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US History 1TRANSCRIPT
“Discovering America”
• Norse– Ericson– Hopscotch– Greenland– L’Anse aux Meadows– Maine?– Newport?
Crusades• Crusades
– Food– Venice & Genoa
• Marco Polo– Trade by sea poss.
• Gutenberg• Bubonic Plague
– Less people– More food– Feudalism– Nationalism
• Renaissance– New instruments
Prince Henry
• Prince Henry– Portugal inches along
African coast– Sao Tome
• Slaves/Plantations
• Barthomeu Dias– Genoa & Venice– Da Gama
Columbus
• Spain– Isabella/Moors
• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola• La Navidad
– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
Magellan
• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498
• Cabral– Vespucci
• Balboa• Magellan– West voyage not feasible
Conquistadores
• Conquistadores– Unemployed in Spain– Cortez
• Aztec– Empire, tribute, sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro• Smallpox • Inca
• French– Verrazano– Cartier– Champlain
• Lived with Indians
Huguenots
• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st
• England– Northwest Pass– Cabot—Newfoundland– Frobisher (China)– John Hawkins Africa to
Haiti– Walter Raleigh trade/
Indians
England enters the Picture
• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada
• Spain defends Cath.• English pond
England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled
causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit
• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold
• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,
European traditions of labor– Could have done better if
they learned to farm
– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to
VA success
• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching
• Labor force– Indentured
• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to
Chesapeake• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues
– Headright• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-
government• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland– Proprietary
• Lord B’more• Sanctuary
– But… conflict» Majority
Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &
heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/
Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority
– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of
Eng.– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts
The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of
CT.
• Rhode Island– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God
Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement
disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity
stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,
hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–
Redemption Rock
Trouble in New England
• Salem– Tituba
• Witchcraft• Specters
– Causes• Continual disorder
explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot
The Other Colonies
• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright
– Diverse– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no
sex”
• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados
• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts– raw materials– Revenue & divert trade– Only English/colonial ships– Enumerated list– Make money/ competition– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole– Ignore leads to more
wealth• James II & WM/Mary get rid
of Sal. Neg.• Admiralty Courts 1796
• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay revoked– Dominion of New
England• Under direct crown control• Land titles invalidated
– Edmund Andros– Glorious Revolution
• Mass Bay restored w/ • Other colonists revoke
– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode
• More Indian Wars– New York
• Beaver Wars• Iroquois
– European diseases– Replenish
– North Carolina• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved– 6th Nation
• South Carolina– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)• Threatened Lands• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery– Portuguese
• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have
too– Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of
European economy• Middle Passage
– Deaths & suicides
– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning
fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety
– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois– FR wants fur trade
• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi
– No suppression Indians– Like European goods
letting FR stay• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious» Boston widows
• French/Indian War– Contested land
• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians– non-committal
» Colonists meet annually
» Refused by colony & crown• Independence–
not enough, too much
– General Braddock• Duquesne– war!• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear
responsibility• Indians side with French–
less land hungry
– William Pitt• Better commanders
– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial economy
– Turning pt.• Focus on NA not WI
– Attack Quebec– Cripple FR colonies– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB
– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover• Colonists
– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs
• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west
• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender
lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here
• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help pay
for empire– Pitt’s role– Standing Army
(where?!?)– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act– Molasses Act– Rewards for capture
• Stamp Act– Internal tax– James Otis
• No rep in Parle• Direct rep here• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters• Boycott
– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry• Caesar, Chas I and George
– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union• 9 of 13• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux– Jury w/o trial– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
• Boycott worked• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts– Revenue Act of 1765– Customs collectors paid
by crown– Tax on lead, glass, paint,
tea– Writs of assistance– New York Assembly
– Circular Letter• Sam Adams• Tax w/o consent?• VA Assembly agrees
dissolved
• Currently– Taxes– Houses searched– Troops stationed at the
center of hotbeds
• Boston Massacre– March 5, 1770– Soldiers withdrawn– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée– Crown’s commission to
find perpetrators– Committees of
Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose
• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea• Tax lowered• Favoritism• Hurt current suppliers• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor– 2. Mass. Charter– 3. Trials in England
– 4. New Quartering Act– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders– Land granted to
Catholics!– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
• Continental Association– Manage boycott– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75– Stockpiles– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes– Sam Adams/John Hancock
– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C– Mass Militia named Cont.
