cbse class 11 chemistry notes _ environmental chemistry

8/10/2019 CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes _ Environmental Chemistry

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12/25/2014 CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes : Environmental Chemistry

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Envir onmental *hemistr y is the "r an*h o3 *hemistr y hi*h is *on*er ne# ith the *hemi*al henomenon

o**+rrin in the envir onment,

Classi3 i*ation o3 Environment

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1, (tmosher e

(tmosher e is 8i aseo+s mi9t+r e o3 air that s+rr o+n#s the ear th, 8ts #i33 er ent layer s ar e as

1; )roosher e 8t is the loest r eion o3 the atmosher e e9ten#in 3 r om ear th<s s+r 3 a*e to the loer

"o+n#ar y o3 the str atosher e, 8t *ontains ater vao+r s an# is r eatly a33 e*te# "y air oll+tion,

ii; Str atosher e )he layer o3 the ear th<s atmosher e a"ove the tr oosher e an# "elo the mesosher e$ is

*alle# str atosher e, =>one layer to? r esent in this r eion,

iii; .esosher e 8t is the r eion o3 the ear th<s atmosher e a"ove the str atosher e an# "elo the

ther mosher e, 8t is the *ol#est r eion temer at+r e @ 2 to 62AC; o3 atmosher e,

iv; )her mosher e )he +er r eion o3 the atmosher e a"ove the mesosher e is *alle# ther mosher e 8t i

the hottest r eion temer at+r e + to 1200AC;,

v; E9osher e 8t is the +er most r eion o3 atmosher e, 8t *ontains atomi* an# ioni* =2$ B2 an# Be,

2, By#rosher e

8t is the a+eo+s envelo o3 the ear th e,,$ o*eans, lakes et*,

D, %ithosher e

)he soli# r o*ky or tion o3 the ear th *onstit+te the lithosher e,

4, Biosher e

)he "ioloi*al envelo hi*h s+or ts the li3 e is *alle# "iosher e, e,,$ animal$ h+man "eins,

Environmental Poll+tion

8t may "e #es*ri"e# as *ontamination o3 envir onment ith har m3 +l astes mainly arisin 3 r om *er tain

h+man a*tivities, )hese a*tivities r elease materials hi*h oll+te atmosher e$ ater an# soil,

)yes o3 Poll+tions

i; Nat+r al oll+tion )his tye o3 oll+tion is *a+se# "y the nat+r al so+r*es e,,$ vol*ani* er +tions, r eleas

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o3 methane "y a##y 3 iel#s an# *attles$ 3 or est 3 ir es et*,

ii; .an/ma#e oll+tion )his tye o3 oll+tion is r es+ltin 3 r om h+man a*tivities like "+r nin o3 the 3 +els$

#e3 or estation$ in#+strial e33 l+ents$ esti*i#es et*,

Poll+tants

(ny s+"stan*e r o#+*e# either "y a nat+r al so+r*e or "y h+man a*tivity hi*h *a+ses a#ver se e33 e*t on

the envir onment is *alle# oll+tant,

Poll+tants *an "e o3 the 3 olloin tyes #een#in +on the 3 olloin 3 a*tor s:

Classi3 i*ation on the Basis o3 )heir er a#ation

i; Bio#er a#a"le oll+tants Poll+tants *aa"le o3 "ein #er a#e# "y "ioloi*al or mi*r o"ial a*tions ar e

*alle# "io#er a#a"le oll+tants$ e,,$ #omesti* seae,

ii; Non/"io#er a#a"le oll+tants )he s+"stan*es hi*h ar e nor mally not a*te# +on "y mi*r o"es ar e

*alle# non/"io#er a#a"le oll+tants, )hese +n#er o "ioloi*al mani3 i*ation,

)hey *an 3 +r ther "e o3 to tyes

i; Fastes$ e,,$ lass$ lasti*$ henols

ii; Poisons$ e,,$ r a#ioa*tive s+"stan*es$ B salts$ esti*i#es, heavy metals,

Classi3 i*ation on the Basis o3 )heir =**+rr en*e in Nat+r e

i; Pr imar y oll+tants )hese ar e r esent in same 3 or m in hi*h these ar e a##e# "y man e,,$ ),

esti*i#es, 3 er tili>er s et*,

ii; Se*on#ar y oll+tants )hese o**+r in #i33 er ent 3 or ms an# ar e 3 or me# "y the r ea*tion "eteen the

rimar y oll+tants in the r esen*e o3 s+nliht e,,$ BN=D$ B2S=4 P (N$ o>one et*,

Classi3 i*ation on the Basis o3 )heir E9isten*e in Nat+r e

i; &+antitative oll+tants )hese ar e nat+r ally r esent in nat+r e an# also a##e# "y man, )hese "e*ome

oll+tants hen their *on*entr ation r ea*hes "eyon# a thr eshol# val+e in the envir onment$ e,,$ C=2$

