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Benchmark Practice

Inquiry LabChapter Review

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Define umbra and penumbra. Then label the umbra and the penumbra on the diagram below.

Umbra:

Penumbra:

Compare information about solar eclipses.

Solar

Eclipses

Definition: Phase during which a solar eclipse can occur:

Total eclipse: Partial eclipse:

Solar EclipsesI found this on page .

Shadows—the Umbra

and the PenumbraI found this on page .

LA.8.2.2.3, SC.8.E.5.9, SC.8.N.1.1

Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.

Eclipses and TidesLesson 3

NGSSS Check

Why does a solar eclipse occur only during a new moon? SC.8.E.5.9

Light sourceBall

UmbraPenumbra

The Sun-Earth-Moon System 45

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Label the diagram of a solar eclipse. Use these terms:

• Sun • Moon • penumbra • partial solar eclipse• Earth • umbra • total solar eclipse

I found this on page .

Explain why solar eclipses do not occur every month.

Organize information about lunar eclipses.

Lunar

Eclipses

Definition: Phase during which it can occur:

Total eclipse: Partial eclipse:


Lunar EclipsesI found this on page .

Lesson 3 | Eclipses and Tides (continued)

NGSSS Check

When can a lunar eclipse occur? SC.8.E.5.9

Umbra

PenumbraEarth Moon Sun

46 The Sun-Earth-Moon System


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Lesson 3 | Eclipses and Tides (continued)

Explain why you can still see the Moon during a total lunar eclipse.

Organize information about tides.

Tides

Definition

Force that causes tides

Where low tide occurs

Where high tide occurs

How often high tide occurs

Compare spring tides and neap tides. Draw the position of the Moon, the Sun, and Earth during a spring tide and a neap tide.

Types of Tides

Spring Neap

Moon phases during which they occur:

Moon phases during which they occur:


TidesI found this on page .

Suppose that the Moon were smaller in size but greater in mass than it is now. How would that affect solar eclipses and tides?

NGSSS Check

Why is the Sun’s effect on tides less than the Moon’s effect? SC.8.E.5.9




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Lab

Chapter Wrap-Up

Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.

Study this chapter in your Notebook.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

THINK

ABOUT

IT!

Summarize It Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts. Draw the Earth-Moon-Sun system in the space below. Use arrows to show the rotation and revolution of Earth and the Moon. On the lines below your drawing, describe a cycle that is caused by the motions of Earth and the Moon.

Challenge Work with a partner to create a moving model of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Use your model to demonstrate tides, phases of the Moon, seasons, and other cycles caused by motions of Earth around the Sun and the Moon around Earth.

The Sun-Earth-Moon System


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Benchmark Practice

Chapter ReviewStudy G

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Note-taking

SC.8.N.1.1, SC.8.E.5.9

Name Date Class

Inquiry Lab 5 Earth in Space and Time

Phases of the Moon The Moon appears slightly different every night of its 29.5-day lunar cycle. The Moon’s appearance changes as Earth and the Moon move. Depending on where the Moon is in relation to Earth and the Sun, observers on Earth see only part of the light the Moon reflects from the Sun.

Question

How do the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth cause the phases of the Moon?

Materials

foam ball pencil lamp stool

Safety

Procedure

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Hold a foam ball that represents the Moon. Make a handle for the ball by inserting a pencil about two inches into the ball. Your partner will represent an observer on Earth. Have your partner sit on a stool and record observations during the activity.

3. Place a lamp on a desk or other flat surface. Remove the shade from the lamp. The lamp represents the Sun.

4. Turn on the lamp and darken the lights in the room.

Do not touch the bulb or look directly at it after the lamp is turned on.

5. Position the Earth observer’s stool about 1 m from the Sun. Position the Moon 0.5–1 m from the observer so that the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are in a line. The student holding the Moon holds the Moon so it is completely illuminated on one half. The observer records the phase and what the phase looks like. Draw a data table below to record all observations.



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Big Idea Lab continued

6. Move the Moon clockwise about one-eighth of the way around its “orbit” of Earth. The observer swivels on the stool to face the Moon and records the phase.

