FLEXIBLEBUSHESFLEXIBLEBUSHES

I - GENERALI.1 The operation of a flexible bushI.2 Static characteristics

I.2.1 Radial characteristicsI.2.2 Torsional characteristicsI.2.3 Axial characteristicsI.2.4 Conical characteristics

I.3 Dynamic characteristicsI.3.1 Dynamic loadsI.3.2 Torsion amplitudes

II - PRINCIPAL TYPES OFFLEXIBLE BUSHESII.1 Simple bushesII.2 Flanged bushesII.3 Laminated bushesII.4 Void bushesII.5 Pivot bushesII.6 Spherical bushesII.7 Other bushes

III - OUTER SLEEVE ANDCENTRE AXISIII.1 Materials usedIII.2 Protection during storageIII.3 Tolerance on LengthIII.4 Tolerances on Diameter

IV - THE SELECTION OFA FLEXIBLE BUSH

V - AN EXAMPLE OF A SELECTION

VI - INSPECTION OFFLEXIBLE BUSHESVI.1 Dimensional controlVI.2 Control of stiffnessVI.3 Control of bonding

VII - CATALOGUE OFFLEXIBLE BUSHES

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2

- GENERAL

A flexible bush has an elastomeric element enclosed between an outer sleeve and a centre axisintended to replace a greased bush.

The improvements achieved in industry due to the use of elastic bushes have been justlycompared to the progress achieved in the past by the use of ball joints. In fact, theimprovementsachieved by the latter by reducing friction and play considerably and reducing wear an noise,have been taken even further by elastomeric rubber bushes which eliminate play completelyand isolate high frequency vibrations.

I.1 - THE OPERATION OF A FLEXIBLE BUSH

I

3

F L E X I B L E B U S H E S

I.2.1 - Radial characteristicsThe application of a radial force FR causes an elastic eccentricity X by compression of theelastomer on one side and stretching of the other side.The bush is characterised by the permissible radial static force and by the correspondingeccentricity.In practice, the permissible radial static forces are estimated by taking the stress rate on thesurface area S of the rectangle which represents the projection of part of the elastomer whichis in contact with the internal tube.

FR FR NStress rate = ____ = ______ ( ___ )S d1 x l m2

lThe permissible stress is a function __ of the bush and of the specific properties of theelastomer. D

It is clear that the permissible deformation for a given radial force will be linked in practice tothe thickness of the elastomer.

D1 - d1e = _______

2

I.2.2 - Torsional characteristicsThe application of a torque to the centre axis of revolution of a bush causes an angulardisplacement a. This displacement produces a torsional reaction expressed in N.m.The bush is characterised by its maximum torsion angle α and by the correspondingcompensating torque.In practice, the permissible torsion angles are of the order of 20° to 30°. The maximumpermissible static torque can be calculated on the basis of the stress rate at the point of contactbetween the internal tube and the elastomer.

d1² l d1 and 1 are in cmC = t x π _______ where C is in cm.kg # 0.1 N.m

2 t is in daN/cm²

I.1 - STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

4

FR

D D1 d d

e1

l

L

x

α

I.2.3 - Axial characteristicsWhen the external tube is fixed, the application of an axial force Fa on the internal tubewill cause an elastic displacement “y” parallel to the axis of the bush, by shearing of theelastomer.The bush is characterised by the permissible axial load and by the corresponding elasticdisplacement.In practice, the permissible static axial loads are estimated by taking the stress rate atthe internal tube.Fa = π x d1 x 1 x t where d1 and 1 are in cm and Fa in daN and t is in daN/cm2

The permissible static deflection is a function of the radial thickness of the elastomer.

D1 - d1y = k. ________ (K being between 0.20 and 0.50).

2

The axial breaking load of a bonded part is of the order of 10 times the permissible static load.

Note:A Prestressed bush which is not fully bonded must not be subjected to a static axial load.