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nitr oen o9i#e et*,

ii; &+alitative oll+tants )hese ar* not r esent in the nat+r e "+t ar e a##e# "y nat+r e only #+e to h+man

a*tivities, e,,$ esti*i#es, 3 +ni*i#es, her "i*i#es et*,

)roosher i* Poll+tion

8t is *a+se# "y aseo+s oll+tants an# ar ti*+late matter ,

Gaseo+s air oll+tants =9i#es o3 s+lh+r S=9;$ o9i#es o3 nitr oen N=9;$ o9i#es o3 *ar "on C=$ C=2;$

hy#r oen s+lhi#e B2S;$ hy#r o*ar "ons et*,

Par ti*+late oll+tants +st$ 3 +mes, mist$ smoke et*,

(ir Poll+tion

(ir oll+tion o**+r s hen the *on*entr ation o3 a nor mal *omonent o3 the air or a ne *hemi*al s+"stan*

a##e# or 3 or me# in air $ "+il# + to

+n#esir a"le r oor tions *a+sin har m to h+mans$ animals$ veetation an# materials, )he *hemi*al

s+"stan*es an# ar ti*les *a+sin oll+tion ar e *alle# air oll+tants,

(ir Poll+tants

)he ma jor air oll+tants ar e

i; Car"on mono9i#e C=; 8t is r o#+*e# "y in*omlete *om"+stion o3 asoline in motor vehi*les$ oo#,

*oal$ in*iner ation an# 3 or est 3 ir es, 8t in#+*es hea#a*he$ vis+al #i33 i*+lty$ *oma or #eath, 8t "lo*ks the nor m

tr ansor t o3 o9yen 3 r om the l+ns to other ar ts o3 the "o#y$ "y *om"inin ith haemolo"in o3 the "loo

8ts a33 inity toar #s haemolo"in is a"o+t 200 times mor e than the o9yen,;

ii; S+lh+r #io9i#e S=2; 8t is r o#+*e# "y etr ol *om"+stion$ *oal *om"+stion$ etr ol r e3 inin an#

smeltin oer ation,

8t o"str +*t the movement o3 air in an# o+t o3 l+ns, 8t is ar ti*+larly oisono+s to tr ees *a+sin *hlor osis

an# #ar 3 in, 8n the

r esen*e o3 air , it is o9i#ise# to S=D hi*h is also an irritant,

2S=2 =2 air ; H 2S=D





)a j .ahal is r eor te# to "e a33 e*te# "y S=2 an# other oll+tants r elease# "y oil r e3 iner y o3 .ath+r a,

iii; =9i#es o3 nitroen N=2 an# N= ar e o"taine# "y *om"+stion o3 *oal$ asoline, nat+r al as, etr ole+m

r e3 inin$ *hemi*al in#+stries an# to"a**o smoke, 8n +er atmosher e, these ar e emitte# "y hih 3 lyin

jets an# r o*kets,

Br eathin N=2 *a+ses *hlor osis to lants an# *hr oni* l+n *on#itions lea#in to #eath in h+man "eins ,

)hese o9i#es #estr oy o>one layer ,

iv; Smoke$ #+st )hese ar e o"taine# in *ement or ks$ ir on an# steel or ks, as or ks$ oer ener atin

stations, Coal miner s

s+33 er 3 r om "la*k l+n #isease an# te9tile or ker s s+33 er 3 r om hite l+n #isease,

v; (mmonia 8t is r o#+*e# "y 3 er tili>er or ks,

vi; .er *atans )hese ar e o"taine# 3 r om oil r e3 ineries, *oke ovens et*,

vii; In an# C# )hese ar e o"taine# 3 r om >in* in#+stries,

viii; r eon or CC<J; )heir so+r*e is r e3 rier ator ,

Smo

8t is a mi9t+r e o3 smoke *omose# o3 tiny ar ti*les o3 *ar "on$ ash an# oil et* 3 r om *oal *om"+stion; an#