7. Continue the Moon’s orbit until the Earth observer has recorded all the Moon’s phases.

8. Return to your positions as the Moon and Earth observer. Choose a part in the Moon’s orbit that you did not model. Predict what the Moon would look like in that position, and check if your prediction is correct.

9. Explain Use your observations to explain how the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth produce the different phases of the Moon.

Lab Tips

• Make sure the observer’s head does not cast a shadow on the Moon.

• The student holding the Moon should hold the pencil so that he or she always stands on the unlit side of the Moon.

Analyze and Conclude

10. The Big Idea Why is half of the Moon always lit? Why do you usually see only part of the Moon’s lit half?

11. Draw Conclusions Based on your observations, why is the Moon not visible from Earth during the new-moon phase?

Remember to use scientificmethods.

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

Analyze and Conclude

Communicate Results

Make Observations



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Big Idea Lab continued

12. Summarize Which parts of your model were waxing phases? Which parts were waning phases?

13. Think Critically During which phases of the Moon can eclipses occur? Explain.

Communicate Your Results

Create a poster of the results from your lab. Illustrate various positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth, and draw the phase of the Moon for each. Include a statement of your hypothesis on the poster.

The Moon is not the only object in the sky that has phases when viewed from Earth. The planets Venus and Mercury also have phases. Research the phases of these planets and create a calendar that shows when the various phases of Venus and Mercury occur.

Extension



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Big Idea Lab Notes



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Study Guide

Use VocabularyDistinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs.

1. revolution, orbit

2. rotation, rotation axis

3. solstice, equinox

4. waxing phases, waning phases

5. umbra, penumbra

6. solar eclipse, lunar eclipse

7. tide, phase

Link Vocabulary and Key ConceptsUse vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.

in a spinning motion called

8.

Earth moves

around the Sun in a type of motion called

in a closed path called a(n)

and casts a shadow that the Moon sometimes

travels into causing a(n)

which causes changes in sea level called

around a linecalled a(n)

summer and winter each to begin on a(n)

spring and fall each to begin on a(n)

9.

10.

11. 12.

13. 14.

15.

whose tilt causes the seasons



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1. Which property of the Sun most affects the strength of gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth? SC.8.E.5.4

A. massB. radiusC. shapeD. temperature

2. Which would be different if Earth rotated from east to west but at the same rate?SC.8.E.5.9

A. the amount of energy striking EarthB. the days on which solstices occurC. the direction of the Sun’s apparent

motion across the skyD. the number of hours in a day

3. In the image below, which season is the northern hemisphere experiencing?SC.8.E.5.9

23.5˚

N

SSRotationaxis

A. fall C. summerB. spring D. winter

4. Which best explains why Earth is colder at the poles than at the equator? SC.8.5.9

A. Earth is farther from the Sun at the poles than at the equator.

B. Earth’s orbit is not a perfect circle.C. Earth’s rotation axis is tilted.D. Earth’s surface is more tilted at the poles

than at the equator.

5. How are the revolutions of the Moon and Earth alike? SC.8.E.5.4

A. Both are produced by gravity.B. Both are revolutions around the Sun.C. Both orbits are the same size.D. Both take the same amount of time.

6. Which moon phase occurs about one week after a new moon? SC.8.E.5.9

A. another new moonB. first quarter moonC. full moonD. third quarter moon

7. Why is the same side of the Moon always visible from Earth? SC.8.E.5.9

A. The Moon does not revolve around Earth.

B. The Moon does not rotate.C. The Moon makes exactly one rotation

for each revolution around Earth.D. The Moon’s rotation axis is not tilted.

8. About how often do spring tides occur?SC.8.E.5.9

A. once each monthB. once each yearC. twice each monthD. twice each year

9. If a coastal area has a high tide at 7:00 A.M., at about what time will the next low tide occur? SC.8.E.5.9

A. 11:00 A.M.B. 1:00 P.M.C. 3:00 P.M.D. 7:00 P.M.

10. Which type of eclipse would a person standing at point X in the diagram below see? SC.8.E.5.9

X

A. partial lunar eclipseB. partial solar eclipseC. total lunar eclipseD. total solar eclipse

Understand Key Concepts Circle the correct answer below.