I.2.4 - Conical characteristicsThe application of a torque whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the bush willcause an angular deformation β.This deformation will in turn produce a compensating elastic torque expressed in N.m.The bush is characterised by the permissible conical angle and by the correspondingcompensating torque.In practice, the permissible conical angles are of the order of a few degrees. They vary greatlywith the slenderness ratio l of the part.__

D

5

β

l

D1d1

y

Fa

d1

l

I.3.1 - Dynamic loads

For dynamic loads, the following corrections must be added to the static loads provided in thecatalogue :

• For infrequent forces of very short duration (shocks), the loads can be doubled.• In the case of continuing periodic forces, the loads must be multiplied by a reduction

coefficient λ which is a function of the frequency of the forces.

I.3.2 - Torsion amplitudes

The torsion amplitudes provided in the catalogue must be multiplied by a reduction coefficientµ which is a function of the frequency of the oscillations.

I.3 - DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

6

Hertz

cycles/minute

load reduction cœfficientas a function of frequency

acci

den

tal l

oad

1,0

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Hertz

cycles/minute

angular amplitude coefficient as afunction of the frequency of oscillations

exce

ptio

nal

osci

llatio

ns

1,0

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

5 1510

5 1510

- PRINCIPAL TYPES OFFLEXIBLE BUSHES

The lateral stop only comes into operation when the bush is forced off centre by a radial load.This causes the stop to protrude, thus ensuring an “anti-noise” role at the limit of axialmovement.

II

II.1 - SIMPLE BUSHES

FLEXIBLOC (fig. 1) - FULLY BONDEDThis is a bush made up of 2 concentric tubes between which of elastomer is bonded. Underthe effect of external forces or torques, the relative movement of the tubes will cause an elasticdeformation of the elastomer. By consulting the service conditions, a bush should be chosenwhich will remain within its elastic operational limits.

SILENTBLOC (fig. 2) - PRESTRESSEDThis is a bush made up of 2 concentric tubes between which a ring of “adhérite®” elastomer isinserted by force. Under the effect of external forces or torques, the relative movement of thetubes will cause an elastic deformation of the elastomer. Above a certain value the adherite willslide in the tubes.

These simple bushes are considered to have lateral stops (fig. 3) when the elastomer protrudesfrom the external tube in the form of a support surface with various profiles.

The rigidity k1 is equal to k2 if the travel is less than “a”, and it becomes greater than k2 whenthe travel is greater than “a”.

II.2 - FLANGED BUSHES

In this type of bush, one of the tubes is flanged.

7

k1 k2

a

k2k1

k 1= k 2

forc

e

displacementa

Fig. 3Fig. 2Fig. 1

II.3 - LAMINATED BUSHES

II.4 - VOID BUSHES

II.5 - PIVOT BUSHES

This type of bush has a thin metallic tube between the internal tube and the external tube. Theobject is to have a higher stiffness radially while keeping practically the same stiffness in torsion.The lamination of a bush also helps to decrease the work rate of the elastomer under high radialloads.

FLUIDBLOC :This type of bush is intended to offer minimum resistance to torsion. The elastomer is bondedto only one of the armatures, and a suitable permanent lubricant ensures the lubricationbetween the elastomer and the second armature ensures a very low torsional resistance. Sealsare provided at each end to prevent the lubricant from coming out and stop impurities fromgetting in. Resistance to axial force is provided by a flange in the elastomer which bears againstthe side of the outer sleeve, the force being transmitted by a lateral washer.

A void bush is designed to have radial stiffness which are very different at 90° to each other. Thedifference in rigidity is governed by the size of the voids, which may or may not run the wholelength of the bush.

8

II.6 - SPHERICAL BUSHES

II.7 - OTHER BUSHES

SPHERIFLEX :In this bush, the outer sleeve and centre axis are spherical, which enables the bush to resistrelatively high radial and axial loads and to obtain a circular rigidity which is independent of theaxis of rotation.

