CCU&S via Stacked Storage—

Case Studies from CO2-EOR

Basins of the United States

Susan D. Hovorka with

David L. Carr, Stuart H. Coleman, Khandaker Zahid,

Rebecca C. Smyth, Vanessa NunezRebecca C. Smyth, Vanessa Nunez

Gulf Coast Carbon Center

Bureau of Economic Geology

Jackson School of Geoscience

The University of Texas at Austin

www.gulfcoastcarbon.org

Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC)

BEG Team Scott Tinker

Michael YoungSue HovorkaTip MeckelJ. P. Nicot

Rebecca Smyth

LBNLLLNLORNLNETLSNLMississippi State UU of Mississippi

Collaborators IA sponsors

China Petroleum Co. Taiwan

Rebecca SmythRamon Trevino

Katherine RomanakSeyyed HosseiniChangbing YangVanessa Nunez

Dave CarrBrad Wolaver

Alex SunJiemin Lu

Carey King students and others

SECARBUT-PGE UT Chem-ECFSES- BESUT- CIEEPUT- DoGSUT- LBJ schoolBEG- CEEJSG – EERUniv. EdinburghUniv. DurhamRITECO2-CRC

UT - Large CCS program

Gulf Coast Carbon Center at the Bureau of Economic Geology,Jackson School of Geosciences

Luminant Capture Program Department of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering

Geological CO 2 Storage JIP Center for Petroleum and Geosystems EngineeringCockrell School of Engineering

Structure of GCCC Research

GCCCMajor Themes 2011-2014 Plan

Capacity Estimation

Analog Studies

Major Funded Projects

GCCC Industrial Associates

DOE-Offshore Miocene

DOE SECARB – Phase III

Water RF push-pull test

Links to DOE-BES CFSES

Sponsor and CCP funded projects

Unconventional EOR

Value of Information

Knowledge Sharing

DOE-Offshore Miocene

DOE AP/LLC-Hastings EOR

DOE TCI: NRG – West Ranch

DOE Risk assessment

EPA-CCP-Site-specific

DOE STORE

BOEM Regs

Links USRegional Partnerships and global collaborations

GCCC DOE-Funded Field Monitoring Programs

CranfieldSECARB Phase II&IIDenbury

Frio Test 1&2Texas American Resources

SACROCSouthwestPartnershipKinderMorganNM Tech

HastingsDenbury-AP-LLCWest Ranch

Petra-Nova NRG Hillcorp

Sub-seafloor storage potential

Galloway and others

Characterization for Storage– Sub-seafloor offshore

Gulf of MexicoMeckel, Trevino,

Carr, Wallace

EPA STAR – CCP Site specific monitoring

Characterization Uncertainty: Fault-seal??

Leak path concept

Test Sensitivity of Monitoring Options

Monitoring options Image free-phase with surface 4-D

Measure change in pressure AZMI

Temperature change along fault

Mass/pressure balance in reservoir

Microseismic

Trigger – tool not sensitive, noise too high

Test Sensitivity of Monitoring Options

Image free-phase with surface 4-DMeasure change in pressure AZMI

Microseismic

Temperature change along fault

Change in rate pressure increase in reservoir

Mas

s le

aked

Seismic velocity change Rat

e le

aked

Pressure change

Det

ectio

n lim

it

Rat

e le

aked

Derivative Pressure change

Rat

e le

aked

Temperature change in Fault zone

Det

ectio

n lim

it Trigger, Failure or pre-failure

Set triggers, stage monitoring options

• Select microseismic as pre-failure trigger • AZMI pressure as most sensitive trigger• Select Image with surface 4- D and change

in rate of pressure change in reservoir as post trigger follow up.

• Decrease analysis of microseismic after pressure peaks and plateaus

fault

Estimation of Storage Capacity

Source and capture of CO2

CCUS or CCS

CO2 use for enhanced oil productionto offset development cost and speed implementation