Army
• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts– Pyrrhic victory– Hessians– Ports closed– Halifax
• Dunsmore• Ethan Allen• Canadian Invasion– Not just about MA– Benedict Arnold
• Common Sense– Thomas Paine
• Hessian’s (unpopularity)– What happened to the
family war
• Independence needed for European support– Richard Henry Lee– “These colonies…”
• Adams, Franklin, Jeff• SC & GA edit
– All men…– Life, liberty &– Government derives
power– If government fails to
allow
• Issues for the new government– How to share power– Controlled by who?– Women?– Slave status
• All signers… treason
– All states write their own• Executive loses
• Battle of New York– No pursuit– saved?– No brutality– wear ‘em down– Desertion– Response
• The Crisis
• British ad/disad– Army
• Do Pats measure up?
– 3000 miles***– Re-conquer judiciously
• New Jersey– Delaware– Trenton
• Hessians
– Princeton
• GB sends 1000s to Canada
• Americans– Good officers as well as
bad– Home game– Women
• Nurses• Domestic• Shurtleff• Pitcher
• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe– Philadelphia
• Brandywine• No accomplishment
– Burgoyne– Saratoga
• One of the biggest• French– decisive
– Repossess (revenge)– Fear reconcile
• Home-rule
• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben
» Inexperienced/» undermanned
• War in the West– Joseph Brandt
• Iroquois Alliance moved to Canada
– Dragging Canoe• Western settle.
– Indians mostly neutral to leaning British
• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones
• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah
• Tories pledge allegiance to crown
• Tories in charge of conquered– Treason; joining Brits,
food, ammo– Penalty; house arrest,
voting, property• African- Americans join
post Charleston
• Nathaniel Greene– conciliatory– We fight…– Guerrilla (post Camden and
Arnold)» Marion» Sumter» Drag Brits inland
• Yorktown– De Grasse– Chesapeake, VA, NC– Cut their losses– “Oh God! It is all over”– “World Turned Upside Down”
• Treaty of Paris– All lands west to Miss.– Newfoundland– Independence
recognized– Property confiscated
• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights
• 25-50%
– Southern solidarity– Slaves not fully human– NJ– Quok Walker
• VA had bill of rights• Republican government
– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t
• Articles of Confederation– 1st Constitution
• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency
– Not backed– Not worth…
– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary• Tariff tried
• One vote per• Ratification problems
– Western lands– 3/1781
– Accomplishments• Won war• Foreign affairs• New states
• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785
• 1st independent source of revenue
• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each• Indians still obstacle
• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states
• 60,000
– Bill of Rights– Equal to other states– No slavery but…
• Fugitives
• Problems with Money– Soldiers wages– March on PHL– Paper worthless– Dept of Finance
• Robert Morris• 5% imports
– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)
• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states
• Spain closed Miss– No US expansion
• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/ arsenal
• If govt destroys rights of people.
– A of C not strong enough
• Slavery– Immediate to gradual
freedom– VA manumission – “All men…”
• Quok Walker• South… not human• NJ
• Const. Convention– Annapolis Conf.
– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak• 55 delegates– lawyers,
rich• Closed doors
– VA Plan• Proportional or equal rep• VA Plan meant new Const• Bi-cameral• Pop. proportioned• Exec chosen by legis.
– Small states rejected
– NJ Plan• Big prob– how to satisfy
big/small states• Uni-cameral
– Tax/reg. trade• Plural execs
• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman– Bi-cameral
• House, Senate• Electoral Colleg• 3/5 clause• Slavery till 1808• 9 of 13 ratify
• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist
• Fear distance power• Bill of Rights
– Delaware– New Hampshire– VA
• Bill to be added
– NY• Federalist Papers
– Failure of A of C
• First Election– Washington
• Adams
• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton
• State– Jefferson
• War• “Cabinet”– Advisers– Adams did little
• Senate
• 1st Congress– Tariff – Judiciary Act of 1789
• Supreme Ct.• John Jay• Law of the land• 1st 10 years hardly any big
cases
• Bill of Rights– Madison (promised)
• 2nd militia
– 12-10– No mention of who can vote
• Financial problems– Hamilton– fan of
elite/British– Consolidate power at nat’l
level• Tariff for “protection”• South no
• Report on Public Credit– Fed debt at par
• Speculators (wealthy stake)
– Assumption• States have stake but subservient• South not happy• Washington D.C.
