cc2404 revision table 2009

8/14/2019 CC2404 Revision Table 2009

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Units • Topics • Outlines

1. Basic physical

science

Seven base units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin,

mole, candela)

Some common derived units for quantities including speed,

acceleration, force, energy, power, pressure, frequency, charge,

potential difference, resistance, capacitance, magnetic flux

• Conversion between different units (e.g. 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3)

Powers of ten shorthand (10n)

Prefixes (pico, nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga)

Standard form ( eg. 1.286 × 105); prefix and its symbols for a

particular multiple

Significant figures • In calculations, answers are usually written with 3 sig. figures.

States of matter (solid, liquid, gas) • characteristics of the three states of matter

Definition of density :volume

massdensity =

•

• Calculation using the definition of density; recall the density of water

(g/cm3 and kg/m3)

• measure the density of regularly shaped solid, irregularly shaped solid,

liquid and air Floating and sinking • Archimede’s principle

Mass, force and weigh

Hooke’s law

12.Heat and

temperature

Definition of heat and temperature • definition of heat and temperature

Temperature scale (Fahrenheit, Celsius, absolute scales) • State the freezing point and boiling point of water in Fahrenheit, Celsius

and absolute scales

Body heat and body temperature • State the body temperatures of various activities and conditions in Celsius

Conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation

Humidity, relative humidity • definition of relative humidity (RH); factors affect the rate of evaporation

• How is the relative humidity affect human body

Core temperature vs. surface temperatureSurface temperature measurement

Liquid crystal thermometer

Core temperature measurement

Mercury temperature

Thermistors

Thermocouple

Infrared thermometer

• function, advantages and disadvantages of different types of

thermometers




Regulation of temperature

Thermostat

Control of a heater

Control of body temperature

Feedback and control

20.The eye and sight Law of reflectionDiffuse reflection v.s. regular reflection

Law of refraction

refractive index • refractive index and its relationship with speed of light in the material

Total Internal reflection • State the conditions for occurrence of total internal reflection

• Definition of the critical angle

• Application in endoscopes

Thin lens and the thin lens formula•

f vu

111=+

• Application of the thin lens formula

• Magnification of images

The power of a lens • Unit of power – dioptre (D)

Structure of the eye • Compare the structure of the eye and camera

Accommodation of the eye • The meaning of unaccommodated and accommodated

Depth of field and depth of focus

Resolution of the eye • Radian as the unit for resolution

• Ultimate limit of resolution and it’s relationship with the separation of the

cones in the fovea

Response of the eye to variations in wavelength and intensity • The functions of rods and cones

• Sketch the sensitive curve of rods and cones in different wavelength

• Sketch the response of rods and cones against light intensity and the

definition of scotopic visionDefects of the eye including short sight, long sight, presbyopia,

astigmatism and colour blindness

33. The sound and

hearing

Transverse and longitudinal waves

Wavelength, frequency, speed, amplitude, phase and the wave

equation.

Properties of Sound • Sound as longitudinal wave

• λ f v =

• K

K T smvw

273

)()/331(=




Sound intensity and sound level• A

P I = ;

0

10log10)( I

I dB =β ; I 0 = 10-12 W/m2 is a reference

intensity

• Reason for dB as the unit for sound level measurement

• typical sound levels and intensities especially the levels causing longterm and short term damages

Resonance • Nodes and antinodes in standing wave

• sketch the resonance of air in a tube closed at one end and open at both

ends

• definition of fundamental, overtones and harmonics

• Calculation related with the wavelength and the length of a tube when

resonance is happened

Hearing – perception and physical quantity • relationship between perception (pitch, loudness and timbre) and their

corresponding physical quantities

Frequency response • understand the reason of frequency response of the ear

• frequency range for the normal hearing

Loudness • frequencies for ultrasound and infrasound

• difference between loudness and intensity

• loudness vs. frequency curves

• unit of loudness (Phon)

