changing from drinking form the A. process of changing from drinking form the

bottle or breast to drinking from a cupbottle or breast to drinking from a cup B. sign of increasing independenceB. sign of increasing independence C. no precise age – 9 months in commonC. no precise age – 9 months in common D. wait until baby is readyD. wait until baby is ready E. look for signs like pushing away eating, E. look for signs like pushing away eating,

wanting to eat from a spoon, looking around wanting to eat from a spoon, looking around or playing while suckingor playing while sucking

5. Self-feeding5. Self-feeding A. 8-10 monthsA. 8-10 months B. ready to eat with fingers or from spoonB. ready to eat with fingers or from spoon C. open mouth when spoon is comingC. open mouth when spoon is coming D. then want to handle spoon themselves – ready D. then want to handle spoon themselves – ready

for self feedingfor self feeding E. choose finger foods for them to handle and get E. choose finger foods for them to handle and get

used to used to • 1. cut up toast, cheese, bananas1. cut up toast, cheese, bananas

F. takes practice and sense of humorF. takes practice and sense of humor

II. Nutritional ConcernsII. Nutritional Concerns

1. overfeeding1. overfeeding A. a baby who overeats will more than likely A. a baby who overeats will more than likely

overeat later in lifeovereat later in life B. same goes with sweetsB. same goes with sweets C. bottle-fed have a greater risk of overeating C. bottle-fed have a greater risk of overeating

than breastfedthan breastfed

2. malnutrition – lack of enough food or a lack 2. malnutrition – lack of enough food or a lack of the proper type of foodof the proper type of food A. need enough calories to provide for rapid A. need enough calories to provide for rapid

growthgrowth B. food that is easy to digestB. food that is easy to digest C. adequate amounts of foodC. adequate amounts of food D. needed nutrients like protein, iron, B vitamins, D. needed nutrients like protein, iron, B vitamins,

Vitamin C & DVitamin C & D E. cow’s milk alone does not provide carbs E. cow’s milk alone does not provide carbs

needed for energyneeded for energy

F. developing countries is a problemF. developing countries is a problem G. skim milk is not enough calories from birthG. skim milk is not enough calories from birth H. also in US b/c parents don’t know H. also in US b/c parents don’t know

nutritional needsnutritional needs• i. swollen stomachi. swollen stomach• Ii. Hair falls outIi. Hair falls out• Iii. Wounds slow to healIii. Wounds slow to heal• Iv. Poor coordination and muscle toneIv. Poor coordination and muscle tone• V. stunted growthV. stunted growth• Vi. Learning problemsVi. Learning problems• Vii. Slow brain developmentVii. Slow brain development

I. WIC – women, infants, and children programI. WIC – women, infants, and children program• i. helps low income families with food costsi. helps low income families with food costs

Section 3 notesSection 3 notes

I. bathing a babyI. bathing a baby A. for a newborn, anytime is a good time for a A. for a newborn, anytime is a good time for a

bath except right after feedingbath except right after feeding• i. need time to rest and digesti. need time to rest and digest

B. newborn is given sponge bath until naval B. newborn is given sponge bath until naval healsheals

C. then move to basin tub or sink and C. then move to basin tub or sink and eventually the normal tubeventually the normal tub

D. sponge bathD. sponge bath• i. 2 soft towelsi. 2 soft towels• Ii. WashclothIi. Washcloth• Iii. DiaperIii. Diaper• Iv. Mild soapIv. Mild soap• V. baby shampooV. baby shampoo• Vi. Cotton balls – clean around navalVi. Cotton balls – clean around naval• Vii. Get clothes and such ready to go in a warm roomVii. Get clothes and such ready to go in a warm room• Viii. 70-80 degreesViii. 70-80 degrees• Ix. Test water with elbow – should feel luke warmIx. Test water with elbow – should feel luke warm• X. place baby on towel – put water in separate bowlX. place baby on towel – put water in separate bowl• Xi. Place other towel on top of baby to keep warmXi. Place other towel on top of baby to keep warm• Xii. Wash face with clear water and washclothXii. Wash face with clear water and washcloth• Xiii. Pat baby’s face dryXiii. Pat baby’s face dry