• National Bank– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Jefferson – Loose (Elastic)
• Necessary and…• Any means not prohibited by
Constitution • Political parties– 2nd term
• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs
• 25%• West farmers
– No protect against Indians • Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia• Nat’l gov’t no tolerate resistance to
laws
• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– US want to clear them out– Anthony Wayne
• Fallen Timbers• Greenville
– Ohio
• European problems– Revolution
• England declares war– US bound ideo to Fr– Econ to GB
• Neutrality• Citizen Genet• Jefferson resigns• British impress
– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest
– Loyalists property?– Article V– Prewar debts? A of C
couldn’t enforce pay• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.• Freed slaves not addressed• France capture US ships
– Congress increases $$$• House wants to refuse to
fund• Executive Privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Right of Deposit• Mississippi• Stay out of Indian affairs
• Washington’s Farewell– Precedent– Party system– Alliances
• Election of 1796– Adams– Jefferson– 71-68– 12th Amendment
• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France– XYZ Affair
• Anti-French sentiment• Shipping• Talleyrand
– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy• US wins in West Indies
– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans
– 14 year• Sedition Act
– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification
• Election of 1800– Adams
• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty
– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Burr as help• Tie• “Revolution”
• Jefferson Presidency– States center
• Compact
– Capital– Debt paid down
• Gallatin• Army/navy• Excise tax• Sedition Act• Naturalization repealed• Kept par, et al
• Midnight Appointments– Federalists– John Marshall– Marbury v. Madison– Writ of Mandamus– Judicial Review– Samuel Chase
• Foreign Policy• Tripoli• Stephen Decatur
– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?• Right of Deposit• Eli Whitney• Livingston/Madison• Haiti
– Toussaint L’Ouverture• Napoleon needs $$$
more
• Feds oppose• Strict v. Loose• Doubled size• Lewis & Clark
– Good relations– Flora/fauna– Water route– Oregon– Sacajawea– Louisiana 1812
• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto
• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence– Burr as governor– Hamilton – Southwest Empire?
• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &
France• Continental System• Orders in Council
• Impressment– 6,000 1808-1811
• Chesapeake v. Leopard• Embargo Act
– Disaster– Smuggling
• Non- Intercourse Act
• Election of 1808– Madison – Feds gain seats– Macon’s Bill #2
– War Hawks• Henry Clay• John C. Calhoun• Andrew Jackson• All anti-British
– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison• Tecumseh• Federation• Tecumseh flees
• Causes for War– War Hawks want Canada– Florida– Impressment– Federalists oppose– Sectional vote– Orders in Council
suspended but news travels slow
• War of 1812– Ads:
• Britain tied up w/Nap• Home game• Canada target w/ little
pop.
– Dis-ad:• Small army &
old/untrained• “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Invasion of Canada– William Hull– NY Militia
• Lake Erie– Oliver Hazard Perry– Thames
• Retreating British• Tecumseh• York
• At Sea– USS Constitution
• 2 big victories
– Inland lakes– Privateers– British blockade
• Economy crippled• Treasury broke
– Bank expired
• 1814 Napoleon defeated– Chesapeake
• Washington• Baltimore
– Francis Scott Key
– Hudson• Plattsburgh • Macdonough• War too costly
– Southwest Campaign• Jackson
– Horseshoe Bend
– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum• New Orleans
– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah• Openly traded w/ Britain• State militias• 3/5 clause• 60 day embargo• 1 term President
• No successive President from same state
• 2/3 vote for new states• Poor timing
• Era of Good Feelings– 1816 Elections
• James Monroe• Little opposition
– Nationalism High– BUS re-chartered 1816
• Local banks
• War effort hurt
– Tariff of 1816• Protective
– Florida• Adams-Onis
– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized • 49th Parallel
• Panic of 1819– Westward migration– Steamships– Wildcat– Distrust of BUS
• McCulloch v. MD
• MO Compromise– Whitney & LA Purchase
• Slavery forefront• Profitable & expanding
– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment
– Gradual Abolition– Precedent?