Effect of noise • limit of the acceptable sound level

• long term effect of noise

• other effects of noise and possible protection measures

5. Medical ultrasound natural of ultrasound • frequency range of the ultrasound

• limits of the resolution of ultrasound

generation and detection of ultrasound • know that a ultrasound transducer works like both a speaker and a

microphonefactors that affect reflection of ultrasound • reflection depends on the difference in acoustic impedances of the two

media on either side of the boundary

ultrasound scan • pulse –echo measurement

• ultrasound A-scan and B-scan: understand the working principle, apply to

calculate the thickness of tissue

ultrasound diagnostic and therapy • intensity range used in diagnostic and therapeutic, applications in

diagnostic and in therapeutic,

• limitation of resolution and penetration depth of ultrasound imaging




6. Pressure and fluids Definition of pressure• A

F P = , SI unit of pressure: Pa, 1 Pa=1N/m2

Liquid pressure • pressure due to the weight of a liquid: P=Dgh

Atmospheric pressure • Patm = 1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm)=1.013x 105 N/m2 =1.013 x 105 Pa

Gauge pressure and absolute pressure • knowing that pressures in human circulatory system are gauge pressures

• know the relation between P g and P abs

Measurement of gauge pressure • Pascal’s principle

• understand mmHg as unit of gauge pressure

• conversion between mmHg and Pa

Measurement of blood pressure • origin of blood pressure

• systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

• laminar flow or turbulent flow in blood artery and their resulting sound

• sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

• Understand the principle of determining systolic pressure and diastolic

pressure, Koroktoff sounds• Meaning of a record of blood pressure measurement result

7. Electricity I Electric charge, electrostatic forces • electric charge, rules of electrostatic

• The unit of charge

• Charge of electrons

• Factors that influences electrostatic force

• The sign of electrostatic forces and charges involved

Charging by contact and by induction , • charging by contact and charging by induction,

• an electroscope

• conductors and insulators

• charge polarization

• the principle of lightening rodThe electric field • electric field lines for positive and negative charges

• electric filed line between two parallel metal plate with opposite charges

Electric potential difference (voltage), • definition of electric potential difference,

q

EPE EPE V V V A B A B

−=−=∆

Electrical potential energy, kinetic energy.

or ∆ V=∆ EPE/Q, and ∆ EPE=∆ KE

Capacitor, energy storage in capacitors • charging and discharging of a capacitor




• equations for charge storageV

QC = , and energy stored

`2

2

1CV U =

in a capacitor,

• dielectrics and increase of capacitance by inserting dielectrics

•d

A

C o

κ ε

= , membrane of living cell as capacitor

• concept of dielectric constant (relative permittivity)

The electric current, • concept of charge flow, direction of current in metal wire

•t

q I

∆

∆=

The electrical resistance, Ohm’s law• Ohm’s law :

R

V I = for simple circuit

Resistors, resistivity• resistance and resistivity of resistors,

A

L R ρ =

• Calculation involving simple electric circuit.• R= R1+ R2+ R3 +…

•

...R R R R

+++=

321

1111

Electrolysis • Understand electrolysis of a salt,

• cathode and anode as well as how ions move under current

Electrical power, electric energy • electric power and : P=IV

• For resistor, P=I 2 R=V 2 /R,

• energy = power x time.

DC current and AC current • the difference between a dc current and a ac current,

• For ac, peak current (voltage), effective (rms) current (voltage) andconversion between them

• For ac, peak power, average power and conversion between them.

8. Electricity II Electrical signal transmission through nerves • Know the basic nerve cell

• Know resting/action potentials and related polarization /depolarization of

a nerve cell,

The heart beat and ECG measurement • heartbeat, principle of a ECG measurement, how it is related to the

heartbeat

• the waveforms of a typical ECG wave pattern.

• some common cardiac disorders that can be diagnosed by ECG as well as

their shape-dependences.




