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CHAPTER-4

RESULTS

4.1. STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF ROOT-KNOT

NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA ON COLEUS:

It is evident from the data presented in Table -1.0 that the reduction in

plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight, tuber weight, number of

tubers and forskolin content of coleus was directly proportional to the inoculum

levels of Meloidogyne javanica i.e. with increasing the inoculum level from 250 to

8000 second stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica / kg soil, there was a

corresponding increase in the reduction of plant growth parameters of coleus

except at 250 and 500 J2 / kg soil, where number of tubers and fresh weight of

plants increased, respectively as compared to control (Fig. 1). Insignificant

variation in plant growth parameters was found at 250 and 500 J2 / kg soil.

However, the significant reduction in plant growth parameters was observed at

1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 J2 of M. javanica. The reduction in plant length was

recorded as 16.6, 21.4, 25.0 and 32.6%; fresh weight as 23.2, 28.8, 33.6 and

41.2%; tuber weight as 28.8, 36.1, 43.4 and 52.3%; number of tubers / plant as

23.8, 26.2, 31.7 and 36.5% and forskolin content in tubers as 25.8, 27.9, 35.3 and

46.7% in the corresponding inoculum levels of M. javanica. Moreover, it was

observed that the reduction in plant growth parameters was not significant

between the inoculum level of 1000 and 2000 J2, and 2000 and 4000 J2 / kg soil.

A significant linear relationship was found between the initial population

(Pi) and the final population (Pf) of M. javanica (Table - 1.1). The multiplication

of root-knot nematode reduced significantly with the increase in the inoculum

level. The reproduction factor was highest (18.9%) at the minimum inoculum

level (250 J2 / kg soil) and lowest (2.7%) at the maximum inoculum level (8000 J2

/ kg soil). Thus, the rate of nematode multiplication showed a declining trend with

an increase in the inoculum level, suggesting it to be a density dependent

phenomenon. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the number of galls

Table - 1.0. Effect of different inoculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus,

Coleus forskohlii.

Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight

(g)

Inoculum level/kg soil

Shoot Root Total

Per cent decrease

over

control

Shoot Root Total

Per cent increase (+) /

decrease (-)

over

control

Tuber

weight

(g)

Per cent

decrease

over

control

Number

of

tubers/Plant

Percent increase (+) /

decrease (-)

over

control

Forskolin

content

in tuber

(%W/W)

Per cent

decrease

over

control

Control 59.5 22.4 81.9 - 744.1 245.3 989.4 - 174.6 - 12.6 - 0.563 -

250 J2 59.2 21.6 80.8 1.3 729.6 232.0 961.6 -2.8 163.6 6.3 13.0 +3.2 0.561 0.3

500 J2 57.8 20.6 78.4 4.3 767.0 226.9 993.9 +0.4 158.3 9.3 12.3 -2.4 0.503 10.7

1000 J2 51.7 16.6 68.3 16.6 586.7 173.1 759.8 -23.2 124.4 28.8 9.6 -23.8 0.418 25.8

2000 J2 48.7 15.7 64.4 21.4 539.1 165.3 704.4 -28.8 111.5 36.1 9.3 -26.2 0.406 27.9

4000 J2 46.3 15.1 61.4 25.0 502.9 154.0 656.9 -33.6 98.8 43.4 8.6 -31.7 0.364 35.3

8000 J2 42.4 12.8 55.2 32.6 447.6 134.1 581.7 -41.2 83.2 52.3 8.0 -36.5 0.300 46.7

C.D.(P=0.05) 4.54 58.19 16.40 0.98 0.063

C.D.(P=0.01) 6.37 81.59 22.99 1.37

0.088

88

Table- 1.1. Effect of different inoculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica on its reproduction factor and number of galls.

Population of root-knot nematode Inoculum level / kg soil

Juvenile(J2)/kg soil Female/g root Total

Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf/Pi)

No. of galls/root

system

Control – – – – -

250 J2 4,607 118 4,725 18.9 17

500 J2 7,481 169 7,650 15.3 32

1000 J2 12,038 362 12,400 12.4 75

2000 J2 17,387 413 17,800 8.9 94

4000 J2 19,928 472 20,400 5.1 132

8000 J2 21,057 543 21,600 2.7 148

C.D. (P=0.05) 2.09 9.32

C.D. (P=0.01) 2.93 13.07

Fig. 1. Effect of different inoculum levels of root- knot nematode, Meloidogyne

javanica on plant growth and disease development in coleus.

C= Uninoculated (Control)

1= Inoculated with 250 J2 / kg soil.






Fig. 1

88

per root system with an increase in the inoculum level of M. javanica. The number

of galls/root system was recorded as 17, 32, 75, 94, 132 and 148 at the inoculum

levels of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 J2 / kg soil, respectively.

The characteristic symptoms of the root-knot disease appeared on the

underground parts of the coleus particularly inoculated at and above 1000 J2 / kg

soil of M. javanica. Infected roots developed typical galls of varying size. In case

of multiple infections on the nearby tissues small galls may oftenly coalesced to

form large gall. The galls developed on both lateral as well as tuberous roots of

the plants. However, the occurrence of galls was more on the lateral roots as

compared to tuberous roots. The galls also appeared in the form of ring like

structures on some tuberous roots (Fig.1-B). Eggs were laid down by the adult

females in a gelatinous egg mass which was visible on the infected root surfaces.

Sometimes, the presence of spherical white females with egg mass on the surface

of fine roots was also noticed. Besides galling in roots, some other typical

symptoms in the form of forking of tuberous roots and appearance of galls at the

base of the stem near the soil level were also observed at and above 2000 J2 / kg

soil (Fig.1-A).

The nematode density particularly at 1000 J2 and above inoculum levels

also exhibited varying degree of stunted growth in plants accompanied with

premature yellowing, drying and shedding of leaves, giving the infected plants an

unhealthy appearance. Moreover, at the highest inoculum level, the diseased

plants showed temporary day time wilting during hot hours even in the presence

of enough soil moisture. The aerial symptoms (yellowing, drying and shedding of

leaves) appeared within 8 to 9 weeks at 1000 and 2000 J2, and 5 to 6 weeks at

4000 and 8000 J2 after inoculation. However, on the other hand the aerial

symptoms did not appear at all at lower inoculum levels of M. javanica (250 and

500 J2).

As significant reduction in plant growth parameters as recorded at and

above 1000 J2 inoculum level of M. javanica, the damaging threshold level of M.

javanica on coleus was determined as 1000 J2 / kg soil. Therefore, this inoculum

level i. e. 1000 J2 / kg soil was used in all the experiments of the present study.

Fig. 1-A. Galling in stem, tuberous and fibrous roots (A, B, D) and forking in tuberous

roots (C) caused by Meloidogyne javanica infection in coleus.

Fig. 1-B. Ring like structures developed on gall tuberous roots infected with

Meloidogyne javanica on coleus.

89

4.2. STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS,

FUSARIUM SOLANI ON COLEUS:

The data presented in Table - 2.0 clearly revealed that there was no

significant variation in plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight,

tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content in the tubers of coleus

inoculated with different inoculum levels of F. solani (0.5 to 5.0g mycelium +

conidia / kg soil) as compared to control (Fig. 2). The inoculation of plants with

0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g fungus / kg soil resulted in +3.3, +1.9, -2.5,- 4.9,-

7.3 and -9.3 % either stimulation (+) or reduction (-) in plant length, respectively

as compared to control. Similarly, in the corresponding treatments the stimulation

/ reduction in plant fresh weight was recorded as +1.7, +1.1, -1.5, +0.8, -5.9 and

7.2 % ; in tuber weight as -2.8, +3.2, +4.5, - 4.6, -6.7 and -9.2%, number of tubers

as +8.7, +6.7, -2.7, -9.3, -6.7 and +2.0% and forskolin content as -0.3, -0.8, -1.5, -

1.9, -4.6 and -7.2 %. The aerial and underground symptoms were also not

observed in the coleus plants inoculated with different inoculum levels of F.

solani. Therefore, it can be concluded that F. solani was non pathogenic to coleus

plants.

4.3. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL, CONCOMITANT

AND SEQUENTIAL INOCULATION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE,

MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA AND ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM

SOLANI ON PLANT GROWTH AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN

COLEUS:

The data presented in Table - 3.0 clearly showed that the inoculation of M.

javanica either individually or concomitantly with F. solani caused significant

reduction in plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight, tuber weight,

number of tubers and forskolin content as compared to uninoculated plants

(control). Moreover, individual inoculation of F. solani on coleus plants did not

show any significant variation on plant growth parameters as compared to control.

The highest reduction in plant growth parameters was caused by the simultaneous

inoculation of M. javanica and F. solani followed by sequential inoculation of M.

Table – 2.0. Effect of different inoculum levels of root–rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus,

Coleus forskohlii.

Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Inoculum level/kg soil

Shoot Root Total


decrease (-)

over

control Shoot Root Total


decrease (-)

over

control

Tuber

weight

(g)


decrease (-)

over

control

Number

of

tubers/Plant


decrease (-)

over

control

Forskolin

content

in tuber

(%w/w)

Per cent

decrease

over

control

Root-

rot

(%)

Control 59.8 19.5 79.3 - 634.1 296.6 930.7 - 196.4 - 15.0 - 0.583 - –

0.5 g fungus 63.6 18.3 81.9 +3.3 655.3 291.2 946.5 +1.7 190.9 -2.8 16.3 +8.7 0.581 0.3 –

1.0 g fungus 61.8 19.0 80.8 +1.9 651.5 289.7 941.2 +1.1 202.7 +3.2 16.0 +6.7 0.578 0.8 –

2.0 g fungus 58.8 18.5 77.3 -2.5 631.0 285.7 916.7 -1.5 205.2 +4.5 14.6 -2.7 0.574 1.5 –

3.0 g fungus 57.4 18.0 75.4 -4.9 645.5 292.7 938.2 +0.8 187.3 -4.6 13.6 -9.3 0.572 1.9 –

4.0 g fungus 55.8 17.7 73.5 -7.3 601.7 274.0 875.7 -5.9 183.2 -6.7 14.0 -6.7 0.556 4.6 –

5.0 g fungus 54.7 17.2 71.9 -9.3 597.0 266.6 863.6 -7.2 178.3 -9.2 15.3 +2.0 0.541 7.2 –

C.D.(P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS

C.D.(P=0.01) NS NS NS NS NS

Fig.2: Effect of different inoculum levels of root - rot fungus, Fusarium solani on

plant growth and disease development in coleus.