CONICAL BUSH :This takes the form of a rubber sleeve whose external surface is a truncated, and whichsurrounds a cylindrical internal part to which it adheres strongly by high radial expansion.

Assembly in pairs, in a housing made up of two truncated cones placed small end to small end.By axial pressure, a high compression is created which ensures the external adherence of therubber and causes lateral cushions to form at each end of the housing. These cushions ensureresistance to axial forces.

“PRESTRESSED BUSHES” with turned down sides :For the same dimensions, this type of bush provides a radial load capacity which is superior tothat of the classic “prestressed”. In addition, versions of relatively short length permit conicalmovement more easily (reduced torque and increased angle).

9

10

- OUTER SLEEVE AND CENTREAXIS

III

III.1 - MATERIALS USED

III.2 - PROTECTION DURING STORAGE

III.3 - LENGTH TOLERANCES

III.4 - DIAMETER TOLERANCES

In general, the outer sleeve and centre axis of flexible bushes are made of :

• Mild steel or polyamide for the external outer sleeve.

• Medium carbon steel for the centre axis.

The reason for the difference has to do with the method of fixation onto the internal armature,which is usually done by forcing from one end. The armature must therefore be both strong andnot too thin, to avoid buckling.

• On the internal diameter d: H10

To avoid corrosion of the steel parts, the parts are protected by a layer of phosphate whichgives them a grey appearance, the whole being protected by a layer of oil.

To ease removal of fixing botts, the internal tubes are also protected on the interior by a layerof phosphate. This protection is good for storage, but it does not constitute a “tropicalised”protection, nor is it intended to resist saline mist.

• Length L (internal tube) : ± 0.1mm

• Length l (external tube) : JS 15, according to NF E02 100-1 and NF E02 100-2

L - l• Longitudinal overhang : _____ ± 0.4 mm2

dmm

H10+ 0.058+ 0

+ 0.048+ 0

+ 0.070+ 0

+ 0.084+ 0

+ 0.1+ 0

3 to 6 6 to 10 10 to 18 18 to 30 30 to 50

• On the external diameter D :

D ≤ 25mm

+ 0.05+ 0

+ 0.1+ 0

+ 0.15+ 0

25 < D ≤ 40mm

D > 40mm

• Recommended tolerance for fitting into a bored hole : boring D : N9

Dmm

N9 - 0- 0.043

- 0- 0.052

- 0- 0.062

- 0- 0.074

- 0- 0.087

10 to 18 18 to 30 30 to 50 50 to 80 80 to 120

11

In order to specify a bush correctly for a given application, the following criteria must bedetermined:

Basic dataFor each of the 4 characteristics of the part (axial, radial, torsion or conical), the following valuesmust be taken into account:- The maximum static values (of force and/or of deflection) to which the part is subjected.- The maximum dynamic values and their frequencies.

Fundamental parametersDepending on the application, determine from the basic data the major fundamentalparameter(s) which govern the choice of the bush to be used.

DimensionsThe fundamental parameters enable you to consult the catalogue for the range of dimensionsof various bushes.

StiffnessThe final selection of the bush will depend on the required stiffness for the application. Inparticular, length, diameter and the thickness of the elastomer required for the desired bushwill be determined.

Environmental conditionsMost of our standard bushes are in natural rubber. This has been chosen because of its gooddynamic qualities.In normal conditions of use, the types of rubber used guarantee a good life and limit creep inparticular.The following conditions of use are considered abnormal:- temperatures above 70° C- prolonged contact with aggressive fluids- aggressive environments, such as oil or petrol- prolonged contact with acids or alkalis- aggressive atmospheres (e.g. ozone, chlorine)Use in this conditions can accelerated ageing of the bushes, and cause the degradation or eventhe destruction of the rubber.An abnormally aggressive environment can, in particular, increase the deformation of the bush(by creep).Flexible bushes can be made with special elastomers which are capable of surviving theabnormal conditions mentioned above and enabling the bushes to perform well.Our technical services are at your disposal to reply to your questions about the propertiesof our various elastomers.