• Defibrillator, artificial pacemaker

Physiological effects of current • three mains effects of current

• neural stimulation: indirect and direct stimulation

• frequency range and different range of current as well as their effects in

indirect stimulation

Electrical safety • the electric hazards of currents on human body

• hints for electrical safety precautions

• the structure and working principle of a commercial plug

11. Magnetism Magnetism of the Earth • relation between geographical poles and magnetic poles of the Earth

Compass principle • how compass works

• rules of magnetic forces

Magnetic field created by magnet • direction of the magnetic field lines created by a permanent magnet

Magnetic field created by a wire carrying current • right-hand rule to determine the directions of magnetic field (or current)

created by a straight current-wire or a current -loop

Electromagnet • magnetic field (lines) created inside/outside of a solenoid

Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field • left-hand rule to determine the directions of force created by a magnetic

field on straight current-wire

• Relation between force and current, magnetic field

• the principle of dc motor

Hall Effect • Hall effect: application of left hand rule for moving charges in a fluid

• analyze the polarity of a Hall emf

• the Hall effect and the measurement of blood velocity,

• E=Blv

• Comparison between the two different techniques: the ultrasound and

electromagnetic method, the features of each technique

Magnetic induction: phenomena, • Faraday’s law, Lenz’ law

• analyze the induction and the direction of induced current in a loop usingFaraday law and Lenz law

• the principle of ac current generation

Transformer • the principle of transformer,

• voltage transformation and current transformation

20. EM waves and UV

radiation

Electromagnetic spectrum • electromagnetic spectrum and their approximate wavelength ranges

• relation of wavelength or frequency

• application examples for each type of radiation

Light as wave: wave equation • Apply the wave equation f λ =c

Light as particle: photon • The relation between frequency, wavelength and photon energy :




E=hf=hc/ λ ,

• The electron volts (eV) as unit of energy, 1ev= 1.6 x 10-19 J.

UV radiation and its protection • Classification of three types of UV radiation and their wavelength

ranges

• factors that affect UV radiation• health risks associated with UV, especially skin

• how UV is measured: instrumentation,

• UVI: how UVI is obtained, erythemal action spectrum,

• Suntan and sunburn: their relation with type of UV

21. medical laser Simple atomic model • The meaning of Z-number,

• The charge of electron and proton

Light emission • excitation and de-excitation of atoms,

• the light emission equation ∆ E=hc/ λ =hf

How lasers work: • difference between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission,

• three characteristics that differentiate the laser from a ordinary light

source,• laser energy, laser power, intensity (power density) and fluence,

Power=energy/time

Intensity (W/cm2 )=Power /Spot area

Fluence (J/cm2 )=Intensity x exposure time

• Pulsed laser:

Difference between CW lasers and pulsed lasers

Instantaneous power and average power

Pulse width and repetition rate.

Mechanisms of lasers interaction with tissue : • photocoagulation, photo- vaporization and photo chemical ablation

• temperature range for the two thermal processes in laser-tissue

interaction• physical – biological processes related to different absorption

mechanisms

• some simple applications of photocoagulation and photo-vaporization in

laser surgery and beauty treatment

selective absorption of laser • the three absorbing components and their absorption range

• principal absorption mechanism in each application

• principle and examples of some medical application of laser

22. Ionizing radiation Interaction of energetic photons with matter: • ionizing radiation and Attenuation mechanism: photoelectric effect and

Compton Scatter(ing) and their comparison

• linear attenuation coefficient: its dependence on Z-number, I=Ioe-µ x




• half-value thickness

Production of x-ray • structure of an x-ray tube

• typical x-ray spectrum produced by x-ray tube

• tube current and voltage, tube power,

• efficiency of x-ray tubes

• mechanisms of two features of the x-ray spectrum:

• maximum frequency of x-rays produced from a x-ray tube

X-ray imaging,

X-ray therapy (radiotherapy)• the principle of x-ray imaging and main mechanism of attenuation

involved for imaging

• the principle of x-ray therapy and main attenuation mechanism involved

in x-ray radiotherapy

• biological effect of ionizing radiation

cc2404 revision table 2009

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