1= Inoculated with 0.5g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.






Fig. 2

90

javanica 15 days prior to F. solani, F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica and

inoculation of M. javanica alone (Fig. 3). In corresponding treatments, the

reduction in length was recorded as 39.6, 37.4, 28.4 and 19.1%; fresh weight as

45.1, 42.8, 34.6 and 25.0%; tuber weight as 65.3, 63.3, 49.2 and 30.7%; number of

tubers as 42.9, 40.7, 31.4 and 21.4%; and reduction in forskolin content in tuber

was found as 50.2, 47.6, 37.2 and 28.3%. However, there was no significant

variation in plant growth parameters in between the plants when inoculated either

concomitantly with F. solani and M. javanica or sequentially with M. javanica 15

days prior to F. solani.

The root-knot nematode, M. javanica multiplication and the development

of galls / root system in coleus were significantly reduced in presence of root-rot

fungus, F. solani as compared to when the M. javanica was present alone. The

greatest reproduction factor (11.6) and number of galls (83.0) per root system

were recorded in the plants inoculated with M. javanica alone. However, on the

other hand, the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.8, 7.9 and 6.3 and number of

galls/root system was found as 38, 60 and 47 in the plants inoculated

concomitantly with nematode and fungus, nematode 15 days prior to fungus and

fungus 15 days prior to nematode, respectively (Table -3.1).

Individual inoculation of F. solani did not show any symptom on coleus,

whereas, distinct aerial and underground symptoms were produced by M.

javanica. These symptoms were similar to those as described in the results of

pathogencity of M. javanica in coleus (section 4.1). Coleus plants showed both

underground (root galling and root-rot) and above ground (collar-rot and crown-

rot) symptoms when both M. javanica and F. solani present together, irrespective

of whether they were inoculated simultaneously or one after another at 15 days

interval. Moreover, the severity of both underground and above ground symptoms

were more or less at par in the plants inoculated either concomitantly (M. javanica

and F. solani) or sequentially (M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani). While, the

severity of symptoms was quite less in the plants inoculated with one of the

sequential inoculations i.e. F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica (Fig. 3). The

Table - 3.0. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani on plant growth

and forskolin content in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.

→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior. + = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.

Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)

Treatment

Shoot

Root

Total


decrease (-)

over

control

Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent decrease

over

control

Tuber

weight

(g)

Per cent

decrease

over

control

Number

of tubers/

Plant


decrease (-)

over

control

Forskolin

content in

tuber

(%w/w)

Per cent

decrease

over

control

Control 66.3 26.3 92.6 - 745.6 250.6 996.2 - 182.3 - 14.0 - 0.576 -

F. solani (Fs) 67.9 27.3 95.2 +2.8 742.1 249.7 991.8 0.4 178.5 2.1 14.6 +4.3 0.538 6.6

M. javanica (Mj) 54.5 20.4 74.9 -19.1 570.7 176.4 747.1 25.0 126.3 30.7 11.0 -21.4 0.413 28.3

Fs → Mj 48.2 18.1 66.3 -28.4 499.7 152.3 652.0 34.6 92.6 49.2 9.6 -31.4 0.362 37.2

Mj → Fs 42.9 15.1 58.0 -37.4 435.5 134.3 569.8 42.8 66.9 63.3 8.3 -40.7 0.302 47.6

Fs + Mj 41.5 14.4 55.9 -39.6 419.0 127.9 546.9 45.1 63.2 65.3 8.0 -42.9 0.287 50.2

C.D. (P=0.05) 7.74 79.11 12.95 1.15 0.043

C.D. (P=0.01) 11.00 112.52 18.43 1.63 0.062

Table - 3.1. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani on disease

development in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.

Population of root-knot nematode

Treatment Juvenile(J2)/kg soil

Female/g root

Total

Reproduction factor

(Rf=Pf/Pi)

No. of

galls/root

system

Root - rot

(%)

Collar - rot

symptom

appeared

(on the day)

Crown - rot symptom appeared

(on the day)

Control – – – – – – – –

F. solani (Fs) – – – – – – – –

M. javanica (Mj) 11,168 432 11,600 11.6 83 – – –

Fs → Mj 5,921 379 6,300 6.3 47 40 127 145

Mj → Fs 7,495 405 7,900 7.9 60 55 104 120

Fs + Mj 4,494 306 4,800 4.8 38 63 90 108

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.74 5.50 9.56 17.87 14.43

C.D. (P=0.01) 1.06 7.82 13.56 25.41 20.55

→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior.

+ = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.

Table- 3.2. Parasitism of Fusarium solani on the females, egg masses, eggs and

juveniles (J2) of M. javanica in concomitant and sequential

inoculation in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.

→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior.

+ = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.

Parasitisation of Fusarium solani (%) Treatment

Females Egg masses Eggs Juveniles (J2)

M. javanica (Mj) - - - -

Fs → Mj 16 21 12 -

Mj → Fs 25 31 20 -

Fs + Mj 21 26 14 -

C.D. (P=0.05) 4.35 6.87 5.67

C.D. (P=0.01) 6.16 9.79 8.04

Fig. 3. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of root-knot

nematode, Meloidogyne javanica and root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on

plant growth and disease development in coleus.

C= Uninoculated (Control).

F= Inoculated with F. solani.

N= Inoculated with M. javanica.

F→N=Inoculated with F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica.

N→F=Inoculated with M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani.

N+F= concomitantly inoculated with M. javanica and F. solani.

Fig. 3

91

symptoms produced by the interaction of M. javanica and F. solani in various

combinations are described as follows:

The leaves present at the base of lower branches of the plant first showed

yellowing of leaves which later turned brown to black in colour followed by

drying (Fig. 3-A). These symptoms started from the margin and apex of leaves

extending inwardly and downwardly, respectively. Finally, it was followed by

premature withering and falling of leaves. The yellowing, drying and withering of

leaves gradually proceeded upward and then followed by appearance of dark

brown to black coloured spot on the stem near the soil line. Later, the spots

enlarged and extended upward on stem up to a considerable distance and covering

all around the circumference of the infected stem. Further, symptoms appeared in

the branches of the affected plants. It first appeared in the lower branches and later

to upper branches. Symptoms appeared in the form of brown to black colour spot,

which later extended upward and covered all around the circumference of the

infected branch (Fig. 3-B).

Underground symptoms were also observed in the lateral and tuberous

roots. Besides, galling on infected roots, it also exhibited the appearance of dark

brown to black coloured areas due to rotting leading to varying degree of

destruction and deterioration of tissues of lateral and tuberous roots (Figs. 3 & 3-

C). The infected tubers showing rotting also emitted bad odour. In presence of F.

solani the galls formed by the M. javanica also showed the symptoms of rotting

and deterioration (Fig. 3- D). When the infected branches and tubers were cut split

longitudinally, brown to black coloured internal tissues were also observed (Figs.

3-B1 & 3-C1).

The highest root-rot (63.0%) was recorded in the plants inoculated

simultaneously with M. javanica and F. solani followed by the plants inoculated

sequentially with M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani (55.0%) and F. solani 15

days prior to M. javanica (40.0%). Similarly, the collar-rot symptoms was

recorded on 90th

, 104th

and 127th

and crown-rot symptoms was recorded on 108th

,

120th

and 145th

day after inoculation of plants with M. javanica + F. solani, M.

Fig. 3-A. Yellowing (A) and drying (B) of leaves of coleus infected with

Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Fig. 3-B. Rotting in branches of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica + Fusarium

solani.

Fig. 3-B1. Branches after splitting sowing rotting symptoms in the internal tissues.

Fig. 3-C. Rotting in tuberous roots of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and

Fusarium solani.

Fig. 3-C1. Tuberous roots of coleus after splitting showing rotting in the internal tissues due

to infection of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Fig. 3-D. Rotting and deterioration in gall (A) due to infection of Fusarium solani in

coleus.

92

javanica 15 days prior to F. solani and F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica,

respectively (Table - 3.1).

The data presented in Table - 3.2 showed that the fungus, F. solani

parasitize the females, egg masses and eggs collected from the roots of coleus,

whereas, no parasitism was observed in second stage juveniles of M. javanica

isolated from the rhizospheric soil of plants inoculated with M. javanica and F.

solani either concomitantly or sequentially. In all the treatments, F. solani

exhibited maximum parasitism in egg masses followed by females and eggs of M.

javanica. The percentage of parasitism of F. solani in concomitant and two

sequential inoculations (M. javanica 15 days prior or later to F. solani) was

recorded as 26, 31 and 21 in egg masses, 21, 25 and 16 in females, and 14, 20 and

12 in eggs, respectively.

4.4. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF ROOT-KNOT

NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA WITH VARYING INOCULUM

LEVELS OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SOLANI ON PLANT

GROWTH AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN COLEUS:

It is evident from the data presented in Table - 4.0 that the inoculation of

M. javanica @ 1000 J2 / kg soil on coleus caused significant reduction in plant

growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and

forskolin content. The Percentage reduction in corresponding parameters was

recorded as 21.4, 28.6, 33.3, 24.3 and 28.9, as compared to control. Individual

inoculation of M. javanica also showed distinct aerial and underground symptoms

in coleus. These symptoms were similar to those as described in results of

pathogenicity of M. javanica in coleus (section 4.1). However, on the other hand,

no significant variation in plant growth parameters was recorded in coleus

inoculated with different inoculum levels of F. solani (0.5 - 5.0 g

mycelium+conidia / kg soil). The aerial and underground symptoms were not

observed in the plants inoculated with these levels of F. solani (Fig. 4).

