ccp notes( computer basics)
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Computing 1
1. With a neat schematic block diagram of a digital computer describe its
functional units.
Central Processing Unit
Input Unit:-
The user can enter the data or program (instructions) to the computer
system.
It converts the data into a suitable form that can be understood by the
Computer.
The converted data is stored in the form of 0s and 1s and then sent to
Central processing unit The user can also interact with other devices such as C!" #! and
output unit.
Output unit:-
$ccepts the result or data from memory which are in the form of 0s and 1s.
%utput the results or data to a form which is suitable for humanunderstanding.
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Arithmetic
and ogic
Unit
Input Unit
'eyboard"
mouse
Arithmetic and
ogic Unit
Output Unit
rinter"
#onitorControl Unit
!emor" Unit
Main memory+ ,%#" ,$# Secondary memory+ hard dis-
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Introduction to Computing
Central Processing Unit#-
The data received from the input device is processed in this unit.
It consists of two functional units+ 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU);-
o $n $/! consists of electronic circuitry which performs calculations withbasic arithmetic operations such as addition ()" subtraction ()" multiplication
(2)" division (3).
o It also consists of logic circuitry which performs logic operations li-e true or
false" yes or no.
2. Control Unit (CU):-
o The unit controls and coordinates all parts of computer system.
o It e4ecutes an instruction by signaling to carry out the necessary data transfers
and manipulations.
o Identifies what action to be ta-en. (decoding)
!emor" Unit $!U%:-
This is the storage device where the data and instructions fed by the user are stored.
The computer memory is classified into
Main memory+ This is the place where the data and instructions supplied bythe input devices are stored.
This is the temporary memory because the data and instructions are erased
5hen the power goes off.It consists of ,$# and ,%# main memories.
Secondary memory+ This is the permanent memory and also called as bac- up
memory.It stores a large about of information for a long time.
Cache memory+ This is the high speed memory and placed between the C! and the
main memory.!sers cannot access it.
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Introduction to Computing 6
&. '(plain the different t"pes of computers.
7igital Computer
)ased on technolog" $nalog Computer
8ybrid computer
TYPES ! C"PUTE#S
#icro computer
#ini computer
Computers for #ain frame computer
organi*ation
*uper computer
l. Com$%ter& 'a&ed on technolog-
Digital computer+Computers accept and process data in terms of digital data such as 0s
and 1s *eries of 9 consecutive bits is called a byte
*eries of bytes represent data or instruction
:.g. (ersonal 7igital Computer $ssistant)
Analog computer+They accept data whose values -eep changing with respect to time.
7ata may be in the form of continuous voltages" fre;uencies" temperature etc. rocessing is done on continuously varying signals.:.g. *peedometer
Hybrid Computer+It is designed to handle digital and analog computers and hence alsocalled analogdigital computer.
$ccepts analog signals and converts into digital form.
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Introduction to Computing
Cache memor":
Its a high speed memory and is placed between C! and main memory.
The data and instructions stored in it are accessed at a higher speed
!sers cannot access this memory
It stores data and instructions that are currently to be e4ecuted
/. 0iscuss the applications merits and demerits of a computer.
A$$lication&+
Science !"!sed by scientists to analye large ;uantity of data to analye the effect of
earth;ua-e on buildings and dams for satellite launching and remote controlling.
'ducation!":/earning is becoming popular. Computers are used as teaching aid in
maDority of educational institutions.
Medicine and Health+7iagnosing the illness to monitoring the patients status till hiscomplete recovery.
!sing the computer generated images and resultsE they can pinpoint the cause of
the disease
'ngineeringArchitectureManuacturing!":ngineers and architects use the computers for
planning" designing and drawing the layouts for house" roads" dams etc.
Communication!"send and receive emails" eshopping" eban-ing" ecommerce" e
learning etc.
u#ine## and ban*ing+or numerous administrative purposes" preparing salary bills
!sed in ban-ing" insurance sectors and mar-eting for online payments and
transactions" publishing etc. %nline business
+o&ernment#!"!sed for weather forecasting" in military" satellite launching and
controlling" communication" egovernment etc.
or police force to search for the information on criminals" crime scenes" drivinglicenses etc.