3 o in s+sen#e# #r olet 3 or m, 8t is o3

to tyes:

1, %on#on smo or *lassi*al smo

8t 8S *oal smoke l+s 3 o )he 3 o ar t is mainly S=2 an# S=D, 8t has s+lh+ri* a*i# aer osol, 8t *a+ses

"r on*hial irritation an# a*i# r ain, 8t is r e#+*in in nat+r e an# o**+r s in *ool h+mi# *limate,

2, Photo*hemi*al smo or %os (neles smo

)he o9i#ise# hy#r o*ar "ons an# o>one 8n a ar m, #r y an# s+nny *limate *a+se hoto*hemi*al smo, 8ts

"r on *olo+r is #+e to the r esen*e o3 N=2,

)he nitr oen #io9i#e "y a"sor "in s+nliht in "l+e an# !- r eion #e*omoses into nitri* o9i#e an# atomi*





o9yen 3 olloe# "y a series o3 the other r ea*tions r o#+*in =D$ 3 or mal#ehy#e$ a*r olein an# er o9ya*etyl

nitr ates,

By#r o*ar "ons =2$ N=2 N=$ =$ =D Per o9i#es$ 3 or mal#ehy#e$ er o9ya*etyl nitr ate P (N;$ a*r olein et*,

8t is o9i#isin in nat+r e an# *a+ses irritation to eyes$ l+ns$ nose$ asthmati* atta*k an# #amae to lants,

Gr een Bo+se E33 e*t an# Glo"al Far min

)he henomenon in hi*h atmosher e o3 ear th tr as the heat *omin 3 r om the s+n an# r events it 3 r om

es*ain into the o+ter sa*e is *alle# r een ho+se e33 e*t, Cer tain ases$ *alle# r een ho+se ases K*ar "o

#io9i#e$ methane$ o>one$ *hlor o3 l+or o*ar "on *omo+n#s CCs; an# ater vao+r L in the atmosher e

a"sor " the heat iven "y ear th an# r a#iate "a*k it to the s+r 3 a*e o3 the ear th, )h+s$ ar min o3 the ear th

le# to the ar min o3 air #+e to r een ho+se ases, hi*h is *alle# lo"al ar min,

Conse+en*es o3 Gr een Bo+se E33 e*t or Glo"al Far min;

1, )he r een ho+se ases ar e +se3 +l in keein the ear th ar m ith an aver ae temer at+r e o3 a"o+t 15A

to 20AC,

2, )her e may "e less r ain3 all in this temer at+r e >one an# mor e r ain3 all in the #rie# ar eas o3 the orl#,

D, 8n*r ease in the *on*entr ation o3 C=2 in the atmosher e lea#s to in*r ease in the temer at+r e o3 the

ear th<s s+r 3 a*e, (s a r es+lt evaor ation o3 s+r 3 a*e ater ill in*r ease hi*h 3 +r ther hel in the rise o3



temer at+r e an# r es+lts in the meltin o3 la*ier s an# olar i*e *as an# hen*e$ level o3 sea ater may

rise,

(Ci# Rain

)he B o3 nor mal r ain ater is 5,M #+e to the #issol+tion o3 C=2 3 r om atmosher e,

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hen the B o3 r ain ater #r os "elo 5m$ it is *alle# a*i# r ain "y Ro"er t (++s,; =9i#es o3 N ans S a

r esonsi"le 3 or makin r ain

ater a*i#i*$ .+*h o3 the N=9 an# S=9 enterin in the atmosher e ar e *onver te# into BN=D an# B2S=4

r ese*tively, )he #etaile# hoto*hemi*al r ea*tions o**+rrin in the atmosher e ar e iven as

BN=D is r emove# as a r e*iitate or as ar ti*+late nitr ates a3 ter r ea*tion ith "ases like NBD$ ar ti*+late

lime et*;,

)he r esen*e o3 hy#r o*ar "ons an# N=9 ste + the o9i#ation r ate o3 the r ea*tion, Soot ar ti*les ar e also

knon to "e str only involve# in *atalysin the o9i#ation o3 S=2



(*i# r ain *a+ses e9tensive #amae to "+il#in an# s*+lt+r al materials o3 mar "le$ limestone$ slate, mor ta

et*

Str atosher i* Poll+tion eletion o3 =>one %ayer ;