The simultaneous inoculation of coleus plants with M. javanica and either

of the inoculum levels of F. solani i.e 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g mycelium +conidia / kg

93

soil exhibited significant greater reduction in plant growth parameters as

compared to individual inoculation of M. javanica. Further, it was observed that

the reduction was increased with an increase in inoculum level of fungus. In the

corresponding treatment of concomitant inoculations, the percentage reduction in

plant length was recorded as 25.8, 33.1 and 43.6; fresh weight as 32.5, 39.1 and

51.9; tuber weight as 41.4, 48.5 and 68.1; number of tubers as 28.6, 38.6 and 55.0

and forskolin content was found as 38.4, 48.9 and 57.2. Coleus plants inoculated

with either by M. javanica alone or in combination with F. solani irrespective of

inoculum level of fungus, not only reduced the number of tubers and tuber weight

(tuber yield) but also reduced the forskolin content in tubers as compared to

control. The reduction in tuber weight is also indicative of the reduction in yield

of forskolin / plant. Moreover, there was no significant variation in the reduction

of plant growth parameters and percentage of root-rot between the plants treated

with M. javanica + 0.5g F. solani and M. javanica + 1.0g F. solani, when

compared together (Table- 4 & Fig. 5).

The number of galls / root system and reproduction factor of M. javanica

was significantly reduced in the presence of F. solani. Moreover, reduction in the

reproduction factor and number of galls was significantly increased with an

increase in the inoculum level of F. solani (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g mycelium + conidia /

kg soil). The reproduction factor was recorded as 10.5, 6.2 and 5.6; and number of

galls / root system as 61, 49 and 42 in the respective treatments. However, as far

as root-rot was concerned it was found to increase with an increase in the

inoculum levels of F. solani when it was present alongwith M. javanica. The

percentage of root-rot was recorded as 35.0, 39.2 and 58.0 against the different

inoculum levels of the fungus i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g mycelium +conidia / kg soil,

respectively (Table – 4.1).

The inoculation of M. javanica with either of the inoculum level of F.

solani (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0g mycelium + conidia / kg soil) showed

yellowing, drying and shedding of leaves. Moreover, the severity of these

symptoms gradually increased with the increase in the inoculum level of F. solani.

In addition to this, association of M. javanica with F. solani at or above 2.0g

Table- 4.0. Interactive effect of Meloidogyne javanica with varying inoculum levels of Fusarium solani on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.


Inoculum level/kg soil Shoot Root Total

Per cent increase (+) and

decrease (-) over

control

Shoot Root Total


decrease (-) over

control

Tuber weight

(g)

Per cent decrease

over control

Number

of tubers/ Plant


decrease (-) over control

Forskolin content in tuber (%w/w)

Per cent decrease

over control

Control 58.3 17.0 75.3 670.5 208.3 878.8 168.4 14.0 0.558

M. javanica (Mj) 1000 J2 46.4 12.8 59.2 -21.4 486.0 141.4 627.4 -28.6 112.3 33.3 10.6 -24.3 0.397 28.9

F. solani (Fs) 0.5g 57.9 16.4 74.3 -1.3 677.7 203.0 880.7 +0.2 164.8 2.1 15.0 +7.1 0.552 1.1

Fs (1.0g) 59.2 16.6 75.8 +0.6 663.2 198.9 862.1 -1.9 166.9 0.9 13.3 -5.0 0.549 1.6

Fs (2.0g) 58.0 16.3 74.3 -1.3 660.9 197.6 858.5 -2.3 165.7 1.6 14.3 +2.1 0.550 1.4

Fs (3.0g) 57.1 16.0 73.1 -2.9 676.2 205.1 881.3 +0.3 161.1 4.3 12.6 -10.0 0.545 2.3

Fs (4.0g) 60.8 16.7 77.5 +2.9 667.0 200.3 867.3 -1.3 156.9 6.8 13.6 -2.9 0.539 3.4

Fs (5.0g) 56.6 15.9 72.5 -3.7 652.7 195.3 848.0 -3.5 152.9 9.2 13.0 -7.1 0.531 4.8

Fs (0.5g) + Mj (1000 J2) 43.6 12.3 55.9 -25.8 459.6 133.5 593.1 -32.5 98.6 41.4 10.0 -28.6 0.344 38.4

Fs (1.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) 40.6 9.8 50.4 -33.1 430.3 104.9 535.2 -39.1 86.8 48.5 8.6 -38.6 0.285 48.9

Fs (2.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) 33.9 8.6 42.5 -43.6 339.8 82.9 422.7 -51.9 53.7 68.1 6.3 -55.0 0.239 57.2

Fs (3.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS



C.D. (P=0.05) 5.68 64.29 15.76 2.07 0.040

C.D. (P=0.01) 7.67 86.90 21.30 2.79 0.054

Table- 4.1. Interactive effect of Meloidogyne javanica with varying inoculum levels of Fusarium solani on disease development in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.

Population of root-knot nematode Treatment

Juvenile(J2)/k

g soil

Female/g root

Total

Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf/Pi)

No. of galls/root

system

Root - rot (%)

Collar - rot

symptom appeared (on the

day)

Crown- rot

symptom appeared (on the

day)

Mortality of the

plant (on the day)

Control – – – – – – – – – M. javanica (Mj) 1000 J2 11,783 417 12,200 12.2 94 - – – –

F. solani (Fs) 0.5g – – – – – – – – –

Fs (1.0g) – – – – – – – – –

Fs (2.0g) – – – – – – – – –

Fs (3.0g) – – – – – – – – –

Fs (4.0g) – – – – – – – – –

Fs (5.0g) – – – – – – – – –

Fs (0.5g) + Mj (1000 J2) 10,172 328 10,500 10.5 61 35.0 – – –

Fs (1.0g) + Mj (1000J2) 5,849 351 6,200 6.2 49 39.2 – – –

Fs (2.0g) + Mj (1000J2) 5,221 379 5,600 5.6 42 58.0 94 118 –

Fs (3.0g) + Mj (1000J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 50 61 78



C.D. (P=0.05) 0.40 3.01 4.95 9.84 12.24 9.05

C.D. (P=0.01) 0.55 4.07 6.69 13.30 16.54 12.23

Fig. 4. Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica with

varying inoculum levels of root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant

growth and disease development in coleus.


1= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica







Fig. 4

Fig. 5. Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica with

varying inoculum levels of root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant

growth and disease development in coleus.

C= Uninoculated (Control).

1= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica

8= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 0.5g mycelium + conidia of F. solani

/ kg soil.

9= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 1.0 g mycelium + conidia of F. solani

/ kg soil.

10= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 2.0g mycelium + conidia of F.

solani / kg soil.


solani / kg soil.


solani / kg soil.


solani / kg soil.

Fig. 5

Fig.5-A. Cracking (A) and girdling (B) in stem of coleus infected with

Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

94

mycelium + conidia / kg soil not only induced the appearance of crown-rot and

collar-rot symptoms, but also reduced the number of days required for expression

of these symptoms with an increase in the inoculum level of F. solani (2.0, 3.0,

4.0 and 5.0g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). In the corresponding treatments, the

collar-rot symptom was recorded on 94th, 50th, 33rd and 23rd day, whereas, the

crown-rot symptom was recorded on 118th, 61st, 40th and 27th day after

inoculation.

Further, it was interesting to note that the coleus plants could not survive

when inoculated concomitantly with M. javanica and either of the higher

inoculum levels of F. solani (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g mycelium + conidia / kg soil).

Before mortality of plants, in addition to collar-rot symptoms, cracking and

girdling at the base of stem was also observed (Fig. 5-A) followed by toppling

down of the plants. Moreover, the duration of survival of plants also decreased

with the increase in the inoculum level of fungus. In the corresponding treatments,

the mortality of coleus plants was recorded on 78th, 52nd and 38th day after

inoculation (Tables - 4.0 & 4.1).

4.5. STUDIES ON THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE,

MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA ON COLEUS IN PRESENCE AND ABSENCE

OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SOLANI:

The data presented in Table - 5.0 clearly showed that the penetration of

second stage juveniles of M. javanica was observed after one day of inoculation.

The rate of penetration gradually increased with the passage of time and

maximum percentage of juveniles penetration into the roots of coleus was

recorded after 7 days of inoculation irrespective of whether nematode was either

present alone or with F. solani. Moreover, the significant higher percentage of

juveniles penetration was recorded in plants inoculated with M. javanica alone

after 5 days of inoculation as compared to concomitant inoculation of M. javanica

and F. solani. Mostly, in both the treatments the penetration of second stage

juveniles of M. javanica took place in the meristematic region but in some cases

the juveniles also penetrated into the root tips and oriented themselves near the

stelar region almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the roots.

95

Table -5.0. The penetration of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica in coleus roots in presence and absence of Fusarium solani.

Treatment Day after inoculation Juvenile (J2) penetrated (%)

M. javanica 1 18.2

M. javanica + F. solani 1 15.4

M. javanica 2 24.6


M. javanica 3 45.5


M. javanica 4 56.7


M. javanica 5 75.4


M. javanica 6 81.8


M. javanica 7 83.2


C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.25

C.D. (P=0.01) 7.14

94

Table -5 .1. Studies on the life cycle of Meloidogyne javanica on coleus in presence and absence of Fusarium solani.

Developmental stages of root-knot nematode (%) /

Treatment

Treatment /

Days after

inoculation A B C D E

Adult Female Adult Male

C.D. (P=0.05) C.D.( P=0.01)

Mj Mj*+Fs** Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs

7 7 83.2 69.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.26 6.02

9 11 3.4 10.2 72.6 55.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.92 8.05

13 17 0.0 5.6 6.9 19.3 72.4 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.66 4.78

19 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 8.1 12.3 61.8 34.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.43 7.13

23 29 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.0 9.8 63.5 30.3 2.4 9.3 1.45 5.65

Per cent of females formed 76.3 (Mj) and 43.4 (Mj+Fs) and males formed 2.9 (Mj) and 13.3 (Mj+Fs) Deposition of gelatinous matrix was recorded on 24th day (Mj) and 31st day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation Egg laying was recorded on 25th day (Mj) and 34th day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation Average number of eggs/ egg mass = 315 (Mj) and 168 (Mj + Fs) In soil, second stage juveniles (J2) was recorded on 27th day (Mj) and 37th day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation and the number of juveniles / kg soil was found as 1865(Mj) and 1044 (Mj+Fs), respectively. Mj* = Meloidogyne javanica, Fs** = Fusarium solani.