'ntertainment!"!sed in music industry" games etc. Computer animation and colorful graphics with multimedia effect.
"erit&:-
Speed!"The computers can process data at very high speed. *peed is measured in terms in terms of #I* and =I*.
Accuracy!"The results produced by the computer are very accurate.
,eliability!"It gives correct and consistent result always even if they are used in adverseconditions.
Storage capability!"They can store large amounts of data and can be retrieved at any timein fraction of a second.
$er#atility!"They can do variety of Dobs based on the instructions given to them.
Diligence!"They can perform complicated wor- without any brea- for days togetherE
even year together without committing any error.
+e-merit&:-
%on"-ntelligent!"It Dust performs the specified operations.
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Introduction to Computing F
It does not thin- whenever it finds a command" instead it wor-s accordingly. It does not possess any intelligent for analying the problem.
-nacti&e!"If the power supply is stopped then the computer ceases to wor-.
2. What are editors assembler compilers interpreters,
'ditors Assembler Compiler InterpreterIt allows the user to
enter program andedit it
The process of
converting assemblylanguage
instructions to
machine readable
form is carried outby a programmable
assembler
It ta-es entire high
level languageprogram as input
and translates it into
machine language
It ta-es one
statement of a highlevel language
program as input
and translates it into
machine languageand e4ecutes it.
7ebugging is easy 7ebugging is easy 7ebugging is faster 7ebugging is slow
:.g.+ Turbo C :.g"+ T$*# :.g. TC computer :g+ =$*IC
3. What are the + primar" functions that an operating s"stem performs,
a. #emory #anagement+$llocating memory to the running program and reallocating when they
are terminatedb. rocessor #anagement+rocessing of Dobs" deciding on the Dob scheduling techni;ue and how
a Dob to be processed longs.
,eleasing the processor when the Dobs are terminated.c. 7evice #anagement+$llocating the input and output devices to the running processes and
reallocating them when processes are terminated.
d. ile #nagement+ #anging the file systems in terms of where the files are stored" their statusand memory locations" opening and closing the files" providing access permission to the files.
:.g. of operating system are 7%*" !IG" 5I7%5* T" /I!G
4. 0ifferentiate beteen WI50OW and I5U6 operating s"stems.
,+,S LU/
It is not free of cost It is available free of cost
It supports H!I(Hraphical !ser Interface) It does not support H!I(Hraphical !ser
Interface)
etwor-ing is possible etwor-ing is not possible
,e;uires very high configuration 8igh configuration is not re;uired#ultimedia facility available #ultimedia support not available
#obile computing is possible #obile computing is not possible
!ser friendly ot user friendly
7. What is softare, What are the different t"pes of softare,
*oftware is a set of programs which direct the various hardware components.
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Introduction to Computing 9
Application #otare
S!T,A#E
Sy#tem #otare
A$$lication &ot0are;-
It tells the computer how to accomplish specific tas-s" such as word processing ordrawing for the user.
5ord processing software for creating te4t based documents
*preadsheet for creating numeric based documents such as budgets
7atabase management software for building and manipulating large sets of data
resentation program for creating and presenting electronic slide shows
Hraphics program for designing illustrations or manipulating photographs" movies or
animation
5eb design tools and web browsers
:ntertainment and education software
Hames
S&tem &ot0are:-
It is any program that controls the computer hardware or that can be used to maintain the
computer in some way so that it runs more effectively
It has 6 basic types
%perating system tells the computer how to use its own components. It acts as an interrupt between the hardware application programs and the user
$ networ- operating system allows computer to communicate and share data across a networ-while controlling networ- operations and overseeing the networ-s security
$ utility is a program that ma-es the computer system easier to use or perform highly specified
functions
10. =rief history of computers
Aear Invented by ame of the computer
1F@119F1 Charles =abbage $nalytical :ngine ather of computers
196 /ady /ovelace unch cards #other of computers$ugusta $da 'ing irst computer programmer
1@6@ 'onrad Juse Heneral urpose digital computer
1@6@ Kohn $tanasoff $tanasoff =erry computer ($=C)
1@
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Introduction to Computing @
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Introduction to Computing
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