- AN EXAMPLE OF ASELECTION

For the bushes of a vibrating carpet.Weight: 120 daN. Number of fixing points: 6Angle of movement: ± 2°. Frequency: 600 cycles/mn = 10 HzRadial load per bush: ± 20 daN (evenly loaded).

2°Amplitude reduction coefficient at 10 Hz: m = 0.18. Torsion angle: _____ = 11°0.18In this case, the axial and conical parameters are not of major importance in the selection of thebushes.

Since the fixing diameter of the connecting rods is 10 mm, we would select reference 561 205from the bush catalogue.

d = 10 mm D = 22 mm L = 17 mm l = 15 mm Radial load = 40 daNMaximum torsion angle = 25°

Therefore, for the given application we would use: 12 Flexibloc 561205 bushes.

- THE SELECTION OF A FLEXIBLE BUSH

IV

V

- INSPECTION OFFLEXIBLE BUSHES

VI

VI.1 - DIMENSIONAL CONTROL

VI.1.1 - External diameter DThis is checked in the region of the middle of length L by means of a minimum-maximumgauge.

VI.1.2 - Internal diameter dThis is checked with a standard length minimum-maximum gauge.

L - 1VI.1.3 - Longitudinal overhang ____

2

This is checked with a minimum-maximum gauge.The main purpose of the tolerance on this overhang is to maintain adequate clearance for axialelastic displacement which is an important dimension.

VI.1.4 - EccentricityThe eccentricity is the average distance between the axes of the internal and external tubes. Itis measured in the following manner:

The difference in the readings of a comparator applied to the middle of the length l of theexternal tube, when the part is turned through a full rotation about the axis of the internal tube,represents the “eccentric circle” which is equal to twice the eccentricity.

In order to take a possible conical deformation into account, one can take the average of twomeasurements made at the two extremities of the external tube.

12

comparator

comparator

L

l

Dde

For a given bush, the four stiffness characteristics are linked. It therefore sufficient to measureone of them. The most convenient is the axial shear stiffness (excluding the effect of any axialcushions).

The selected test load P will be the maximum static load Fa, in order on the one hand to operatein the linear part of the stiffness curve, and on the other to avoid having a measured value whichis of the same order as any unaccuracies. The test should be done on a frictionless guidedassembly.

A pre-load of a few kilograms is first selected to zero the comparator the load P = Fa is thenapplied, for which the deflection y is noted.

In the case of current manufacture, a tolerance of ± 25% or ± 30% is generally accepted for thisdeflection.

Vertically guided assembly on a tension-compression machine.

VI.2 - CONTROL OF STIFFNESS

VI.3 - CONTROL OF BONDING

The only test possible is a test of samples taken to breaking point. This test is done in the axialdirection. A minimum for the value of the load at rupture of the order of 10 times the static axialload can be accepted.

13

P

SIMPLE BUSHES

FLEXIBLOC - Fully Bonded : The elastomer is bonded to the 2 concentric tubes,Parts Number 560 ***, 561 ***

SILENTBLOC - Prestressed Elastomer : The ring of “adherite” is inserted by forcebetween the 2 concentric tubes,Parts Number 861***, 862***, 864***

BL : Bushes with a lateral stop.

FLEXIBLOC® AND SILENTBLOC®

dmm

6

8

910

16161620161616162020322122

1414242217242528171923.22117

12122016152022251515181715

BL

10102025305055651520304040

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Dmm

Lmm

lmm

Obs StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

Reference

RADIAL TORSION CONICALAXIAL

The references kept in stock are written in bold.