95

It was observed that in the absence of F. solani, 83.2% juveniles were

found in “A” stage after 7 days of inoculation of M. javanica, whereas, only 3.4%

juveniles in “A” stage and 72.6% in “B” stage were recorded after 9 days.

Moreover, most of the juveniles were traced in “C” stage (72.4%), only a few in

“B” stage (6.9%), whereas, the juveniles of “A” stage was absent after 13days of

inoculation. Further, no juveniles of “A” and “B” stages were traced, but, only a

few juveniles could be traced as “C” stage (8.1%) and majority of the juveniles in

“D” stage (61.8%) of development were observed after 19 days of inoculation.

However, most of the developmental stages viz., “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” were

absent after 23 days of inoculation except the “E” stage (Adult females) of M.

javanica (63.5%). Adult males (2.4%) were also found after 23 days of

inoculation.

However, on the other hand, the presence of F. solani alongwith M.

javanica, not only decreased the percentage of penetration and occurrence of

different stages in the roots but also subsequently delayed the development of

different stages of the nematode in coleus. In presence of F. solani, the highest

percentage of “A” stage of juveniles (69.7%) were observed after 7 days of

inoculation and no other stages of nematode were seen. However, most of the

juveniles were found to be in “B” stage (55.3%) and very few in “A” stage

(10.2%) after 11 days of inoculation. The highest percentage of “C”

developmental stage of juveniles (35.3%) were recorded after 17 days of

inoculation, followed by “B” (19.3) and “A” (5.6%) stages. However, “A” stage

of the juveniles were not observed, while, very few stages of “B” (5.8%) and “C”

(12.3%) and maximum percentage of “D” stage (34.7%) of development were

recorded after 22 days of inoculation. The “E” stage i. e. adult males (9.3%) and

females (30.3%) could be differentiated after 29 days of inoculation, however,

some juveniles were also found in “C” stage (4.7%) and in “D” stage (9.8%) and

no juveniles were observed in “A” and “B” stage.

The plants inoculated with M. javanica alone, showed the deposition of

gelatinous matrix on 24th

day, egg laying in egg mass was recorded on 25th

day

96

and in soil, second stage juveniles were recorded on 27th day of inoculation.

However, on the other hand, the corresponding stages of M. javanica in presence

of F. solani were recorded on 31Ist, 34th and 37th day of inoculation. Fecundity of

the females was also found to be reduced with an average of only 168 eggs / egg

mass in M. javanica and F. solani inoculated plants as compared to 315 eggs per

egg mass in M. javanica alone inoculated plants. The highest number of juveniles

(1865 J2 / kg soil) was observed in plants inoculated with M. javanica alone,

followed by 1044 J2 / kg soil in presence of fungus. The percentage of male

formation of M. javanica was greater (13.3%) in presence of F. solani as

compared to when M. javanica was present alone (2.9%). These results showed

that the life cycle of M. javanica on coleus was completed in 27 days, whereas,

the duration of life cycle was adversely affected in the presence of fungus (F.

solani) and it took 37 days to complete the life-cycle. Thus, the presence of F.

solani delayed the life-cycle of root-knot nematode (M. javanica) by 10 days

(Table-5.1).

4.6. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CULTURE

FILTRATE OF FUNGI ON THE HATCHING OF EGGS OF ROOT-KNOT

NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA: The data presented in Table - 6.0 clearly revealed that generally, the

different concentrations of culture filtrates of all the test fungi after five days

showed significant inhibition in the hatching of eggs of root-knot nematode

(Meloidogyne javanica) to a varying degree. There was a relative decrease in the

egg hatching with the corresponding increase in the concentration of culture

filtrates except some of the culture filtrates viz., Curvularia pallescens and

Penicillium italicum (S/10), and Trichoderma koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens

and P. italicum (S/100), which showed stimulatory effect on juvenile emergence

from the egg in comparison to control (Distilled water).

Complete suppression of juvenile emergence of root-knot nematode was

observed in the culture filtrate of “S” concentration of P. lilacinus. In the same

concentration, the greatest inhibition in hatching of eggs was recorded in filtrate

of T. harzianum (87.1%) followed by T. viride (82.7%), T. aureoviride (81.1%),

T. lignorum (76.4%), T. pseudokoningii (71.8%), T. koningii (67.9%), T. hamatum

97

(62.7%), C. pallescens (28.5%), F. solani (26.3%) and P. italicum (17.3%).

Moreover, there was no significant difference in the inhibition of egg hatching

between the culture filtrates of T. viride and T. aureoviride; T. koningii and T.

pseudokoningii and C. pallescens and F. solani.

Similarly, complete suppression of hatching was also found in the culture

filtrate of P. lilacinus in “S/2” concentration. Inhibition in egg hatching was as

high as 64.1% in the filtrate of T. harzianum followed by T. viride (57.5%), T.

aureoviride (56.4%), T. lignorum (51.2%), T. pseudokoningii (41.3%), T. koningii

(29.3%), T. hamatum (19.7%), F. solani (11.5%), C. pallescens (9.3%) and P.

italicum (6.6%). However, no significant difference in the hatching was recorded

between the culture filtrates of T. viride and T. aureoviride; T. aureoviride and T.

lignorum; C. pallescens and P. italicum; C. pallescens and F. solani and P.

italicum and F. solani.

In “S/10” concentration, the significant highest inhibition in the emergence

of juvenile was recorded in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum followed by P.

lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii.

In the corresponding culture filtrates, the inhibition in hatching was recorded as

52.6%, 45.8%, 41.1%, 34.0%, 24.4%, 16.2% and 7.7%. Moreover, there was no

significant variation in hatching of eggs in the culture filtrates of T. hamatum, C.

pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani as compared to control.

Similarly, in the “S/100” concentration, the maximum inhibition in the egg

hatching was recorded in the filtrate of T. harzianum (38.1%) followed by P.

lilacinus (26.8%), T. viride (24.9%), T. aureoviride (20.8%), T. lignorum (11.2%)

T. pseudokoningii (4.7%) and F. solani (3.0%). However, on the other hand, it

was interesting to note that the lowest concentration (“S/100”) of T. koningii, T.

hamatum, C. pallescens and P. italicum filtrates significantly stimulated the

hatching of root-knot nematode by +4.1, +15.3,+20.5 and +27.9%, respectively in

comparison to control.

Table- 6.0. Effect of different concentrations of culture filtrate of fungi on the hatching of eggs of Meloidogyne javanica.

Concentrations of culture filtrate /

Number of juveniles (J2) emerged

from the eggs

Treatment

S S/2 S/10 S/100

C.D. (P=0.05)

C.D. (P=0.01)

Curvularia pallesens 261 331 371 440 43.03 65.23

(-28.5) (-9.3) (+1.6) (+20.5)

Fusarium solani 269 323 351 354 41.02 64.15

(26.3) (11.5) (3.8) (3.0)

Penicillium italicum 302 341 377 467 46.04 69.75

(-17.3) (-6.6) (+3.3) (+27.9)

Paeclomyces lilacinus 0 0 198 267 17.44 26.43

(-100) (-100) (-45.8) (-26.8)

Trichoderma aureoviride 69 159 241 289 24.03 36.40

(-81.1) (-56.4) (-34.0) (-20.8)

T. hamatum 136 293 361 421 37.51 56.83

(-62.7) (-19.7) (-1.1) (+15.3)

T. harzianum 47 131 173 226 21.80 33.02

(-87.1) (-64.1) (-52.6) (-38.1)

T. koningii 117 258 337 380 34.47 52.22

(-67.9) (-29.3) (-7.7) (+4.1)

T. lignorum 86 178 276 324 27.64 41.87

(-76.4) (-51.2) (-24.4) (-11.2)

T. pseudokoningii 103 214 306 348 30.62 46.39

(-71.8) (-41.4) (-16.2) (-4.7)

T. viride 63 155 215 274 22.37 33.89

(-82.7) (-57.5) (-41.1) (-24.9)

Control 365 - - - - -

(Distilled water)

C.D. (P=0.05) 15.90 21.65 18.17 12.83

C.D. (P=0.01) 21.69 29.52 28.35 23.41

Figures in parenthesis are percentage reduction (-) or stimulation (+) of hatching of eggs over control.

98

4.7. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CULTURE

FILTRATE OF FUNGI ON THE MORTALITY OF ROOT- KNOT

NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA:

The data presented in Table - 7.0 clearly indicated that there was no

mortality of root-knot nematode in the distilled water in all exposure periods.

Mostly the different concentrations of culture filtrates showed nematicidal effect

of varying degree on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Percentage

mortality of nematode was directly proportional to the concentration of culture

filtrates and the period for which the nematode was exposed to each filtrate.

Usually, the rate of mortality was low in the beginning but an appreciable increase

was recorded after 24 hours of exposure. In general, the culture filtrate of T.

harzianum showed highest nematicidal effect to M. javanica followed by P.

lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii, T. koningii, T.

hamatum, C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum in different concentrations and

exposure periods.

The filtrate of “S” concentration of T. harzianum, P. lilacinus, T. viride

and T. aureoviride caused cent percent mortality of root-knot nematode after 96

hours. Similarly, the cent percent mortality was also recorded after 48 hours in the

T. harzianum. After 96 hours, the percentage mortality was recorded as 95%,

89%, 81%, 76%, 36%, 34% and 26% in the filtrates of T. lignorum, T.

pseudokoningii, T. koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum,

respectively. Culture filtrates of T. lignorum, T. aureoviride, T. viride and P.

lilacinus showed 50-90% mortality of root-knot nematode after 48 hours of

exposure, whereas, 22-45% mortality was recorded in P. italicum, F. solani, C.

pallescens, T. hamatum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii in the same exposure

period. However, on the other hand after 24 hours in the same concentration the

highest mortality of root-knot nematode was recorded in the filtrates of T.

harzianum (78%) followed by P. lilacinus (71%), T. viride (65%), T. aureoviride

(42%), T. lignorum (39%), T. koningii (37%), T. pseudokoningii (35%), T.

hamatum (28%), C. pallescens (21%), P. italicum (18%) and F. solani (11%). In

the corresponding culture filtrates, the mortality was recorded as 40%, 38%, 31%,

99

27%, 22%, 14%, 18%, 12%, 9% and 6% except in F. solani, where no mortality

was recorded after 12 hours of exposure.