» LA Purchase» South too?
– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME• 36’36”
• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine
• Great Britain• West closed• US stays out of Europe• GB motives
• Election of 1824– Caucus– One party– Crawford—Clay– Adams
– Jackson
– Jackson wins popular– Jackson wins electoral
• Plurality• House• Clay’s role• Corrupt Bargain?
• Adam’s Presidency– Internal improvements– National Road– Canals
• Erie
– National University?– Naval College?
• Election of 1828– Jackson
• Democratic Republicans• Property qual. Dropped
– RI 1842• Mudslinging• Rachel
– Adams• National Republicans
• Jackson’s Presidency– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System
• Loyalists• Beginnings of patronage
• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations
• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?
• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822
– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions
• “Nullies”– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?
– Jackson… “Hang the first”
– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff
– Force Bill– SC repealed nullification
• Nullified Force Bill
• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee• Alphabet• Sequoyah• Slave owners
– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign• “John Marshall has made
his decision…”
– West to “save” them– Sauk/Fox
• Blackhawk
– Seminole/Osceola
• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John– Sec’y of War– Floride Calhoun– Rachel– Cabinet resigned
– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner
• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one– Controlled gold/silver– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4
years early (1832)
– Vetoed (as many others)
• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions
with platforms (1st )– First third party
• Anti-Mason• William Wirt• Anti-Jackson• Morphed in with Whigs
• Killing the Bank– Mandate– Taney– Biddle tries to create
crisis– “Pet” banks– More wildcats– Specie Circular
• “Hard” currency only• Led to another panic
• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First– Only issue– Jackson
• South hates tariff• North hates slavery• Clay hates Jackson• West lovers American
System• Anti-Masons
– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison
• Van Buren’s Presidency– First born in “America”– “Machine-made”
• Other Dems resented
– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842
– Abolitionism in full swing
– Panic of 1837• Land spec.• Wildcats• Specie Circular• Wheat crop fail• Pet banks failed
– Government $$$• Buren– laissez faire• Independent Treasury Bill
– Trail of Tears 1838– Texas
• Election of 1840– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!– “Log Cabin Campaign”– Martin van Buren
• John Tyler– “His Accidency”– Anti-tariff, bank, internal
improvements
• Whig Congress– Ended Independent
Treasury
– Passed BUS• Vetoed• Mass resignations• Expelled by Whig caucus
• Texas– Mexico 1821
• Needed population• Stephen Austin• Mexico wants
– 300 Roman Cath.– Mexicanized
• Many just ahead of US law
• Many bring slaves• Mexico emancipated
1830• Austin to Mex. City• All local rights suspended
by Santa Anna– Raises army
• Lone Star Republic– 1836 independence– Sam Houston Pres.
– Alamo• Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie
– Martyrs
– San Jacinto• Forced terms• Independence• Rio Grande• Repudiated• TX Annexation?
– No, recognize– Northern protest – Mexico– province in
revolt
• Texas attracts plenty of attention– Cotton, no tariffs
• Election of 1844– Texas biggest issue– Clay– waffled– Polk– Dem—dark-horse
• Pro-annexation– Texas, Oregon,
California– “54’40 or fight”
– Liberty Party– NY!
– Tyler sees election as mandate• Joint resolution
• Oregon– Britain losing pop. Race– Robert Gray– Lewis & Clark– Manifest Destiny– Polk cooled post-TX
• War• South not excited for
Oregon
• Oregon not excited for South or Polk
• Problems with Mexico– Polk wants Calif.– Mex. Recalls ambassador
post annex– Neuces Rio Grande
“no man’s land”– Slidell to buy– Zack Taylor to Rio
Grande
– “American blood shed…”• US declared war• “Spot resolutions”• Northerners not happy
– Henry David Thoreau
– But, Britain ready to seize
• War with Mexico– Polk hopes for quick
victories– Santa Anna offers help
– Taylor heads south• Buena Vista
– Winfield Scott• Veracruz• Together, must capture
Mex. City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– NM & CA
• Effects of war– 1st invasion– 13,000 dead
• Mostly disease
– Experience for next war• Who did fighting?