Chapter 1 Review



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11. Outline the ways Earth moves and how each affects Earth. SC.8.E.5.9

12. Create a poster that illustrates and describes the relationship between Earth’s tilt and the seasons. SC.8.E.5.9

13. Contrast Why can you see phases of the Moon but not phases of the Sun? SC.8.E.5.9

S

July

January

N

E

14. Interpret Graphics The figure above shows the Sun’s position in the sky at noon in January and July. Is the house located in the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere? Explain. SC.8.E.5.9

Chapter 1 Review continued

Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.



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15. Illustrate Make a diagram of the Moon’s orbit and phases. Include labels and explanations with your drawing. SC.8.E.5.9

16. Differentiate between a total solar eclipse and a partial solar eclipse. SC.8.E.5.9

17. Generalize the reason that solar and lunar eclipses do not occur every month. SC.8.E.5.9

18. Role Play Write and present a play with several classmates that explains the causes and types of tides. SC.8.E.5.9


Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.



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19. Survey a group of at least ten people to determine how many know the cause of Earth’s seasons. Write a summary of your results, including a main idea, supporting details, and a concluding sentence. SC.8.E.5.9



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Math Skills

20. At the South Pole, the Sun does not appear in the sky for six months out of the year. When does this happen? What is happening at the North Pole during these months? Explain why Earth’s poles receive so little solar energy. SC.8.E.5.9

21. A solar eclipse, shown in the time-lapse photo on page 39 in your textbook, is one phenomenon that the motions of Earth and the Moon produce. What other phenomena do the motions of Earth and the Moon produce? SC.8.E.5.9

Convert Units

22. When the Moon is 384,000 km from Earth, how far is the Moon from Earth in miles?

23. If you travel 205 mi on a train from Washington D.C. to New York City, how many kilometers do you travel on the train?

24. The nearest star other than the Sun is about 40 trillion km away. About how many miles away is the nearest star other than the Sun?

Review the Big Idea


MA.6.A.3.6



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Study Guide

Multiple Choice1 What keeps Earth in orbit around the

Sun? SC.8.E.5.4

A tilt of its axis

B gravitational attraction to the Sun

C gravitational attraction to the Moon

D gravitational attraction to the Sun and the Moon

Use the diagram below to answer question 2.

Time 1

S N

E

Time 2

S N

E

2 What happens between times 1 and 2 in the diagram above? SC.8.E.5.9

F Days grow shorter and shorter.

G The season changes from fall to winter.

H The region begins to point away from the Sun.

I The region gradually receives more solar energy.

3 How many times larger is the Sun’s diameter than Earth’s diameter? SC.8.E.5.9

A about 10 times larger

B about 100 times larger

C about 1,000 times larger

D about 10,000 times larger

4 Which diagram illustrates the Moon’s third quarter phase? SC.8.E.5.9

F

G

H

I

5 Which accurately describes Earth’s position and orientation during summer in the northern hemisphere? SC.8.E.5.9

A Earth is at its closest point to the Sun.

B Earth’s hemispheres receive equal amounts of solar energy.

C The north end of Earth’s rotational axis leans toward the Sun.

D The Sun emits a greater amount of light and heat energy.

6 Why does the Sun’s energy warm Earth more at the equator than at the poles? SC.8.E.5.9

F The equator has tropical rain forests.

G Sunlight is less spread out near the equator.

H Sunlight is more spread out near the equator.

I The equator lacks ice, which reflects the Sun’s energy.

Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.

Science Benchmark Practice



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NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued

7 During one lunar cycle, the Moon SC.8.E.5.9

A completes its east-to-west path across the sky exactly once.

B completes its entire sequence of phases.

C progresses only from the new-moon phase to the full-moon phase.

D revolves around Earth twice.

Use the diagram below to answer question 8.

