ccs overview the global perspective - ccop · focus on ccus – including “utilization”: •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Per Christer Lund, Counsellor Science and Technology
Norwegian Embassy in Tokyo
CCS overview‐ the global perspective
The CCOP CO2 Storage program (CCS‐M) Launching SeminarBali, Indonesia, April 29 2013
Reduce global warming Adaptation
Countermeasures Reduced needs Direct reduction
Remove CO2 from Supress Improved Capture Substitutionatmosphere effect efficiency point emissions energy sources
Biologic Fertilize Dust into Cons- Power & Under- Ocean Smaller Nuclear Renew-fixation the oceans the atmo- umption energy ground disposal C/H- power ablebiomass sphere supply storage ratio energy
Aquifers Oil fields Gas fields
The motivation for CCS
CCS Potential: up to > 20% of needed reductions
Definition:“Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage” (CCS) or “carbon sequestration” is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating CO2 that otherwise would be emitted to the atmosphere and could contribute to global climate change.
CO2 Capture and Storage ‐ CCS
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
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CO₂separation
CO₂ compression & conditioning
N₂/O₂
CO₂
ShiftH₂
CO₂
Powerplant
Air Air seperation
O₂N₂
Air/O₂
Raw materials Product: Gas, Ammonia, Steel
CO₂
N₂/O₂CO₂ compression
& conditioning
Powerplant
Gasification
Reforming
CO₂separation
H₂
CO₂
CO/H₂
Air separation
Process +CO₂ Sep.
CO/H₂
Coa
l, O
il, N
atur
al G
as,
Bio
mas
s
Powerplant
Post‐combustion
Pre‐combustion
Oxy‐combustion
Other industries
Membrane technologies
Absorption
Absorp
tion
Adsorption
Adsorp
tion
Pathways to CO2 capture
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
Post‐combustion separation
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
Post‐combustion separation
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
Main challenges with post combustion CO2 capture:
Low CO2 partial pressure
• Large processing plants
• High energy requirements
• Potentially high emissions of absorbents
Exhaust gas contaminants
Degradation and corrosion
Source: Technology Center Mongstad
Size matters: 400 MW NG fired power station (<1 Mton/yr)Exhaust gas rate:
2.106 m3/h flue gasTypical gas velocity: 2m/sTower cross sectional area:
280 m2
Diameter: 19 mHeight: 35 m
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Large energy consumption
Amine reclaimer
Electrical energy
Reclaimer bottoms
Heat
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
Pre‐combustion separation
GasifierReformer
Coal
Shift
H2
CO
H2
CO2
CO2
capture
H2
CO2
1. Split the CxHy‐molecules (the fuel) into H2 and CO/CO2
2. Transfer heating value ( = fuel energy) from CxHy to H2
3. Separate CO2 from H2
4. Use H2 as fuel in the power plant
to combustion
Oxidizer
H2O
O2
Oil
Naturalgas
CxHy = hydrocarbon (natural gas, oil, coal)CO2 = carbon dioxide, CO = carbon monoxideH2 = hydrogen, O2 = oxygen, H2O = water
Source: NTNU/SINTEF
Post-combustion separation
Main technology for IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants.
Main challenge is pure H2 as fuel:• Gas turbines not designed for H2-rich fuel; challenges with
respect to combustion area design; materials etc.
Post-combustions not suited for reengineering of existing power plant.
Suitable for alternative utilization of H2
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Coal Oxy‐combustion CO2 capture
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Storage of CO2 CO2 storage – leakage risks
Challenges in the Carbon Value Chain
Source Capture Transport EOR Storage Control
Complex value chain: Market design and regulations
Cost Confidence
Technology development
Scale up & verify
“First of its kind”
Methods
Demonstration
legislation
StatoilAker Kværner Statoil SINTEF
Source:Gassnova 16
Too costly?
Objective of contributing to 20% of CO2 reduction by 2050
100 full-scale CCS projects by 2020
2,000 projects by 2050
CAPEX per project (1Mton+)?
TCM/Longannet: >1BUS$; but significant learning curve potential.
Some US$25 billion on the table today in Europe, North Americas and Australia..
OPEX:
• About 30% energy penalty for efficient coal power plant IGCC (Integrated Gasification combined circle)
• US$ 120-180 / ton CO2 captured
• Compression, transport and storage in addition
• This translates to about 10-15 USCent/kWh added electricity cost.