=>one is a liht "l+ish as an# a"sor "s !- r a#iations o3 the s+n hi*h ar e har m3 +l to livin "eins$ B+t

noa#ays o>one layer is "ein #elete# "y CCs *hlor o3 l+or o*ar "ons;,

!- r a#iations *a+se the *hlor o3 l+or o*ar "ons to #isso*iate to 3 =l1 hihly r ea*tive *hlorine 3 r ee r a#i*al





hi*h r ea*ts ith o>one to 3 or m *hlorine mono9i#e,

C8 3 r ee r a#i*al; *an r ea*t F8th mor e =D,

=>one hole is 3 or me# over (ntar*ti*a, an# some ar ts o3 non @ olar r eions also,

8n other ar ts o3 str atosher e N=2$ CB4 r ea*t ith C8= an# *8 r ese*tively an# a*t as nat+r al sink 3 or C8=

an# C8

)hese r ea*tions *ons+me C8 an# C8= hin#r an*e to o>one #eletion,

K8n (ntar*ti*a$ #+rin inter s$ se*ial tyes o3 *lo+#s$ *alle# olar str atosheri* *lo+#s PSCs;ar e 3 or me#,

)hese *lo+#s ar e o3 to tyes

)ye 8 Clo+#s )hey *ontain some soli#i3 ie# nitri* a*i# trihy#r ate BN=D DB2=; 3 or me# at a"o+t /77AC,

)ye 88 Clo+#s )hey *ontain some i*e 3 or me# at a"o+t @ J5AC, )hese *lo+#s lay imor tant r ole in o>one

#eletion "y hy#r olysin

*hlorine nitr a,



Byo*hlor o+s a*i# an# C82 ar e 3 or me# hi*h ar e r e*onver te# into r ea*tive *hlorine atoms ith the hel o3

s+nliht hi*h *a+ses o>one #eletion,L

Polar vor te9 +rin inter s$ hen olar str atosheri* *lo+#s ar e 3 or me# over (ntar*ti*a, sta"le in#

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atter ns in the str atosher e en*ir*le the *ontinent hi*h is *alle# olar vor te9, 8t is tiht hirlool o3 in#

hi*h is so rii# that air ithin it is isolate# 3 r om the s+n an# 3 or ms the ar mer air o3 temer ate r eion to

3 ill + o>one hole,

Conse+en*es o3 eletion o3 =>one %ayer

a; %oss o3 siht )he !- r a#iation #amae the *or nea an# lens o3 the eyes,

"; E33 e*t on imm+ne system )he !- r a#iations ar e also likely to s+r ess imm+ne system,

*; Skin *an*er )his tye o3 r a#iation is knon to "e *an*er *a+sin aent,

Fater Poll+tion

)he *ontamination o3 ater "y 3 or ein s+"stan*es hi*h o+l# C=nstit+te a health ha>ar # an# make 8t

+n3 it 3 or all +r oses #omesti*$ in#+strial or ari*+lt+r e et*; is knon as ater oll+tion, )he oll+te#

Fater may have 3 o+l o#o+r , "a# taste$ +nleasant *olo+r et*,

.a9im+m r es*ri"e# *on*entr ation o3 some metals in #rinkin ater is as

So+r *es o3 Fater Poll+tion

i; omesti* seae is*har e 3 r om kit*hens$ "aths$ et*,

ii; 8n#+str ial ater Fastes 3 r om man+3 a*t+rin r o*esses hi*h in*l+#es a*i#s$ alkalies$ esti*i#es$



inse*ti*i#es$ metals, 3 +ni*i#es et*,

iii; =il r om oil sills or ashins o3 a+tomo"iles,

iv; (tomi* e9losion Pr o*essin o3 r a#ioa*tive materials,





v; S+sen#e# ar ti*les :orani* or inorani*; -ir +ses$ "a*teria$ alae$ r oto>oa et*,

vi; Fastes 3 rom 3 er tili>er 8n#+stries s+*h as hoshates$ nitr ates$ ammonia et*,