• Slavery issue rekindled– Wilmot Proviso– Southern “Slavocracy”
• Election of 1848– Democrats– Lewis Cass
• Popular sovereignty• No stand on slavery in
territories
– Whigs– Zack Taylor• Hero • Slaveholder• No stand in territories
– Free Soil Party– Van Buren
– Amalgamation of those…• Against slavery• Pro-Wilmot• Racists not into sharing• Abolitionists• NY again!
• California Dreaming– John Sutter– Growing fast– Need government bad– Taylor encourages
statehood
– Bypass territory status– Still tied in Senate
• Nothing on horizon for South
• As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession
• Compromise of 1850– Clay– Taylor dead– Fugitive Slave Law
• Underground RR• Harriet Tubman
– CA free– permanently tilted
– NM & Utah– pop. Sov.– Slave trade in DC
• North opposition to FSL– $5 free, $10 returned– Aid in escape? Fines and
jail– Personal Liberty Laws
• Denied use of jails• MA nullify
– South losing face
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Harriet Beecher Stowe
1852
• Election of 1852– Democrats– Franklin
Pierce• Dark-horse• Pro-slavery northerner• “the hero of many a
bottle”
– Whigs– need another war hero• No to Fillmore• Winfield Scott• Whigs not in agreement
– End of Party
• Pierce Presidency– Pro-expansion– Wm. Walker– Nicaragua– Cuba– Ostend Manifesto– Gadsden Purchase
• Terminus?
– Kansas-Nebraska Act• Northern Terminus too?• Stephen Douglas• Two territories
– Pop. Sov.– Voided MO Comp.– North gave up on any
enforcement of FSL– New Party
• Republicans– Prevent spread– Dem becomes Southern– Rep. in South?
• Bleeding Kansas– NE Emigrant Aid– Beecher’s Bibles– South there was an
understanding– Territorial government
• Border Ruffians• Lecompton • Topeka• Pierce chooses
– Violence• Lawrence• Pottawatomie Creek
– John Brown
– Senate Problems• Charles Sumner• “The Crime Against
Kansas”• Andrew Butler– Preston
Brooks
• Election of 1856– Democrats tainted by
Kansas– James Buchanan
• Doughface• Pro-popular sovereignty
– Republicans• Fremont• No slavery in territories
– Know-Nothing• Anti-• Milliard Fillmore
• Dred Scott– Roger Taney
• No citizen• Property• 5th Amendment• MO Comp Unconst.• Rep. called opinion
– Defiance of SC– Buch. & Taney part of
“Slave Conspiracy”– Southerners incensed
• Illinois Senate Election 1858– Lincoln –Douglas
Debates• Freeport Doctrine• Douglas wins/loses South
– Split Dems• Lincoln gets attn
• Harper’s Ferry– John Brown– part II– “Secret Six”
• Election of 1860– Democrats split– North wing
• Douglas
– South wing• John C. Breckinridge (KY)
– Federal protection of slavery
• Republicans– Lincoln
• RRs, Homesteads, Tariff• NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY
– Const. Union Party• John Bell (KY)
• Secession– South Car. + 6– Montgomery– CSA
• Republican Party forced them either now or later
• North won’t fight• North needs cotton
– Jeff Davis– Buchanan “Lame Duck”
– Compromise?• Crittenden
– Inaugural• Respect where existed• War in hands of South
• Fort Sumter– Anderson/ Beauregard– South aggressor helps
• Border states stay but– MD, MO, KY– Habeas corpus
– 75,000 for 90– Upper South secedes
• Richmond• South blockaded
– Ad South• Defensive– military
superior– cotton
– Dis-Ad• No factories– lousy
transportation– 9 million minus 3.5– state’s rights
– Ad North• Factories– RR—Navy– 22
million + immigration
– Dis-Ad • military top to bottom
– Southern Aims• European intervention
– Cotton– Warehouses full– Egypt—India– North traded grain, corn
– Diplomacy• Trent• CSS Alabama
– 15.5 million fine
– Staffing• North– 1863– subs– NYC • South– 1862– subs
– “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
– Finances • North– Nat’l Banking
System– greenbacks, bonds, tariffs
• 1st millionaires
• South– Bonds, graybacks, farm
tax– Blockade & invasion
crushed economy– Transportation suffered
– Women• Jobs– farms, industry• Sewing machine• Spies• Professional nurses
– Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix
• And the War Came– Bull Run– “picnic”– Skedaddled– South– overconfident– North– fight harder
• McClellan & Peninsula– Jackson tricks– Stuart encircles– Lee defeats
• War at Sea– Blockade becomes more
effective– Merrimac (VA)– Monitor
• On to Antietam– 2nd Bull Run– Lee invades MD– McClellan restored
• Plans found, bloodiest day, draw, Burnside
– Results• GB & France no recog.• Emancipation Proc.