CO2 Storage in brineformation

Capacity Calculation Considerations

EOR

• Limited to oil producing

areas, economic constraints

– Recent increase in target

identification

Brine Storage

• Widespread regionally,

thicker and larger pore

volume availability

• Much of the volume is not identification

• In structural trap, recycle

contacts pore volumes

repeatedly, miscibility with

oil therefor assume higher

pore volume occupancy

• Much of the volume is not

in structural traps, pore

volume occupancy is lower

Oil Resources –co-occupy space with

Saline potential

Power PlantsPure CO2 sourcesOil and Gas (USGS)Coal (USGS)Brine Aquifer> 1000m

Compiled 2000 from USGS data

Stacked Potential in US Sample Basins Basin Top target formation Deeper targets Enhanced oil recovery

potential

Los Angeles Repetto Same Formation Yes

Basin and Range Paleozoic Carbonates No No

Sevier/Kaiparowits Jurassic Navajo Sandstone Wingate Sandstone No

San Juan Morrison Formation Dakota No

Powder River Basin Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills

Sandstone

Lower Cretaceous Lakota

Formation

No

Sandstone Formation

Williston Basin Madison Group Cambrian sandstones yes

Denver Basin Frontier Dockum, Lyons Sandstone yes

Palo Duro Basin Granite walsh Paleozoic carbonates No

Anadarko basin Arbuckle group Simpson Group Yes

East Texas Basin Woodbine Paluxy Yes

Gulf Coast Basin Miocene Frio Yes

Illinois Basin St. Peter Sandstone Mt Simon yes

Appalachian Basin Oriskany Tuscarora No

Black Warrior Pottsville Paleozoics Yes

System Analysis of Storage Capacity

Sources and sinkslinked regionally in a pipeline network

Enhanced oil productionto offset development cost and

Future extension of pipeline network

pipeline network to offset development cost and speed implementation

Very large volumestorage in stacked brineformations beneathreservoir footprints

Temporal Role of EOR in

Sequestration2

Brine sequestration

Vol

ume

of C

O2

Time

EOR

Early EOR+sequestration projects underway, more planned

Updated Role of Use (EOR) in

Sequestration2

Brine sequestrationBrine sequestrationlarge storage volumes

Vol

ume

of C

O2

Time

EORModerate Volumes, NOW!

Cost offsetPublic acceptance

Regulatory certaintyInfrastructure

• Brine test planned, ended up stacked

• Numerous suitable injection zones in same tracts used for oil production

Frio Pilot 2004-2006

Fresh water

Injection intervals

Oilproduction

Geometries of Stacked Storage

• Vertical stacking

• Laterally offset

• Use of saline rather than optimizing EOR flood

for storage

– Maximize EOR economics

– Minimize long term storage in areas with most

well penetration

Stacked

Frio Reservoirs:

Rollover Anticlines

Markham North-Bay City North field

Modified from Tyler andAmbrose (1986)

Permian Basin Saline Capacity Examples

Yates Formation Queen Formation San Andres Formation

Capacity in porosity times thickness,

low High

Sprayberry FormationDean- 3rd Bone Spring Formation Wolfcamp – Lime

times thickness, (units variable)

South Georgia Basin example

Austin Chalk

Tuscaloosa

Jurassic

Austin

Paleozoic

Paleozoicbasement

Paleozoic

Austin Chalk

Lower Cretaceous

Jurassic

D. Carr

Advantages of Stacked Storage• Limit plume and increased pressure footprint

• Characterization of multiple injection zones =

reduced cost

• Flexible operation

• Co-monitoring multiple injection zones• Co-monitoring multiple injection zones

– Use of shallower zones for surveillance of deeper zones

– Near-surface monitoring of same footprint

• Brownfield

– Reduced environmental impact, same infrastructure

– Increased public acceptance

• Revenue during initial (most expensive) stages

Stacked Storage to Limit Plume Size

Confining systemMultiple injection zonesbeneath one land tract

Confining system

Not

S

tack

ed

One injection zone =Large plume

Confining system

Confining system

Confining system

beneath one land tract

CO2 is emplaced though well(s) designed and perforated to access multiple horizons

Injection zone 1

Injection zone 2

Injection zone 3

Sta

cked

Disadvantages of stacked storage

• Oil production – conflict of interest and purpose

– Public acceptance and trust

– Emissions from compression, oil refining, oil combustion

• Operational interference

– Complex subsurface ownership (US)– Complex subsurface ownership (US)

– Well penetrations

– Fluid extraction and disposal

• Monitoring interference

– Complex fluid history

– Hydrocarbons in shallow environments – natural and past

practices

– Pressure and fluid interference

Conclusions

• Field studies and data bases show oilfield and

saline storage are “stacked”

• Carbon capture use and storage

– Numerous advantages – Numerous advantages

• Limit area Flexablity, public acceptance

– Requires advance planning, reduce disadvantages

www.gulfcoastcarbon.org