vii; Clay =r es$ miner als$ 3 ine ar ti*les o3 soil,

E33 e*ts o3 8m+r ities in Fater

a; l+or i#es .ottlin o3 teeth enamel$ a"ove 1 m/% 3 l+ori#e *a+ses 3 l+or osis,

"; S+lhates S+lhates o3 Na$ O$ . *a+se #iarr hoea,

*; %ea# 8t #amaes ki#ney$ liver $ "r ain an# *entr al ner vo+s system,

#; Ca#mi+m an# mer *+r y )hey *a+ses ki#ney #amae,

e; In 8t *a+ses #i>>iness an# #iarr hoea, ,

3 ; (rseni* 8t *an *a+se *r ams an# ar alysis,

; Phoshates 3 rom 3 er tili>er s )hey r omote alae r oth an# r e#+*e #issolve# o9yen *on*entr ation o

ater , )his r o*ess is knon as e+trohi*ation,

(ero"i* an# (naero"i* =9i#ation

)he o9i#ation o3 or ani* *omo+n#s r esent in seae in the r esen*e o3 oo# amo+nt o3 #issolve# or

3 r ee o9yen ar o9$ J,5 ml%; "y aer o"i* "a*teria is *alle# aer o"i* o9i#ation, Fhen #issolve# or 3 r ee

o9yen is "elo a *er tain val+e$ the seae is *alle# stale,

(naer o"i* "a*teria "rin o+t +tr e3 a*tion "y r o#+*in B2S$ NBD$ CB4$ NB4;2S et*, )his tye o3 o9i#ation

*alle# anaer o"i* o9i#ation,

)he otim+m val+e o3 #issolve# o9yen 3 or oo# +ality o3 ater is 4QM m 4/M m/%;, )he loer the

*on*entr ation o3 #issolve# o9yen$ the mor e oll+te# is the ater ,

Bioloi*al o9yen #eman# B=; 8t is #e3 ine# as the amo+nt o3 3 r ee o9yen r e+ir e# 3 or "ioloi*al

o9i#ation o3 the or ani* matter +n#er aer o"i* *on#itions at 20AC 3 or a erio# o3 3 ive #ays, 8ts +nit is m/%

or m,




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(n aver ae seae has B= o3 100 to 150 m/%,

Chemi*al o9yen #eman# C=; 8t is the meas+r e o3 all tyes o3 o9i#isa"le im+rities "ioloi*ally

o9i#isa"le an# "ioloi*ally iner t or ani* matter s+*h as *ell+lose; r esent in the seae, C= val+es ar e

hiher than B= val+es,

Control o3 Fater Poll+tion

i; Re*y*lin o3 aste ater

ii; !se o3 *hemi*als %ea# oisonin *an "e *+r e# "y ivin the atient an a+eo+s sol+tion o3 *al*i+m

*omle9 o3 E) (, %ea# ions #isla*e *al*i+m in the E) ( *omle9 to 3 or m *helate# lea# an# Ca2G, )he

sol+"le lea# *helate is e9*r ete# ith the +rine,

Ca @ E) ( P"2G H P" @ E) ( Ca2G

iii; Se*ial te*hni+es s+*h as a#sor tion$ ion e9*haner s$ r ever se osmosis$ ele*tr o#ialysis et*,

iv; Faste ater r e*lamation

Seae )r eatment

8t involves the 3 olloin stes

i; Pr eliminar y ro*ess Passin seae thr o+h s*r eens to r emove lar e s+sen#e# matter an# then

thr o+h mesh s*r eens to r emove soli#s$ r avels$ silt et*,

ii; Settlin ro*ess se#imentation; )he r esi#+al ater hen alloe# to stan# in tanks$ the oils an#

r ease$ 3 loat on the s+r 3 a*e an# skimme# o33 an# soli#s settle #on, )he *olloi#al material is r emove# "y

a##in al+m$ 3 err o+s s+lhate et*, Primar y sl+#e *an "e sear ate#,

iii; Se*on#ar y tr eatment or "ioloi*al tr eatment 8t is aer o"i* *hemi*al o9i#ation or aer ation hi*h

*onver ts *ar "on o3 the or ani* matter to C=2$ nitr oen into NB an# 3 inally into nitrite an# nitr ates

#issolve# "ases 3 or m salts s+*h as NB4=2$ NB4N=D an# CaN=D;2 et*,$ an# se*on#ar y sl+#e is o"taine#,

iv; )er tiar y tr eatment 8t is tr eatment o3 aste ater ith time 3 or r emoval o3 hoshate hi*h 8S then