• Xiv. Clean out earsXiv. Clean out ears• Xv. Wash rest of body with soapy waterXv. Wash rest of body with soapy water• Xvi. Clean scalp 1-2 per weekXvi. Clean scalp 1-2 per week• Xvii. Cradle cap – skin condition in which the scalp Xvii. Cradle cap – skin condition in which the scalp

develops patches of yellowish, crusty scalesdevelops patches of yellowish, crusty scales 1. apply baby oil to scalp at night1. apply baby oil to scalp at night 2. gently loosen scales in the morning2. gently loosen scales in the morning

• Xviii. Apply baby lotion or powder after bathXviii. Apply baby lotion or powder after bath• Xix. Never let baby play with container – could Xix. Never let baby play with container – could

inhale powderinhale powder

E. tub bathE. tub bath 1. rubber mat or towel on bottom of basin – 1. rubber mat or towel on bottom of basin –

prevent slidingprevent sliding 2. luke warm water – 2-3 inches deep2. luke warm water – 2-3 inches deep 3. always support head3. always support head 4. go through same steps as sponge bath4. go through same steps as sponge bath 5. let them splash – good exercise and 5. let them splash – good exercise and

enjoyableenjoyable

F. Normal tub safety tipsF. Normal tub safety tips 1. never leave the baby alone even for a 1. never leave the baby alone even for a

second in shallow watersecond in shallow water 2. keep baby seated – standing leads to falls2. keep baby seated – standing leads to falls 3. always check water temp3. always check water temp 4. keep away from faucet4. keep away from faucet

• A. may be hotA. may be hot• B. very hard if hit headB. very hard if hit head

5. don’t let baby drink bath water – a little is OK5. don’t let baby drink bath water – a little is OK

II. Dressing babyII. Dressing baby

A. dress them as you would dressA. dress them as you would dress 1. they don’t need to be warmer than you1. they don’t need to be warmer than you 2. if extremities feel cold, check body temp2. if extremities feel cold, check body temp

B. newbornB. newborn 1. sleepovers – one-piece garment with feet1. sleepovers – one-piece garment with feet 2. cotton undershirt2. cotton undershirt

C. older babiesC. older babies 1. movable clothing so can crawl and walk1. movable clothing so can crawl and walk 2. soft cotton – sleeper for bed2. soft cotton – sleeper for bed

D. dressing tipsD. dressing tips 1. sing a song1. sing a song 2. talk with the child2. talk with the child 3. work smoothly and quickly3. work smoothly and quickly 4. gather garment and slip it over back of baby’s 4. gather garment and slip it over back of baby’s

headhead 5. stretch it as you bring it over face5. stretch it as you bring it over face 6. put baby’s fist in armhole and pull the arm 6. put baby’s fist in armhole and pull the arm

throughthrough 7. do same with legs7. do same with legs

III. DiapersIII. Diapers

A. dispose of diaperA. dispose of diaper 1. trash can or diaper geni1. trash can or diaper geni

B. wash cloth diaper in hottest water with B. wash cloth diaper in hottest water with mild soapmild soap

C. diaper rash – patches of rough, irritated C. diaper rash – patches of rough, irritated skin from bacteriaskin from bacteria 1. clean baby thoroughly1. clean baby thoroughly 2. use zinc oxide to treat - ointment2. use zinc oxide to treat - ointment

IV. SleepIV. Sleep

A. by age one – 2-3 sleep periodsA. by age one – 2-3 sleep periods B. make sure baby is relaxed – read B. make sure baby is relaxed – read

books, sing lullabybooks, sing lullaby C. keep a routine and keep it simpleC. keep a routine and keep it simple D. let them fall back asleep on their own or D. let them fall back asleep on their own or

else they will become reliant on youelse they will become reliant on you