14

Torsionalangle

Axialload

Radialload

Deflection underaxial load

Deflection underradial load

Conical angle

Dd

L

l

15

The references kept in stock are written in bold. 1 kg � 1 daN

dmm

10

11.312

12.0414

14.316

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Dmm

Lmm

lmm

Obs StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

Reference

RADIAL TORSION CONICALAXIAL

dmm

16

18

20

22

24

2628

3032

3232323232323636404040405252343434343434364270383838383838384042424445.154850524040424242444848485844484848484852666666505252

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118108

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2850505560703535323232503040303032506065403545385555707075843838383838334060408045509048405085486034506060

110100

565670

1206060

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Dmm

Lmm

lmm

Obs StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

Reference

RADIAL TORSION CONICALAXIAL

16

The references kept in stock are written in bold.

dmm

32

3436

38

42

44.4546

505658

60

626870

80

90

110

120125138150

170190210

56567050586064646678787878788076.2808680939395

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11083

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989898

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7°3°2°1°1°7°3°1°7°7°1°3°1°1°3°3°3°1°1°

0,3°2°3°2°1°1°1°1°1°1°1°2°2°1°1°1°5°1°1°1°1°3°1°1°1°1°1°

861638861639561703561141861182861640861183861184861642862601561701862101561702862102862111862140862137862422862614561901862444862646862435862510862512862421561657862434862480561658561009561043862481862414862627561956862513561928561938561913862810561916561925561184561003561989

Dmm

Lmm

lmm

Obs StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

StaticLoaddaN

Deflectionmm

Maxangle

degrees

Reference

RADIAL TORSION CONICALAXIAL

The references kept in stock are written in bold.

17

LAMINATED BUSHES

DIMENSIONS

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

dmm

12

14

14

16

20

34

35

40

40

38

-

-

55

-

-

48

58.3

27.4

46

60

30

43

16.3

32

59

-

-

17

-

-

2

2

1

2

2

560033

561040

531427

560062

579071

Dmm

Amm

Lmm

lmm

l1mm fig. Reference

Reference

MaximumRadial Load

Torsion

531427*

560062

560033

561040

579071

StaticdaN

400

900

750

850

10500

-

-

-

-

15000

130

40

40

50

Axial StaticLoaddaN

20°

15°

20°

20°

6°

80

20

10

50

54

Approx torqueN.m

Max AngleDynamic

daN

* The axial load is measured on the side of the lateral stop.

18

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

l1

l

Dd

l

L

DdA

L

VOID BUSHES

dmm

8.5

8.5

12

12

12

12.2

12.2

34

40

40

43

48.8

30

30

-

-

-

60

57

41

41

44.8

44.8

60

41

74.7

34.1

34.1

36

36

40

26.5

62

25.2

25.2

-

-

-

32.5

67.2

26.5

26.5

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

560218

560217

560065

531413

531376

531363

531431

Dmm

Amm

Lmm

lmm

l1mm fig. Reference

19

section XX’

section XX’

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

l1

l

X

L

Dd

X’

A

l

X

X’

L

d D

DIMENSIONS

20

FLANGED BUSHES

FLANBLOC®

dmm

Dmm

Amm

Lmm

lmm

l1mm

l2mm

Dyna-micaxialload

Maxangle

Torsion

Approxtorque

N.m

Fig. ReferenceStaticdaN

Maximum radialload

Dyna-micdaN

SPECIAL S.C.

dmm

16

Dmm

32

32

36

Amm

47

47

46

Lmm

62

89

41

lmm

48

48

28.8

l1mm

56.5

83.5

34.7

l2mm

Dyna-micaxialload

Maxangle

Torsion

Approxtorque

N.m

Fig. Reference

9.5

250

250

60

StaticdaN

Maximum radialload

Dyna-micdaN

Ove

rloa

dco

effic

ient

: 3

430

430

56

30°

30°

30°

45

45

90

2

2

1

866016

866012

867001

12

16

-

32

40

40

43

50

51

50

50

83

34

32

52

40

40

76

3

1

50

150

200 Ove

rloa

dco

effic

ient

: 3

160

120

-

35°

20°

20°

16

-

3

2

3

531300

531411

531417

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig.3

l1l2

lDd

L

A

l1

l

Dd

L

A A

l1

l

L

Dd

l2

2

2

-

1

1

566050

566051

568256

568247

568248

ReferenceFig.