*oa+late# "y a##in al+m an# 3 erri* *hlori#e an# r emove# "y 3 iltr ation,




11/17




Fater is #isin3 e*te# "y a##in *hlorine,

Se*on#ar y sl+#e 3 or ms a oo# 3 er tili>er 3 or soil as it *ontains nitr oen an# hoshor +s *omo+n#s,

Soil or %an# Poll+tion

)he a##ition o3 s+"stan*es in an in#e3 inite r oor tion *hanes the r o#+*tivity o3 the soil, )his is knon a

soil or lan# oll+tion,

So+r *es o3 Soil Poll+tion

i; (ri*+lt+r al oll+tants e,,$ *hemi*als like esti*i#es$ 3 er tili>er s$ "a*teri*i#es$ 3 +miants, inse*ti*i#es$

her "i*i#es$ 3 +ni*i#es,

ii; omesti* r e3 +e an# in#+strial astes,

iii; Ra#ioa*tive astes 3 r om r esear*h *entr es$ an# hositals,

iv; Soil *on#itioner s *ontainin to9i* metals like B$ P"$ (s, C# et*,

v; ar m astes 3 r om o+ltries$ #airies an# ier y 3 ar ms,

Control o3 Soil Poll+tion

i; !se o3 man+r es .an+r es r ear e# 3 r om animal #+n is m+*h "etter than the *ommonly +se# 3 er tili>er

ii; !se o3 "io/ 3 er tili>er s )hese ar e the or anisms hi*h ar e ino*+late# in or #er to "rin a"o+t n+trient

enri*hment o3 the soil, e,,$ nitr oen 3 i9in "a*teria an# "l+e/r een alae,

iii; Proer seer ae system ( r oer seer ae system m+st "e emloye# an# seae r e*y*lin lants

m+st "e installe#,

iv; Salvae an# r e*y*lin Ra i*ker s r emove a lar e n+m"er o3 aste ar ti*les s+*h as aer $ olythene

*ar # "oar #, r as, emty "ottles an# metalli* ar ti*les, )hese ar e s+" je*te# to r e*y*lin an# this hels in

*he*kin soil oll+tion,

Ra#ioa*tive Poll+tion




12/17




Cosmi* r ays that r ea*h the ar th 3 r om o+ter sa*e an# terr estrial r a#iation 3 r om r a#ioa*tive elements ar e

nat+r al r a#iations, )his nat+r al or "a*kr o+n# r a#iation is not a health ha>ar # #+e to its lo *on*entr ation

.an ma#e so+r*es o3 r a#iations in*l+#e minin? an# r e3 inin o3 l+toni+m an# thori+m$ atomi* r ea*tor s

an# n+*lear 3 +el, )hese ar e r o#+*e# #+rin r ear ation o3 r a#io/isotoes, )hese ar e o3 to tyes:

ele*tr omaneti* r a#io aves !-$ 8R$ R/r ays; an# ar ti*+late,

=ther So+r *es o3 Ra#ioa*tive Poll+tion

i; (tomi* e9losions (tomi* e9losions r o#+*e r a#ioa*tive ar ti*les hi*h ar e thr on hih + into the

air as h+e *lo+#s,

)he r o*ess r eleases lar e amo+nt o3 ener y as heat, +e to atomi* /e9losion n+*lear 3 allo+t, )hese

r a#ioa*tive elements may r ea*h the h+man "eins thr o+h 3 oo# *hain,

ii; Ra#ioa*tive astes Fastes 3 r om atomi* oer lants *ome in the 3 or m o3 sent 3 +els o3 +r ani+m$ an#

l+toni+m, Peole

or kin in s+*h oer lants$ n+*lear r ea*tor s$ 3 +el r o*essor s et*,$ ar e v+lner a"le to their e9os+r e,

iii; Ra#io isotoes .any r a#ioa*tive isotoes like C14$ 8125

$ D2 an# their *omo+n#s ar e +se# in s*ienti3 i*

r esear*hes, )he aste ater o3 these r esear*h *entr es *ontains the r a#ioa*tive elements hi*h may r ea*

the h+man "eins thr o+h ater an# 3 oo# *hains,

E33 e*ts o3 Ra#iations

1, Str onti+m/60 a**+m+lates in the "ones to *a+se "one *an*er an# tiss+e #eener ation in n+m"er o3

or ans,

2, 1/1D1 #amaes FBCs$ "one marr o$ lymh no#es an# *a+ses skin *an*er $ sterility an# #e3 e*tive eye

siht,

D, )hese may *a+se ionisation o3 vario+s "o#y 3 l+i#s$ *hr omosomal a"err ations an# ene m+tations,