The hundred per cent mortality was also recorded in the

“S/2”concentration of culture filtrates of T. harzianum and P. lilacinus after 96

hours. However, on the other hand no mortality was recorded in the fungal

filtraets of C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum after 24 hours of exposure

period. Similar results were also obtained after 12 hours where no mortality was

recorded in the culture filtrate of T. hamatum. In the same concentration, the

filtrate of T. viride and T. aureoviride showed 93 and 89% mortality of root-knot

nematode, respectively after 96 hours of exposure period. In the same exposure

period, the mortality of nematode was recorded as 61%, 53%, 47%, 38%, 17%

20% and 16% in the culture filtrate of T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii, T. koningii,

T. hamatum, C. pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani, respectively. The

percentage of mortality of nematode after 48 hours in the filtrate of T.

harzianum, P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii,

T. koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani was recorded as

72, 68, 61, 48, 43, 37, 38, 32, 11, 11and 8, respectively. After 24 hours of

exposure, the highest mortality of nematode was recorded in the culture filtrate

of P. lilacinus (64%) followed by T. harzianum (60%), T. viride (55%), T.

aureoviride (36%), T. lignorum (30%), T. pseudokoningii (20%), T. hamatum

(17%) and T. koningii (28%). The culture filtrate of T. harzianum showed highest

mortality of nematode followed by P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T.

lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii after 12 hours of exposure period. In

the respective culture filtrates, the mortality was recorded as 28%, 22%, 19%,

17%, 15%, 9% and 8%.

In the “S/10” concentration after 96 hours, the significant mortality was

recorded only in the filtrate of P. lilacinus, T. aureoviride, T. hamatum, T.

harzianum, T. koningii, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. viride. Among

these filtrates the highest mortality was recorded in T. harzianum (55%) followed

by P. lilacinus (48%), T. viride (40%), T. aureoviride (27%), T. lignorum (23%),

T. pseudokoningii (20%), T. koningii (13%) and T. hamatum (12%). After 48

Table- 7.0. Effect of different concentration of culture filtrate of fungi on the mortality of. Meloidogyne javanica

Concentration of culture filtrate percentage mortality of juveniles (J2)

Treatment

Exposure time

(hours) S S/2 S/10 S/100

C.D. (P=0.05)

C.D. (P=0.01)

Curvularia pallescens 12 9 0 0 0 - - 24 21 0 0 0 - - 48 32 11 0 0 2.24 3.39 96 36 17 4 0 2.34 3.54 Fusarium solani 12 0 0 0 0 - - 24 11 0 0 0 - - 48 24 8 0 0 1.91 3.12 96 34 16 3 0 1.84 2.43 Paecilomyces lilacinus 12 38 22 20 0 4.87 7.37 24 71 64 28 0 5.93 8.98 48 90 68 39 22 7.24 10.96 96 100 100 48 28 9.00 13.63 Penicillium italicm 12 6 0 0 0 - - 24 18 0 0 0 - - 48 22 11 0 0 1.75 2.66 96 26 20 0 0 1.82 2.76 Trichoderma aureoviride 12 27 17 2 0 2.82 4.27 24 42 36 10 0 3.35 5.08 48 59 48 18 0 4.63 7.02 96 100 89 27 0 8.12 12.30 T. hamatum 12 12 0 0 0 - - 24 28 17 4 0 2.09 3.16 48 40 32 6 0 3.10 4.70 96 76 38 12 0 5.21 7.88 T. harzianum 12 40 28 15 0 5.35 8.10 24 78 60 30 0 6.21 9.41 48 100 72 41 15 7.94 12.02 96 100 100 55 19 9.15 13.86 T. koningii 12 14 8 2 0 1.42 2.16 24 37 28 3 0 2.82 4.28 48 45 38 7 0 3.57 5.40 96 81 47 13 0 5.71 8.65 T. lignorum 12 22 15 4 0 2.16 3.27 24 39 30 7 0 3.17 4.80 48 50 43 12 0 4.03 6.11 96 95 61 23 0 6.89 10.43 T. pseudokoningii 12 18 9 2 0 1.71 2.58 24 35 20 3 0 2.84 4.30 48 42 37 9 0 3.39 5.13 96 89 53 20 0 6.32 9.58 T.viride 12 31 19 13 0 4.06 6.16 24 65 55 31 0 5.38 8.16 48 75 61 35 12 6.15 9.31 96 100 93 40 17 8.52 12.91 Distilled water 12 - - - - - - 24 - - - - - - 48 - - - - - - 96 - - - - - -

C.D. (P=0.05) 4.10 3.02 4.04 5.20 C.D. (P=0.01) 5.47 4.03 6.34 7.88

100

hours of exposure in the same concentration, the significant mortality was

recorded in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum (41%), P. lilacinus (39%), T. viride

(35%), T. aureoviride (18%), T. lignorum (12%) T. pseudokoningii (9%), T.

koningii (7%) and T. hamatum (6%). Similarly, after 24 hours the significant

mortality of nematode was recorded only in the culture filtrates of T. harzianum,

P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride and T. lignorum. In the respective filtrates

the mortality of nematode was noticed as 30%, 28%, 31%, 10% and 7%.

However, on the other hand, after 12 hours of exposure period, the significant

mortality was recorded in the filtrate of P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride,

the filtrate of corresponding fungi showed mortality of nematode 20%, 15% and

13%.

In the “S/100” concentration no mortality was recorded in the filtrate of C.

pallescens, F. solani, P. italicum T. aureoviride, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T.

lignorum and T. pseudokoningii even after 96 hours exposure period. Similarly, in

the same concentration, the mortality of root-knot nematode was also not recorded

in the filtrates of P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride after 24 hours.

Moreover, the filtrate of P. lilacinus (22%), showed highest mortality of nematode

followed by T. harzianum (15%) and T. viride (12%) after 48 hours of exposure

period.Whereas, after 96 hours in the corresponding filtrates the mortality of

nematode was recorded as 28%, 19% and 17%.

4.8. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI - MELOIDOGYNE

JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING A FUNGICIDE

AS BARE ROOT-DIP TREATMENT AND FUNGAL BIOCONTROL

AGENTS:

It is evident from the data presented in Table - 8.0 that out of eight fungal

biocontrol agents, the individual inoculation of only four biocontrol agents viz.,

Trichoderma aureoviride, T. harzianum, T. lignorum and T. viride showed

significant increase in plant growth parameters (except in number of tubers /

plant) as compared to uninoculated plants (control). The highest increase in the

plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight and forskolin

Table- 8.0. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on plant growth parameters of coleus, Coleus forskohlii.


Treatment

Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent

increase

(+) and

decrease

(-) over

control

Shoot

Root

Total


decrease (-) over

control

Tuber weight

(g)



Number of tubers/

plant



Froskolin content in

tuber (%W/W)



Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -

Bavistin 60.3 24.5 84.8 -1.7 650.1 295.5 945.6 -1.0 196.2 +3.6 16.6 1.8 0.653 +4.5

P. lilacinus 62.1 25.3 87.4 +1.3 670.7 301.2 971.9 +1.7 192.3 +1.6 15.6 -4.3 0.629 +0.6

T. aureoviride 62.5 27.3 89.8 +4.1 701.6 306.5 1008.1 +5.5 203.6 +7.6 17.0 +4.3 0.658 +5.3

T. hamatum 60.9 24.2 85.1 -1.4 659.2 298.4 957.6 +0.25 187.5 -0.95 16.0 -1.8 0.622 -0.5

T. harzianum 63.9 30.8 94.7 +9.7 739.5 312.6 1,052.1 +10.1 222.7 +17.6 18.0 +10.4 0.721 +15.4

T. koningii 60.7 23.1 83.8 -2.9 670.1 302.5 972.6 +1.8 190.2 +0.5 16.3 0.0 0.619 -0.96

T. lignorum 62.3 27.8 90.1 +4.4 711.8 308.3 1,020.1 +6.8 210.2 +11.0 17.3 +6.1 0.685 +9.6

T. pseudokoningii 63.7 24.0 87.7 +1.6 665.9 299.9 965.8 +1.1 191.2 +1.0 15.3 -6.1 0.641 +2.6

T. viride 62.7 28.1 90.8 +5.2 728.3 310.2 1,038.5 +8.7 215.8 +14.0 17.6 +8.0 0.697 +11.5

C.D. (P=0.05) 2.70 18.60 7.30 1.89 0.03

C.D. (P=0.01) 3.33 30.30 12.20 2.04 0.05

101

content in tuber was observed in the soil treated with T. harzianum followed by T.

viride, T. lignorum and T. aureoviride. In the corresponding treatments, the

percentage increase in length was recorded as +9.7, +5.2, +4.4 and +4.1; fresh

weight as +10.1, +8.7, +6.8 and +5.5; tuber weight as +17.6, +14.0, +11.0 and

+7.6; number of tuber as +10.4, +8.0, +6.1 and + 4.3 and forskolin content was

found as +15.4, +11.5, +9.6 and +5.3, respectively. The increase in plant growth

parameters was significant only between the treatments of T. aureoviride and T.

harzianum, and T. harzianum and T. lignorum.

However, on the other hand, the plants inoculated with P. lilacinus, T.

hamatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii did not significantly affect the plant

growth parameters as against control. Similar results were also recorded in the

plants treated with a fungicide, Bavistin.

The data presented in Table - 8.1 clearly indicated that the collar-rot and

crown-rot symptoms and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th

, 60th

and 73rd day, respectively after inoculation with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil)

and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). Similarly, the mortality was also

recorded in coleus plants even when grown in soil inoculated with T. aureoviride,

T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. lignorum and T. pseudokoningii. In the corresponding

treatments, the collar-rot symptom was recorded on 88th, 84th, 80th, 71st and 60th

day; crown-rot on 105th, 103rd, 94th, 82nd and 69th day; and mortality of coleus

plants was recorded on 129th, 124th, 118th, 102th, and 90th day after inoculation.