• 80 – 120 EURO/MWh
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7986
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100
150
200
250
300
Hardcoal wCCS Post
2017
Gas CCPPw CCS2017
Nuclear Hydro Geo-thermal
WindOnshore
WindOffshore
SolarThermal
Solar PV
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
CCS Competitiveness against other Low‐CarbonAlternatives in Europe in 2012‐17
€ / MWh
Reference case
Source : Alstom analysis 2012. CCS w Post amine 2017 costs, including on shore T&S & CO2 price (Flue Gas Recirculation for CCS Gas CC) CoE do not include “externalities” of Intermittent power (Back-up cost, balancing cost, grid enhancement if required)
EUROPE
Low case CSP Tower
with storage
Up to 45€cents/kWh
(82 for Ref CCS Oxy)
CO2 value chain with revenue streams income is needed!
Kyoto Mechanisms and emission trading schemes
Additional oil if CO2‐enhanced oil recovery feasible
CCS globally – where are we?
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Doers (significant R&D plus demonstrations):• USA; Canada; China; Korea; Japan; UK; Spain; Netherlands;
Australia and Norway
Hedgers (had much R&D but stopped):• Germany
Comers (significant R&D plans):• Brazil, Mexico, India, South Africa; Taiwan; Indonesia
Required CCS projects up to 2050
Global CCS – projects: mostly on paper..
Source: Scottish CCS, Dec. 2012www.sccs.org.uk/storage/globalsitesmap.html
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Global CCS – projects: mostly on paper..
Source: Global CCS Institute Dec. 2012http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/browse
Enhanced Oil Recovery with CO2 – 67 projects in Northern America + 10 in Trinidad 35 Mt CO2/year of which 3 Mt CO2/year from anthropogenic sources
US/Canada: Enhanced oil recovery
Europe: power generation
Source: Global CCS Institute
CCS in China – taking off..
Focus on CCUS – including “utilization”:• Enhanced gas/oil recovery• Chemical and commercial use (feedstock, agriculture
growth, mineral carbonation, etc.).Government and industry commitment for the 11 FYP:
• Industry: 6 B RMB / government matching?• Roadmap for 8-10 integrated demonstration projects
Ongoing projects:• 19 R&D projects; many with international partners (US,
EU, Norway, Italy, Australia..)• 6 pilot/demonstration projects in operation• 14 pilot/demonstration projects in planning phase
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CCS in China – demo projects
Status Norwegian CCS technology development
27Source: Gassnova
‐Mapping of storage potential in North Sea
The Norwegian CO2 Capture Research Structure
The Gas Technology Fund350 MUS$
The Technology Research Program CLIMIT35 MUS$
Industry50 US$/yr
Project support
Research Innovation Demonstration Commercialization
Source: Gassnova
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Norwegian CCS projects
Mongstad refinery & power plant
0,1 m ton/yr., 2011
1,4 mton/yr, 2016-18
Sleipner reinjection
1 million tonnes/yr since 1996
Snøhvit LNG
0,7 mill ton/yr, 2007
Hurum CO2 Field Lab
Land-based storage, leakage surveillance
CO2 storage Atlas
Mapping of Norwegian North Sea
Svalbard CO2 project
Storage from coal power
So where are we?
Technology is more or less available• Further cost/energy reduction/integration on capture• Better absorption chemicals – environment impact• Confidence on storage
Public/political acceptance• Public communication – perception of cost/benefit• Scientific evidence related to storage
Drivers for decisions• EU –political processes – slow!• US – economic drivers – fast!• China – central driven – fast!• Australia, Canada, Japan, Asia - ??
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Summary
• Carbon Capture and Storage is recognized as an important tool for combating climate change.
• Key technologies are available, but some major challenges:
• Large and costly plants
• High energy penalty – reducing energy efficiency
• Confidence in permanent storage
• A large number of project proposals world-wide, however very few actual large-scale pilots
• Lacking international funding structures/political agreement
• Norway is a frontrunner on CCS projects and demonstrations:
• The Sleipner CO2 storage project since 1996
• The Snøvit CO2 storage project since 2008
• The European CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad
• Norway is actively seeking international collaboration on research and demonstration projects and technology transfer on CCS.
Asia is regarded as one of the most interesting regions for CCS:
• Huge potential for CCS on coal-power plants
• Huge potential for CCS and EOR from CO2-rich gas fields
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Additional / backup slides
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How to get there?
Mapping of CO2 storage potentials in Norwegian North Sea
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Prepared by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
Objective – to map possible sites for long‐term storage of CO2
Study of all geological formations and hydrocarbon fields on the Norwegian part of the North Sea:
•Accumulation of 40 years oil and gas exploration activity
•Huge amount of seismic data, exploration and production wells.