Moon

Earth

8 What does the flag in the diagram above represent? SC.8.E.5.9

F high tide

G low tide

H neap tide

I spring tide

9 During which lunar phase might a solar eclipse occur? SC.8.E.5.9

A first quarter moon

B full moon

C new moon

D third quarter moon

10 Which does the entire Moon pass through during a partial lunar eclipse? SC.8.E.5.9

F Earth’s penumbra

G Earth’s umbra

H the Moon’s penumbra

I the Moon’s umbra

Use the diagram below to answer questions 11 and 12.

A

C

BD

11 Where are the neap tides indicated in the above diagram? SC.8.E.5.9

A A and B

B B and C

C A and C

D C and D

12 Where are the spring tides indicated in the above diagram? SC.8.E.5.9

F B and C

G C and D

H B and D

I A and C



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Study Guide

Extend Your LearningTurn the page to Learn Out Loud

Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.

Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 1 | Lesson 1

1. Which image shows the December solstice?SC.8.E.5.9

A S N

E

B S N

E

C S N

E

D S N

E

2. Which process produces large amounts of energy within the Sun? SC.8.E.5.5

F nuclear fission

G nuclear fusion

H Earth’s motion around the Sun

I the Sun’s gravitational pull

A

B

C

D D

3. Which arrow in the image above indicates the path Earth would take if the Sun disappeared? SC.8.E.5.4

A A

B B

C C

D D

4. What causes the seasons? SC.8.E.5.9

F the changes in the tilt of Earth’s rotation axis

G the force of the Sun’s gravitationalpull on Earth

H the great distance Earth is from the Sun

I the tilt of Earth’s axis as it moves around the Sun



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Think, Discuss, Share

From My Teacher



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Study Guide




1. An object the size

of Mars hit Earth.

2. Vaporized rock was

ejected into space.

3.

4. The debris cooled and

clumped together.

1. The above four steps show how the Moon was formed. Which statement below is step 3? SC.8.E.5.4

A Debris fell back to Earth, which caused craters.

B Maria were formed by the impacts of large objects.

C The Sun burned up most of the rocky debris.

D Vaporized rock formed a ring around Earth.

2. The Moon is visible because it SC.8.E.5.9

F reflects light from Mars.

G reflects light from Earth.

H reflects light from the stars.

I reflects light from the Sun.

Use the image below to answer questions 3 and 4.

Sunlight

12

3

4

56

7

8

3. Which numbers indicate the phases during which the Moon is waning? SC.8.E.5.9

A 1, 5

B 2, 3, 4

C 5, 6, 7

D 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

4. Which number indicates how the Moon is seen from Earth during the second week of the lunar cycle? SC.8.E.5.9

F 1

G 3

H 5

I 7



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From My Teacher



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A

1. According to the image above, what type of eclipse is occurring at the point labeled A on the globe? SC.8.E.5.9

A partial lunar eclipse

B partial solar eclipse

C total lunar eclipse

D total solar eclipse

2. Why don’t solar eclipses happen every month? SC.8.E.5.9

F Earth’s orbit around the Sun is at an angle, which keeps Earth out of the Moon’s shadow.

G Earth’s tilt on its rotation axis keeps it from falling into the Moon’s shadow during most months.

H The Moon’s orbit is irregular, and most of the time the Moon is too far away to cast a shadow on Earth.

I The Moon’s orbit is tilted compared to Earth’s orbit, so Earth is not in the Moon’s shadow most months.

Hightide

Hightide

AMoon

Low tide

Earth

Low tide

3. According to the image above, how will the tide at Point A change over the next 12 hours? SC.8.E.5.9

A The tide will change from low tide to high tide.

B The tide will change from high tide to low tide.

C The tide will change from high tide to low tide and back to high tide.

D The tide will change from low tide to high tide and back to low tide.

4. A partial solar eclipse is seen at locations in SC.8.E.5.9

F Earth’s penumbra.

G Earth’s umbra.

H the Moon’s penumbra.

I the Moon’s umbra.



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From My Teacher



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Notes

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The Solar System 67


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