This showed that the corresponding treatments not only significantly

delayed the mortality of plants but also delayed the appearance of collar-rot

(except T. pseudokongii treated plants) and crown-rot symptoms as compared to

plants inoculated with M. javanica and F. solani. The significant difference in

delay of the appearance of the symptoms and mortality of plants was recorded in

between the treatments of T. koningii and T. lignorum; T. lignorum and T.

pseudokoningii, and T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii.

However, on the other hand, no mortality was observed in coleus plants

treated with Bavistin, P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride. The respective

Table- 8.1. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on plant growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Bv = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tau = Trichoderma aureovirde Thm = Trichoderma hamatum Thr = Trichoderma harzianum Tko = Trichoderma koningii Tli = Trichoderma lignorum Tpk = Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tvi = Trichoderma viride


Treatment Shoot Root Total

Per cent reduction

over control

Shoot Root Total

Per cent reduction

over control

Tuber weight

(g)

Per cent reduction

over control

Number of

tubers/ Plant

Per cent reduction

over control

Forskolin content in tuber

(%W/W)

Per cent reduction

over control

Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -

Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Bv+Mj+Fs 26.0 9.2 35.2 59.2 223.7 92.4 316.1 66.9 50.9 73.1 6.3 61.3 0.186 70.2

Pl+Mj+Fs 29.9 11.0 40.9 52.6 262.2 112.2 374.4 60.8 66.4 64.9 7.3 55.2 0.216 65.4

Tau+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Thm+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Thr+Mj+fs 20.3 7.8 28.1 67.4 185.4 76.3 261.7 72.6 41.2 78.2 5.6 65.6 0.153 75.5

Tko+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Tli+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Tpk +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Tvi+Mj+Fs 21.9 8.5 30.4 64.8 202.3 86.3 288.6 69.8 44.1 76.7 6.0 63.2 0.165 73.6

C.D. (P=0.05) 2.95 30.49 5.74 0.54 0.019

C.D. (P=0.01) 4.02 41.58 7.82 0.73 0.026

Table 8.2. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Bv = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tau = Trichoderma aureovirde Thm = Trichoderma hamatum Thr = Trichoderma harzianum Tko = Trichoderma koningii Tli = Trichoderma lignorum Tpk = Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tvi = Trichoderma viride


Treatment Juvenile

(J2)/kg soil

Female/g

root

Total

Reproduction factor

(Rf=Pf/Pi)

Number of

galls/root

system

Root - rot (%)

Collar - rot

symptom

appeared

(on the day)

Crown - rot

symptom

appeared

(on the day)

Mortality of

the plant

(on the day)

Control - - - - - - - - -

Mj + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 56 60 73

Bv+Mj+Fs 4,209 291 4,500 4.5 37.0 71.6 116 - -

Pl+Mj+Fs 4,002 298 4,300 4.3 33.0 65.0 118 - -

Tau+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 88 105 129

Thm+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 84 103 124

Thr+Mj+fs 4,919 281 5,200 5.2 43.0 81.2 111 - -

Tko+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 80 94 118

Tli+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 71 82 102

Tpk+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 60 69 90

Tvi+Mj+Fs 4,513 287 4,800 4.8 39.0 75.7 113 - -

C.D.(P=0.05) 0.26 1.74 3.90 6.38 8.66 11.96

C.D.(P=0.01) 0.35 2.38 5.32 7.74 11.86 15.23

102

treatments not only delayed the appearance of collar-rot symptom but also

completely suppressed the appearance of crown-rot symptom. In the

corresponding treatments, the appearance of collar-rot symptom was recorded on

116th, 118th, 111th and 113th day after inoculation. The significant highest

reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight,

number of tubers / plant and forskolin content was found in the plants treated with

T. harzianum followed by T. viride, Bavistin and P. lilacinus. In the

corresponding treatments, the reduction in length was recorded as 67.4, 64.8, 59.2

and 52.6%; fresh weight as 72.6, 69.8, 66.9 and 60.8%; tuber weight as 78.2, 76.7,

73.1 and 64.9%; number of tuber as 65.6, 63.2, 61.3 and 55.2% and forskolin

content in tuber was found as 75.5, 73.6, 70.2 and 65.4% as compared to control.

The significant variation in plant growth parameters was recorded in between the

treatments of Bavistin and P. lilacinus; T. harzianum and Bavistin, and T.

harzianum and P. lilacinus.

The minimum reproduction factor of root-knot nematode, number of galls

and percentage of root-rot was found in the plants treated with P. lilacinus

followed by Bavistin, T. viride and T. harzianum. In the corresponding treatments,

the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.3, 4.5, 4.8 and 5.2 and number of galls /

root system as 33, 37, 39 and 43 and percentage of root-rot as 65.0, 71.6, 75.7 and

81.2 (Table - 8.2).


JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING OIL - CAKES:

The data presented in Table - 9.0 revealed that out of nine oil - cakes, the

individual application of only six oil - cakes viz., groundnut, karanj, linseed,

mohwa, neem and soybean significantly improved the growth parameters of

coleus as compared to plants grown in unamended soil (control).

The maximum increase in the plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh

weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content was observed in the

soil amended with groundnut cake followed by cakes of karanj, neem, soybean,

linseed and mohwa. In the corresponding treatments, the percentage increase in

length was recorded as +14.1, +11.0, +10.2, +9.6, +8.0 and +5.3; fresh weight as

Table- 9.0. Effect oil - cakes on plant growth parameters of coleus, (Coleus forskohlii).

Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Treatment

Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent increase

(+) over

control

Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent increase

(+) over

control

Tuber weight

(g)

Per cent increase

(+) over

control

Number of tubers/Plant

Per cent increase

(+) over

control


(%W/W)

Per cent increase

(+) over

control

Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -

Castor cake 61.9 26.3 88.2 +2.2 682.5 296.1 978.6 +2.4 198.5 +4.9 17.3 +6.1 0.683 +9.3

Groundnut cake 70.2 28.3 98.5 +14.1 668.2 464.3 1132.5 +18.6 239.5 +26.5 19.0 +16.6 0.761 +21.8

Karanj cake 68.9 26.9 95.8 +11.0 688.1 423.1 1,111.2 +16.3 231.8 +22.5 18.6 +14.1 0.747 +19.5

Linseed cake 67.4 25.8 93.2 +8.0 697.4 354.2 1,051.6 +10.1 216.8 +14.5 17.6 +8.0 0.698 +11.7

Mohwa cake 65.3 25.6 90.9 +5.3 688.8 321.4 1,010.2 +5.8 211.2 +11.6 17.6 +8.0 0.688 +10.1

Mustard cake 63.8 23.5 87.3 +1.2 680.2 295.9 976.1 +2.2 195.2 +3.1 16.0 -1.8 0.639 +2.2

Neem cake 68.9 26.2 95.1 +10.2 686.7 409.7 1,096.4 +14.8 228.6 +20.8 18.3 +12.3 0.734 +17.4

Soybean cake 70.1 24.5 94.6 +9.6 687.9 375.8 1,063.7 +11.4 224.5 +18.6 18.0 +10.4 0.701 +12.2

Sesame cake 65.4 22.7 88.1 +2.1 684.1 291.2 975.3 +2.1 199.2 +5.2 16.6 +1.8 0.645 +3.2

C.D. (P=0.05) 2.1 25.9 10.5 1.23 0.061

C.D. (P=0.01) 4.3 43.5 18.0 2.10 0.084

103

+18.6, +16.3, +14.8, +11.4, +10.1 and +5.8; tuber weight as +26.5, +22.5, +20.8,

+18.6 +14.5 and +11.6; number of tuber as +16.6, +14.1, +12.3, +10.4, +8.0 and

+8.0; and forskolin content in tuber was found as +21.8, +19.5, +17.4, +12.2,

+11.7 and +10.1. Moreover, it was observed that the plant growth parameters were

significant only between the treatments of groundnut cake and linseed cake,

groundnut cake and mohwa - cake, and karanj - cake and linseed cake. However,

on the other hand soil amended with castor, mustard and sesame cake did not have

any significant effect on the plant growth parameters as compared to control.

The data presented in Table - 9.2 clearly revealed that the symptoms of

collar-rot and crown-rot, and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th

, 60th

and 73rd

day, respectively after inoculation with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil)

and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). Similarly, the mortality was also

recorded in coleus even when grown in soil amended with oil - cakes of castor,

linseed, mohwa, mustard, soybean and sesame. In the corresponding treatments,

the collar-rot symptom was recorded on 59th, 68th, 54th, 74th, 61st and 53rd day;

crown-rot symptom was recorded on 63rd, 84th, 59th, 92nd, 76th and 64th day and

mortality of coleus plant was recorded on 76th, 100th, 71st, 112th, 94th and 78th day

after inoculation.

The soil amended with linseed cake, mustard cake and soybean cake,

significantly delayed the mortality of plants and appearance of collar-rot and

crown-rot symptoms as compared to unamended plants infected with M. javanica

and F. solani. The significant difference in the delay of appearance of symptoms

and mortality of plants was also recorded among plants treated with linseed cake

and mustard cake; mustard cake and soybean cake, and soybean cake and linseed

cake.