21 geological formations assessed –grouped into saline aquisfers
www.npd.no/Global/Norsk/3‐Publikasjoner/Rapporter/PDF/CO2‐ATLAS‐lav.pdf
CO2 Field Lab ‐ Hurum
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Norwegian/French/UK project to determine sensitivity of monitoring system for CO2 migration and leakage.www.sintef.no/co2fieldlab
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Project initiated by Univ. of Svalbard.
Phase 1 - identify storage areas:• sandstone layers with saline ground water• Three wells were drilled in 2007 and 2008• 4th well 2009 (970meters)
Phase 2 - injectivity tests of reservoir• Ongoing.
Phase 3 - Medium scale CCS • From the coal power plant in Longyearbyen• 2013 - 2017
Phase 4 - Full scale CCS • 2017 - 2025
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Partners:• ConocoPhillips, Statoil, Store Norske, Gassnova (Norwegian government),
Statkraft, Lundin Norway and Leonhard Nilsen.
Research and operational partners:• Univ. of Bergen, Univ. of Oslo, NTNU, SINTEF, NORSAR, IFE, NGI, NGU, Add Energy
and BJ Services.
co2‐ccs.unis.no/UNISCO2LabAS Joint Nordic approach to CCS
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The Sleipner experience – the starting point
• Started in 1996 – now 15 year of CO2‐injection
• Separating and injecting nearly 1 mill. tons CO2 annually
• Storing in saline aquifer above natural gas reservoir
•Conditions: 100 bar, 10% CO2 down to 2.5% CO2
•Uses an amine system, MDEA
• Driver: the ~45US$/ton CO2‐tax imposed in 1992
• Learning and confidence building through a series of large EU‐wide R&D programs Source: Statoil
Movie:Sleipner reinjection – 1:34
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Snøhvit LNG with CCS
• Piped CO2 separated from natural gas (5-8% CO2) in onshore LNG plant, and re-injecting in sandstone below natural gas reservoir
• 145 km subsea pipeline transport.
• CCS started April 2008 – capacity 700,000 ton/yr
4275.12% 20% 2.44% 2.44%
The CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)
Norwegian CCS R&D clusters BIGCCS
Co-ordinator SINTEF Energy Research
R&D providers• SINTEF, NTNU
• CICERO
• University of Oslo
• Deutsche Luft und Raumfahrt – DLR
• Technische Universität Munchen-TUM
• Co-operation with Sandia Nat. Labs Livermore
Funding (includes storage and EOR):• Approx 65/35 % funded by Research Council of Norway/Industry
• 2001- 2006: Total of approx. 13 M€• 2007 – 2011: 98 MNOK-12M€ (BIGCO2)
• 2007 – 2011: 107 MNOK- 13M€ (BIGH2)
• 2006 – 2012: 50 MNOK- 6M€ (BIGCLC)
Industrial consortium• Aker Clean Carbon
• GE Global Research (Münich-DE)
• Statkraft
• StatoilHydro
• ALSTOM (Zürich-CH)
• SHELL
• ConocoPhillips
• TOTAL
www.sintef.no/Projectweb/BIGCCS
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Vision of the BIGCCS Centre:
• to enable sustainable power generation from fossil fuels
• cost-effective CO2 capture,
• safe transport,
• underground storage of CO2.
The BIGCCS Centre is set to achieve the following goals:
• 90% CO2 capture rate
• 50% cost reductions
• Less than 6 percentage points fuel-to electricity penalty compared to state-of-the-art fossil fuel power generation
The BIGCCS Centre:
• develops new knowledge and technology required to accelerate deployment of large scale CCS,
• through international co-operation.
• Innovation and value creation is promoted throughout the CO2 value chain.45
www.sintef.no/Projectweb/BIGCCS SUCCESS
Vision
• To provide a sound scientific base for CO2 injection, storage and monitoring, to fill gaps in strategic knowledge, and provide a system for learning and development of new competency
• Budget 160 MNOK over 8 yrs
Partners:
• Christian Michelsen Research (CMR)
• Institute for Energy Technology (IFE)
• Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
• Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)
• Unifob (CIPR)
• University of Bergen (UiB)
• University of Oslo (UiO)
• University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) - UNIS CO2 LABResearch topics:
• Quantification and modelling of reactions and flow in storages
• Integrity and retention capacity of sealing materials
• Relation between flow, reactions and geomechanical response
• Flow and reaction in faults and fractures
• Test, calibrate and develop new monitoring techniques
• Ecological impact of CO2 exposure - marine monitoring methods
• Extensive high quality education for CO2 storage
www.fme‐success.no
Geological provinces
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Methodology – data collection, mapping and analysis
48www.npd.no/en/Regulations/Regulations/Petroleumactivities
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Summary of findings
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www.npd.no/en/Publications/Reports/CO2‐Storage‐Atlas‐/
Demonstration Portfolio:CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad
Owners expectations:
• CO2 capture technology owned by vendors verified
• Reduced cost and risk
• Contribute to development of market
• Contribute to International deployment
Photo 20 April 201275.12% 20% 2.44% 2.44%
Page 50Source: Gassnova
Testing activities at the Amine Plant
• Initial test period for 15 months with Aker Clean Carbon
• Focus on:• process performance, mainly energy efficiency• steam and electricity consumption• emissions monitoring.