4, Ra#ioa*tive io#ine may also *a+se *an*er o3 thyr oi# lan#s,

5, Cesi+m/1D7 "rins a"o+t ner vo+s$ m+s*+lar an# eneti* *hane,

M, !r ani+m *a+ses skin *an*er s an# t+mo+r s in the miner s,




1D/17




7, Ra#on/222 *a+ses le+kemia$ "r ain t+mo+r s an# ki#ney *an*er s,

Bhoal Gas )r ae#y

8n e*, 2$ 16J4 a #ense *lo+# o3 methyl iso*yanate as .l leake# 3 r om a stor ae tank o3 the !nion

Car "i#e lt# lant in Bhoal, 8t *a+se# a r eat loss o3 li3 e to eole an# animals, .ethyl 8so*yanate as

r ear e# "y the r ea*tion o3 methyl amine ith hosene an# stor e# in a"+n#an*e

Gr een Chemistr y/ (n (lternative )ool 3 or Re#+*in Poll+tion

Gr een *hemistr y may "e *alle# *hemistr y involve# in the #esin$ #eveloment$ an# imlementation o3

*hemi*al r o#+*ts an# r o*esses to r e#+*e or eliminate the +se an# ener ation o3 s+"stan*es ha>ar #o+s

to h+man health an# the envir onment,

)h+s$ the oal o3 r een *hemistr y is Sto r omote the #eveloment o3 r o#+*ts an# r o*esses that r e#+*e

eliminate the +se or ener ation o3 to9i* s+"stan*es asso*iate# ith the #esin$ man+3 a*t+r e$ an# +se o3

ha>ar #o+s *hemi*als, Some imor tant rin*iles an# metho# o3 r een *hemistr y ar e

1, 8t is "etter to r event aste than to tr eat or *lean + aste a3 ter it is 3 or me#,

2, Syntheti* metho#s sho+l# "e #esine# to ma9imi>e the in*or or ation o3 all materials +se# in the

r o*ess into the 3 inal r o#+*t, ,

D, Fhenever ossi"le$ syntheti* metho#oloies sho+l# "e #esine# to +se an# ener ate s+"stan*es that

ossess little or no to9i*ity to h+man health an# the envir onment,

4, Chemi*al r o#+*ts sho+l# "e #esine# to r eser ve e33 i*ien*y o3 3 +n*tion hile r e#+*in to9i*ity,

5, )he +se o3 a+9iliar y s+"stan*e e,,$ solvents$ sear ation aents et*,; sho+l# "e avoi#e# as 3 ar as

ossi"le,

M, Ener y r e+ir ements sho+l# "e r e*onise# 3 or their envir onmental an# e*onomi* ima*ts an# sho+l# "

minimi>e#,




14/17




7, Syntheti* metho#s sho+l# "e *on#+*te# at am"ient temer at+r e an# r ess+r e,

(ll CBSE Notes 3 or Class 11 Chemistr y .aths Notes Physi*s Notes Bioloy Notes

83 yo+ have any +er y r ear#

in

this

to

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lease os

t yo+r +er

ies BERE

Cattle ee# Ra .aterial

En+ ir e No

loatin ish ee#

En+ ir e No

ile# !n#er : CBSE

)ae# Fith: CBSE 11 Notes$ CBSE Class Notes$ CBSE Notes$ Class 11 Notes$ Class 11th Notes$ r ee CBSE Notes$ r ee

Notes

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15/17




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1M/17

ee# S+lement Cattle ee# .a*hine




U Fater Poll+ t ion

U C"se S*hools 8n

U C"se Class 12

U =>one )reatment

U Fater So+r*es

U Fater ith =>one

MOCK TESTS

8.= .o*k )est V 8E= .o*k )est V NS= .o*k )est

PS ( =nline .o*k )est

O-PW =nline .o*k )est

N)SE =nline .o*k )est

E NTR A NCE EXAMS

cbse class 11 chemistry notes _ environmental chemistry

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