However, on the other hand, there was no mortality in plants treated with

oil - cakes of groundnut, karanj and neem. The respective treatments also

significantly delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot symptoms of

coleus plants. In the corresponding treatments, the appearance of collar-rot

symptom was recorded on 94th

, 105th

and 99th

day and crown-rot symptom was

Table- 9.1. Effect of oil - cakes on plant growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Cc = Castor cake Gc = Groundnut cake

Kc = Karanj cake Lc = Linseed cake Mc = Mohwa cake Muc = Mustard cake

Nc = Neem cake Sc = Soybean cake Sec = Sesame cake


Treatment Shoot Root Total

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Shoot Root Total

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Tuber

weight

(g)

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Number

of tubers

/plant

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Forskolin

content in

tuber

(%W/W)

Per cent reduction

over control

Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625

-


Cc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Gc+Mj+Fs 17.6 6.2 23.8 72.4 165.2 60.2 225.4 76.4 27.2 85.6 4.6 71.8 0.116 81.4

Kc+Mj+Fs 20.2 7.5 27.7 67.9 175.2 74.1 249.3 73.9 34.6 81.7 5.3 67.5 0.136 78.1

Lc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Mc+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Muc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Nc+Mj+Fs 19.4 6.7 26.1 69.8 187.1 59.3 246.4 74.2 28.9 84.7 4.6 71.8 0.121 80.6

Sc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

Sec +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

C.D. (P=0.05) 2.85 29.62 5.35 0.61 0.017

C.D. (P=0.01) 3.89 40.40 7.30 0.97 0.037

104

Table- 9.2. Effect of oil - cakes on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solan


Treatment Juvenile (J2)/kg

soil

Female/g root

Total

Reproduction factor

(Rf=Pf/Pi)

Number of galls/root

system

Root - rot

(%)

Collar - rot symptoms appeared

(on the day)

Crown - rot symptoms appeared

(on the day)

Mortality of plant (on the

day)

Control - - - - - - - - -

Mj + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 56 60 73

Cc+Mj+Fs

PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 59 63 76

Gc+Mj+Fs 3,789 211 4,000 4.0

26.0 89.3 94 121

-

Kc+Mj+Fs 3,949 251 4,200 4.2

32.0 83.2 105 126 -

Lc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 68 84 100

Mc+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 54 59 71

Muc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 74 92 112

Nc+Mj+Fs 3,397 203 3,600 3.6 23.0 85.6 99 126 -

Sc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 61 76 94

Sec +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 53 64 78

C.D. (P=0.05)

0.23 1.67 4.43 4.38 7.64 5.86

C.D. (P=0.01)

0.32 2.27 6.04 5.61 8.91 7.99

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Cc = Castor cake Gc = Groundnut cake Kc = Karanj cake Lc = Linseed cake Mc = Mohwa cake Muc = Mustard cake Nc = Neem cake Sc = Soybean cake Sec = Sesame cake

104

recorded on 121st, 126th and 126th day after inoculation (Table – 9.2). The

significant reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber

weight, number of tuber/plant and forskolin content was highest in the plants

treated with groundnut- cake followed by neem-cake and karanj-cake. In the

corresponding treatments, the reduction in length was recorded as 72.4, 69.8 and

67.8%; fresh weight as 76.4, 74.2 and 73.9%; tuber weight as 85.6, 84.7 and

81.7%; number of tuber as 71.8, 71.8 and 67.5%; and forskolin content was found

as 81.4, 80.6 and 78.2% as compared to unamended and uninoculated plants. In

the respective treatments the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.0, 3.6 and 4.2

and number of galls / root system as 26, 23 and 32, respectively (Table – 9.1 &

9.2).

The plants grown in soil amended with groundnut cake, karanj cake and

neem cake showed 89.3, 83.2 and 85.6% root-rot, respectively. It appears that the

karanj cake showed highest reduction in root-rot followed by neem cake and

groundnut cake, whereas, maximum reduction in galling and reproduction factor

was recorded in neem cake followed by groundnut cake and karanj cake.

Moreover, there was no significant variation in plant growth parameters and root-

rot in between the treatments of karanj cake and neem cake, and groundnut cake

and neem cake (Table - 9.2).


JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING CHOPPED

LEAVES OF SOME PLANTS:

The data presented in Table - 10.0 clearly revealed that the soil amended

with chopped leaves of three plants viz., french marigold, vasaka and white datura

significantly improved the plants growth parameters except the number of

tuber/plant as compared to coleus plants grown in unamended soil (control).

However, on the other hand the plants amended with chopped leaves of aak,

lantana, snake weed and wild senna, did not have any significant effect on the

plant growth parameters.

Table - 10.0. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the growth parameters of coleus, Coleus forskohlii.


Tuber weight

(g)

Per cent increase

(+) / decrease

(-) over

control

Number of

Tubers/plant

Per cent increase

(+) / decrease

(-) over

control


(%W/W)

Per cent increase

(+) / decrease

(-) over

control

Treatment

Shoot Root Total

Per cent increase

(+) / decrease

(-) over


Per cent increase

(+) / decrease

(-) over

control

Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -

Aak leaves 59.4 23.8 83.2 -3.6 644.1 292.3 936.4 -2.0 180.5 -4.6 15.6 -4.3 0.598 -4.3

French marigold leaves 65.7 26.3 92.0 +6.6 693.5 304.9 998.4 +4.5 202.1 +6.8 17.3 +6.1 0.658 +5.3

Lantana leaves

62.3 25.9 88.2 +2.2 669.7 295.1 964.8 +1.00 197.2 +4.2 16.3 0.0 0.639 +2.2

Snake weed leaves 60.7 24.0 84.7 -1.9 671.7 299.6 971.3 +1.7 193.1 +2.0 15.3 -6.1 0.615 -1.6

Vasaka leaves 67.1 29.3 96.4 +11.7 692.3 331.1 1023.4 +7.1 215.4 +13.8 17.6 +8.0 0.692 +10.7

White datura leaves 67.1 27.5 94.6 +9.6 690.1 315.8 1005.9 +5.3 209.6 +10.7 17.0 +4.3 0.679 +8.6

Wild senna leaves 66.2 23.4 89.6 +3.8 651.7 296.6 948.3 -0.7 182.3 -3.7 16.0 -1.8 0.643 +2.9

C.D.(P=0.05) 4.2 20.1 9.4 NS 0.030

C.D.(P=0.01) 4.9 36.3 12.5 NS 0.049

105

The maximum increase in the plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh

weight, tuber weight and forskolin content was observed in the coleus plants

grown in soil amended with vasaka leaves followed by white datura and french

marigold as compared to unamended soil. In the corresponding treatments, the

percentage increase in length was recorded as +11.7, +9.6 and +6.6; fresh weight

as +7.1, + 5.3 and +4.5; tuber weight as +13.8, +10.7, and +6.8 and forskolin

content in tuber was found as +10.7, +8.6, and+ 5.3, respectively. Moreover, it

was also observed that the significant variation in plant growth parameters of

coleus was recorded only between the treatments of vasaka and french marigold

leaves.

The data presented in Table - 10.2 clearly revealed that the symptoms of

collar-rot and crown-rot, and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th

, 60th

and 73rd day after inoculation, respectively in the plant inoculated concomitantly

with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil) and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg

soil). Similarly, the mortality was also recorded in coleus plant even when grown

in soil amended with chopped leaves of aak, french marigold, lantana, snake

weed, white datura and wild senna. In the corresponding treatments, the collar-rot

symptom was recorded on 61st, 57th, 54th, 59th, 55th and 63rd day, whereas, crown

ot was recorded on 67th, 62nd, 58th, 69th, 60th and 76th day and mortality of coleus

plant was recorded on 86th, 80th, 75th, 88th, 70th and 94th day after inoculation. This

showed that the amendments of leaves of these plants not only delayed the

mortality of plants but also delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot

symptoms as compared to plants unamended and infected with M. javanica + F.

solani.

The significant delay in the mortality caused by M. javanica and F. solani

was recorded in coleus plants grown in soil amended with chopped leaves of aak,

french marigold, snake weed and wild senna as compared to unamended soil.

However, on the other hand, significant delay in the appearance of collar-rot and

crown-rot symptoms was recorded in plants amended with wild senna only.

Table 10.1. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani AL = Aak leaves FL = French marigold leaves LL = Lantana leaves SWL = Snake weed leaves VL = Vasaka leaves WDL = White datura leaves WSL = Wlid senna leaves


Shoot Root Total

Per cent reduction

over


Per cent reduction

over

control

Tuber weight

(g)

Per cent reduction

over control

Number of

Tubers/ plant

Per cent reduction

over control

Forskolin content in

tuber (%W/W)

Per cent reduction

over control

Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -


AL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

FL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

LL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

SWL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

VL+Mj+Fs 19.1 6.3 25.4 70.6 162.1 59.5 221.6 76.8 22.1 88.3 4.6 71.8 0.106 83.0

WDL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

WSL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS

C.D. (P=0.05)

3.28 26.15 12.41 1.27 0.029

C.D. (P=0.01)

5.63 39.28 19.35 1.82 0.048

Table 10.2. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani AL = Aak leaves FL = French marigold leaves LL = Lantana leaves SWL = Snake weed leaves VL = Vasaka leaves WDL = White datura leaves WSL = Wlid senna leaves

Population of root-knot nematode Treatment

Juvenile (J2) / kg soil

Female/g root

Total

Reproduction factor

(Rf=Pf/Pi)

Number of galls/root system

Root- rot (%)

Collar - rot symptom appeared

(on the day)

Crown - rot symptom appeared

(on the day)

Mortality of the plant

(on the day)

Control - - - - - - - - -

Mi + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 56 60 73

AL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 61 67 86

FL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 57 62 80

LL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 54 58 75

SWL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 59 69 88

VL+Mj+Fs 4,125 275 4,400 4.4 34 92.4 91 117 -

WDL+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 55 60 70

WSL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 63 76 94

C.D. P=0.05) 6.74 13.45 5.33

C.D. P=0.01) 7.09 14.64 6.99

106

Further, it was interesting to note that there was no mortality in the plants

amended with chopped leaves of vasaka into the soil. The amendments of vasaka

leaves also significantly delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot

symptoms. It was recorded on 91st and 117th day, respectively after inoculation. In

this treatment, the percentage reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length,

fresh weight, tuber weight, number of tuber and forskolin content was observed as

70.6, 76.8, 88.3, 71.8 and 83.0, respectively. Similarly, the reproduction factor

was recorded as 4.4, number of galls per root system as 34 and root-rot as 92.4%

in the plants grown in soil amended with vasaka leaves (Tables – 10.1 & 10.2).

4.11 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI -

MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY

USING FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS, OIL - CAKES, VASAKA

LEAVES AND BAVISTIN:

The data presented in Table - 11.0 clearly revealed that the coleus plants

did not survive beyond 81 days after simultaneous inoculation of M. javanica and

F. solani, @1000 J2 and 3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil, respectively as

compared to untreated and uninoculated plants (control). Moreover, the

integration of bare -root dip treatment with Bavistin, inoculation of fungal

biocontrol agent(s) viz., P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride and amendments

of either of the oil - cakes (groundnut cake, karanj cake and neem cake) or

chopped leaves of vasaka in different combinations in the soil, not only increased

the viability of coleus plants but also showed better plant growth by reducing the

intensity of disease development in terms of root galling and rotting in coleus.