• Several hundred online instruments monitoring the plant
performance and emissions.
• An extensive lab programme with focus on monitoring solvent
performance, degradation and emissions to air and water.
• Goal: • energy efficient process • minimal emissions to air and water.
Testing activities at the Chilled Ammonia Plant
• Initial period of 18 months based on test program developed by Alstom.
• Focus on process optimization, including: • energy efficiency, • ammonia consumption and low emissions, • steady state and transient operations, • impact of flue gas impurities.
• The solvent developed by Alstom do not produce degradation products
and is based on a low cost and available solvent. • This design allow the development of reliable simulation tools, based on the tests, for
calculation of the heat and mass balances.
• Lab data, as well as sampling and third party verification measurements
will back up the online metering to enhance monitoring of a wide range
of emissions components.
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• Good response to invitation (RFI) to use the Amine plant, e.g. Aker, Siemens, Hitachi, Mitsubishi
• Available for other users towards the end of 2013/beginning 2014.
Future utilization of Amine plantFull‐scale CCS at Mongstadplanning process
Full‐scale CO2 capture from gas fired power plant
•Important part of post‐combustion technology development
International competition
Technology qualification programme (TQP)
•Basis for technology selection 2nd quarter 2014
License agreement
•Open competition for qualified suppliers of chosen technology
FEED phase
•Basis for final investment decision (FID) 2nd quarter 2016
100 % funded by the Norwegian State
•Gassnova represents the Norwegian State
•Statoil as project developerPage 54
Source: Gassnova
Five participating technology suppliers covering three technologies
•Amine technology
•Aker Clean Carbon
•Mitsubishi
•Powerspan /Huaneng Clean Research Institute
•Chilled ammonia technology
•Alstom
•Amino acid salt technology
•Siemens
Full‐scale CCS at MongstadTechnology Qualification Programme
Page 55Source: Gassnova
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Priorities in Norway’s international climate policy
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) as an important technology for emissions reductions
• CCS in industry and power generation has the potential of reducing emissions as much as 20-28 per cent of the necessary CO2 global emissions reductions
• Norway has gained valuable experience of CCS through the Sleipner Field since 1996, storing 1 million tons of CO2 under ground each year
• To help develop larger scale technologies, Government has introduced a combination of financial support and regulation.
• Careful site selection and site monitoring are important to ensure safe storage
International agreements
Norway presses for inclusion of CCS in the Clean Development Mechanism
• Political breakthrough in Cancun; procedures and modalities to be developed (UN FCCC)
Supports the EU CCS financing scheme:
• Period 2009-2014
• Norway’s contribution 160 M€
• Focus on large-scale projects; Poland prioritized country.
Int. agreements:
• OSPAR and London-conventions on CO2 storage
• North Sea Basin Task Force: storage in the North Sea
CCS bilateral projects
China: bilateral MoU on environment cooperation.
• Increased focus on climate issues
• UNDP-led project on regional climate action plans in China
• Pledged 9.3 MUS$ support to NZEC (Near Zero Emission Coal) – partners with EU and UK.
South Africa:
• Support of CCS-center
• 200,000 US$ per year over 5 years (2009 – 2013)
• Sasol (chemical company) signed up as partner in Technology Center Mongstad
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Support to international organizations
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF)
• 23 countries; including the largest emitters
• Norway support to CSLF Capacity building fund 0,85 MUS$
• Norway leads the Technical Group
Member of the Global CCS Institute
EU’s Zero Emission Platform (ZEP)
• Stakeholders include industry/commerce; government and NGOs
• Norway is active member
International Energy Agency (IEA)
• Hosts Greenhouse Gas International Summer School at Svalbard
• Support 85,000 US$ (2010)
Support to global CCS funds
World Bank CCS Trust Fund:
• Established 2009
• Norway as largest contributor: 6 MUS$
• Added another 3 MUS$ in 2010
• 12 developing countries getting support
UN Industrial Development Organization
• Global CCS Industrial Roadmap
• Norway’s support 0.3 MUS$
• Focus on large emission points for industry in developing countries
ADB CCS Capacity fund:
• Norwegian support of 6 MUS$