– “he did where he couldn’t and didn’t…”
• Moral cause stronger• Off-year elections lost• South thought he was
starting an insurrection • Now destroy the “Old”
South
• African Americans– 180,000; 38,000 dead– 54th Mass
• Wagner, Rob’t Shaw• Fort Pillow
• On to Gettysburg– Burnside
• Fredericksburg
– Hooker• Chancellorsville• Stonewall Jackson
– Meade– Lee invades North again
• Take attn off VA• Rile peace protestors• Pickett’s Charge• “High water mark”• Gettysburg Address
– War in the West• Lincoln finds his general• Henry & Donelson
– Keep KY & open TN
– Shiloh– New Orleans– Vicksburg
• Loss of western supply • Day after Gettysburg
– Chattanooga & Chickamauga• Cleared TN of Rebels• Grant promoted• Sherman takes West
command
– Atlanta– Savannah• Total war• Live land• Sherman “neckties”• Destroyed
supplies/morale– Desertions up
• Worst for South Car.
• Elections of 1864• National Union Party– Andrew Johnson
– Democrats• McClellan
– Sheridan/Sherman seal– Soldiers furloughed – South more despondent
• Grant in the East– Lee– Wilderness—
Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor• The “Butcher”
– Petersburg– Richmond– Lee corned at
Appomattox– Davis caught in GA– Lincoln
• Ford’s Theatre• John Wilkes Booth
• Reconstruction– Economy
• Banks• Transportation• Farms• Cotton– overreliance
– Freedmen’s Bureau• O. O. Howard
– Clothing, food, medical care, education
– 1st large federal welfare– Help AA adjust to
freedom
– President Andrew John• TN• Used for Border States• Presidential Recon
– Lincoln– 10%– Wade-Davis 50%
» Congress– who has the right?
» Suicide– conquered
» Pocket-veto
– Two Camps• Moderates• Radicals
– Johnson Tries• Used Lincoln’s• Congress not in session• Personal petitions
– Granted pardons undermining
• Ratify 13th • Declare secession illegal
– Many ignored him
– Black Codes• Servility• Contracts• Sharecroppers• No land, no vote, no jury
– South Congressmen• Alex Stephens• Republicans alarmed• 12 new votes• Johnson declares
Reconstruction a success
– Republican accomplishments• Tariff, Homestead Act,
Pacific RR Act
– South gains 12 seats– Congress takes over
• Freedmen vetoed• Civil Rights Bill– vetoed &
overruled• 14th Amendment• 10 states refuse• Off-year elections
– Radicals• Sumner (Senate) &
Stevens (House)• Reconstruction Act
– 5 districts– Tenure of Office Act– Edwin Stanton– Impeached
• 15th Amendment
– Election of 1868– Grant
• 500,000 new voters
– Ku Klux Klan• Intimidate, Redeem• Enforcement Act
– Redemption• Grand-father clause,
literacy test, poll tax
– Grant’s Admin• Corrupt• Hurts Recon• Democrats win House
1874
• Election of 1876– Democrats– Tilden– Republicans– Hayes– South Car, LA, FLA– Compromise
• Hayes• Troops pulled• South RR & aid• Cabinet member• Most gains erased
• 1890s Jim Crow• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson• 1954 Brown v. Board• Solid South
– Reagan 1980