21

PIVOT BUSHES

FLUIDBLOC® AND TOURIFLEX®

These are high precision bushes; they are made of injected polyurethane and can resist oil, water,ozone, etc.These “PIVOTING” bushes are characterised by their very low torsional resistance (0.1 to 0.2 N.m).They can ensure a complete rotation (360°), and have no requirements for maintenance becausethey have a permanent lubricant.They don't need a high precision housing, and the load to remove the bushes is between 1500 and1800 daN.There are many applications, such as :Leaf spring bushes for vehicles not exceeding 5 tons.

dmm

16

16

SQUARE

AXIS

27

36

Dmm

36

45

140

70

88

lmm

60

60

214

60

70

Lmm

70

70

304

76

86

Maximum radialload

static daN

900

1100

7000

1000

1000

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Dd

L

l

Dd

L

l

22

SPHERICAL BUSHES

SPHERIFLEX®

FLUIDBLOC®

dmm

3524352626

40(a)36

axis(c)axis(c)axis(c)

36.5axis(c)axis(c)axis(c)axis(c)

4444

Dmm

626467808080858585889090909090

100100.2

Lmm

3658

35(b)72(b)78(b)49(b)

8090

1007580908090

100114116

Amm

170180144

170172170180

lmm

36303656565666.5627166686877777787.572.5

MaxdaN

Radial load Torsion Conical

1000800

100038003800380038003800380038004400400044004400440070007000

StiffnessdaN/mm

16002200160055005500550030003000300030005380500053805380538060006000

Maxdegrees

1212121010101212121212121212121212

StiffnessN.m

radian

10022

100220220220215215215215230215230230230150150

Maxdegrees

810

888866668

1088888

StiffnessN.m

radian

680220680

19001900190016501650165016503050280030503050305020002000

Fig.

11111112221222211

Reference

563075563489563559563353563343563354563317563344563425563253

563316/13563345563300563555563426563571563605

(a) The internal diameter is shouldered (b) Length L not centered

dmm

24

Dmm

64

Lmm

58

lmm

36

Radial staticload daN

850

Axial staticload daN

100

Slidingtorque

N.m

≠10

Reference

568184

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

l

D d

L

A

d

L

l

D

d

L

l

D

1 kg � 1 daN

23

SPECIAL BUSHES

Reference Fig.Ø Amm

Bmm

Cmm

Ø Dmm

Ø Emm

Radial stiffnessKN/mm

Axial stiffnessKN/mm

563468562908562912563533563550563443531293531367531330563352

2

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

3

1

180

140

140

185

185

132

110

110

122

122

200

254

273

190

190

154

55

95

72

254

140

160

145

150

150

136

42

33

54

120

Ø 68 cone

50 x 56

Ø 63

Ø 70 cone

Ø 68

Ø 70

Ø 50

Ø 52

Ø 70

Ø 50

-

-

-

-

-

-

86

150

162

-

85

85

20

57.5

57.5

140

17

10

40

4

10

17

5

16.75

16.75

5

8

50

30

5

563264

862624

Radial load max. : 100 kN

Radial load max. : 70 kNRadial load/Displacement

1 2 3 4 5 mm

kN

25

20

15

10

5

0

561958130

160

115

Ø 140

Ø 148

Ø 270Ø 100conical

Ø 172

100

Ø 192

Fig. 1

C

B

Ø A

Ø D

C

B

Ø E

Fig. 3

B

C

Ø D

Ø A

Fig. 2

Ø D

Ø A

OTHER PAULSTRA DOCUMENTATIONAvailable upon request

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