This integrated management methods also delayed / completely suppressed the

appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot symptoms in coleus.

The minimum reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh

weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content in tubers; lowest

root-rot and overall, best protection against M. javanica and F. solani was

observed by integration of Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. viride followed by Bavistin

+ T. viride + neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. harzianum, Bavistin + P.

107

lilacinus + neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +groundnut cake, Bavistin + P.

lilacinus + karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + T. harzianum, Bavistin + T. viride +

karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +

groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum + karanj cake, Bavstin + T. harzianum +

neem cake, Bavistin + T. viride + vasaka leaves, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka

leaves and Bavistin + T. harzianum + vasaka leaves. In the corresponding

treatments the percentage reduction in plant length was recorded as 11.1, 12.2,

14.6, 16.3, 26.4, 29.5, 32.1, 39.3, 39.6, 42.3, 42.9, 49.4, 50.6, 51.1 and 54.8; in

fresh weight 16.9, 17.6, 19.3, 21.2, 32.8, 35.1, 38.3, 44.1, 44.0, 45.3, 47.3, 53.1,

53.6, 54.8 and 57.6; tuber weight 22.6, 23.4, 24.1, 25.7, 37.9, 41.4, 42.9, 48.2,

49.0, 49.3, 49.8, 55.2, 55.9, 56.9, and 60.2; number of tuber 13.1, 15.1, 17.7, 19.6,

30.7, 32.7, 37.3, 39.2, 45.8, 47.7, 50.3, 52.3, 54.3, 56.9 and 58.8; and forskolin

content was found as 19.2, 20.2, 21.5, 23.7, 34.7, 37.2, 41.9, 47.6, 48.3, 49.1,

49.4, 55.1, 56.9, 57.9 and 58.7 as compared to control.

Similarly, the lowest percentage of root-rot was recorded in plants treated

with Bavistin + P. lilacinus +T. viride followed by Bavistin + T. viride+ neem

cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. harzianum, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + neem cake,

Bavistin + P. lilacinus +groundnut cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +karanj cake,

Bavistin + T. viride + T. harzianum, Bavistin + T. viride+ karanj cake, Bavistin +

T. viride+ groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +groundnut cake, Bavistin +

T. harzianum + karanj cake, Bavstin + T. harzianum + neem cake, Bavistin + T.

viride+ vasaka leaves, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka leaves and Bavistin + T.

harzianum + vasaka leaves. In the respective treatments, the percentage of root-rot

was found as 24.7, 25.3, 26.2, 28.5, 38.9, 40.3, 42.8, 47.2, 48.6, 49.7, 51.1, 57.8,

58.4, 60.3 and 61.5. However, on the other hand, in the corresponding treatments

the reproduction factor was noticed as 2.0, 2.4, 2.2, 2.0, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9,

4.0, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.5, and number of galls /root system was recorded as 20, 22,

20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 28, 34, 35, 35 and 36 (Table - 11.1). These

treatments also showed the complete suppression of appearance of collar-rot and

crown-rot symptoms except in the plants treated with Bavistin +T. viride+ vasaka

leaves, Bavistin +P. lilacinus+ vasaka leaves and Bavistin + T. harzianum+

Table 11.0. Effect of fungal bioagents, Bavistin, oil-cakes and leaves of vasaka on the growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.


Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Shoot

Root

Total

Per cent

reduction

over control

Tuber

weight

(g)

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Number

of Tuber/

Plant

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Forskolin

content in root

(%W/W)

Per cent

reduction

over

control

Control

64.4

24.7 89.1 - 732.5 241.3 973.8 - 190.5 - 15.3 - 0.613 -


Bv+Pl+VL+Mj+Fs 32.4 11.2 43.6 51.1 336.4 103.7 440.1 54.8 82.1 56.9 6.6 56.9 0.258 57.9

Bv+Pl+Gc+Mj+Fs 48.1 17.5 65.6 26.4 500.6 153.7 654.3 32.8 118.3 37.9 10.6 30.7 0.400 34.7

Bv+Pl+Kc+Mj+Fs 46.1 16.7 62.8 29.5 486.6 145.3 631.9 35.1 111.6 41.4 10.3 32.7 0.385 37.2

Bv+Pl+Nc+Mj+Fs 54.8 19.8 74.6 16.3 584.9 182.4 767.3 21.2 141.5 25.7 12.3 19.6 0.468 23.7

Bv+Pl+Th+Mj+Fs 55.8 20.3 76.1 14.6 601.2 184.6 785.8 19.3 144.5 24.1 12.6 17.6 0.481 21.5

Bv+Pl+Tv+Mj+Fs 58.3 20.9 79.2 11.1 612.1 197.1 809.2 16.9 147.4 22.6 13.3 13.1 0.495 19.2

Bv+Th+VL+Mj+Fs 30.0 10.3 40.3 54.8 315.4 97.4 412.8 57.6 75.8 60.2 6.3 58.8 0.253 58.7

Bv+Th+Gc+Mj+Fs 38.0 13.4 51.4 42.3 414.7 117.7 532.4 45.3 96.5 49.3 8.0 47.7 0.312 49.1

Bv+Th+Kc+Mj+Fs 36.9 14.0 50.9 42.9 397.3 116.1 513.4 47.3 95.7 49.8 7.6 50.3 0.310 49.4

Bv+Th+Nc+Mj+Fs 32.9 12.2 45.1 49.4 348.1 108.6 456.7 53.1 85.3 55.2 7.3 52.3 0.275 55.1

Bv+Th+Tv+Mj+Fs 44.2 16.3 60.5 32.1 460.4 140.4 600.8 38.3 108.8 42.9 9.6 37.3 0.356 41.9

Bv+Tv+VL+Mj+Fs 32.8 11.2 44.0 50.6 343.9 107.9 451.8 53.6 84.1 55.9 7.0 54.2 0.264 56.9

Bv+Tv+Gc+Mj+Fs 39.4 14.4 53.8 39.6 423.0 122.3 545.3 44.0 97.1 49.0 8.3 45.8 0.317 48.3

Bv+Tv+Kc+Mj+Fs 39.1 15.0 54.1 39.3 406.6 137.3 543.9 44.1 98.6 48.2 9.3 39.2 0.321 47.6

Bv+Tv+Nc+Mj+Fs 57.4 20.8 78.2 12.2 609.9 192.5 802.4 17.6 145.9 23.4 13.0 15.0 0.489 20.2

C.D. (P=0.05) 5.36 54.96 10.04 0.88 0.034

C.D. (P=0.01) 7.25 74.29 13.53 1.18 0.046

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani BV = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tv = Trichoderma viride Th = Trichoderma harzianum Kc = Karanj cake Gc = Groundnut cake Nc = Neem cake VL = Vasaka leaves

Table 11.1. Effect of fungal bioagents, Bavistin, oil-cakes and leaves of vasaka on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne

javanica and Fusarium solani


Treatment Juvenile

(J2)/kg soil Female/g

root Total

Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf /Pi)

Number of galls/root system

Root – rot (%)

Collar - rot symptom appeared

(on the day)

Crown rot -symptom appeared

(on the day)

Mortality of the plant

(on the day)

Control - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 53 65 81

Bv+Pl+VL+Mj+Fs 4,389 311 4,700 4.7 35 60.3 128 - - Bv+Pl+Gc+Mj+Fs 2,276 524 2,800 2.8 23 38.9 - - - Bv+Pl+Kc+Mj+Fs 2,781 219 3,000 3.0 24 40.3 - - - Bv+Pl+Nc+Mj+Fs 1,575 425 2,000 2.0 21 28.5 - - - Bv+Pl+Th+Mj+Fs 1,741 459 2,200 2.2 20 26.2 - - - Bv+Pl+Tv+Mj+Fs 1,581 419 2,000 2.0 20 24.7 - - -

Bv+Th+VL+Mj+Fs 4,182 318 4,500 4.5 36 61.5 123 - - Bv+Th+Gc+Mj+Fs 3,644 256 3,900 3.9 30 49.7 - - - Bv+Th+Kc+Mj+Fs 3,783 217 4,000 4.0 28 51.1 - - - Bv+Th+Nc+Mj+Fs 4,195 305 4,500 4.5 34 57.8 - - - Bv+Th+Tv+Mj+Fs 2,992 208 3,200 3.2 25 42.8 - - - Bv+Tv+VL+Mj+Fs 4,289 311 4,600 4.6 35 58.4 130 - - Bv+Tv+Gc+Mj+Fs 3,569 231 3,800 3.8 29 48.6 - - - Bv+Tv+Kc+Mj+Fs 3,485 215 3,700 3.7 28 47.2 - - Bv+Tv+Nc+Mj+Fs 1,987 413 2,400 2.4 22 25.3 - -

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.49 2.26 4.04 3.37

C.D. (P=0.01) 0.60 3.05 5.46 5.11

Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani BV=Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tv = Trichoderma viride Th = Trichoderma harzianum Kc = Karanj cake Gc = Groundnut cake Nc = Neem cake VL = Vasaka leaves

108

vasaka leaves where only the collar-rot symptoms appeared on 130th, 128th and

123rd day after inoculation, respectively.

It was interesting to note that most of the treatments showed more or less

same degree of efficacy in the management of M. javanica - F. solani disease

complex in coleus. The efficacy of such treatments were also statistically at par

for instance, there was no significant difference in the plant growth parameters

(except number of tuber) and disease development in terms of rotting in plants,

root galling and reproduction factor of M. javanica among the following set of

treatments:

1. Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka leaves, Bavistin + T. harzianum +vasaka

leaves, Bavistin + T. harzianum + neem cake and Bavistin + T. viride

+vasaka leaves.

2. Bavistin + P. lilacinus + Groundnut cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus+ Karanj

cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +T. viride.

3. Bavistin + P. lilacinus +Neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +T. harzianum,

Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. viride, Bavistin + T. viride + Neem cake.

4. Bavistin + T. harzianum + groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +

karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + groundnut cake and Bavistin + T. viride

+ karanj cake.

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