cbse class 10 hindi study material full 2013
TRANSCRIPT
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-
9
UUU UUU ---vvv (((FA-1 + FA-2))) UUU UUU
UUUUUU --- lll
lll UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
. ,d cki us csVs dks Hkh ewfrZdyk fl[kkbZA nksuksa gkV esa tkrs vkSj viuh&viuh ewfrZ;k cspdj vkrsA cki dh ewfrZ Mskrk vkSj vxys fnu mUgsa lq/kkjus ds fy, dgrkA;g e o"kksZa pyrk jgkA yM+dk le>nkj FkkA mlus firk dh ckrsa /;ku ls lquha vkSj viuh dyk esa lq/kkj djus dk iz;Ru djrk jgkA
dqN le; ckn yM+ds dh ewfrZ;k Hkh Mskrk vkSj ewfrZ;ksa esa jgus okys nks"kksa dh rjQ+ mldk /;ku [khaprkA csVs us vkSj vf/kd /;ku fn;k rks dyk Hkh vkSj vf/kd fu[kjhA ewfrZ;k ikp&ikp :i;s dh fcdus yxhaA lq/kkj ds fy, le>kus dk e cki us rc Hkh can u fd;kA ,d fnu csVs us >q>ykdj dgk vki rks nks"k fudkyus dh ckr can gh ugha djrsA esjh dyk vc rks vki ls Hkh vPNh gS] eq>s ewfrZ ds ikp #i;s feyrs gSa] tcfd vkidks nks gh #i;sA
cki us dgk&csVk] tc eSa rqEgkjh mez dk Fkk] rc eq>s viuh dyk dh iw.kZrk dk vagdkj gks x;k vkSj fQj lq/kkj dh ckr lkspuk NksM+ fn;kA rc ls esjh izxfr #d xbZ vkSj nks #i;s ls vf/kd dh ewfrZ;k u cuk ldkA eSa pkgrk gwW og Hkwy rqe u djksA viuh =qfV;ksa dks le>us vkSj lq/kkjus dk e lnk t+kjh j[kks] rkfd cgqewY; ewfrZ;k cukus okys Js"B dykdkjksa dh Js.kh esa igqp ldksA
1- cki vkSj csVs D;k cukrs Fks \ d- ewfrZ;k [k- ewfrZdyk x- #i;s ?k- dqN ugha 2- gkV ls ykSVdj cki vius csVs dks D;k le>krk Fkk \ d- ewfrZ;ksa dh vPNkb;ksa dks [k- ewfrZ;ksa dh =qfV;ksa dks x- ewfrZ;ksa dh dyk dks ?k- ewfrZ;ksa dh fch dks 3- izkjEHk esa csVs dh ewfrZ;ksa dk ewY; fdruk feyrk Fkk \ d- vkB&nl vkus [k- nl&ckjg vkus x- N%&lkr vkus ?k- pkj&N% vkus 4- csVk cki ls D;ksa >q>yk x;k \ d- cki }kjk csVs dh ewfrZ;ksa esa fujUrj nks"k fudkyus ds dkj.k [k- cki }kjk csVs dh ewfrZ;ksa dh izkalk x- csVs dh ewfrZ;ksa dh dher ikp #i;s feyus ds dkj.k ?k- csVs esa ?ke.M gksus ds dkj.k 5- cki dh ewfrZ;k geskk Ms
-
10
... vPNk ukxfjd cuus ds fy, Hkkjr ds izkphu fopkjdksa us dqN fu;eksa dk izko/kku fd;k gSA bu fu;eksa esa ok.kh vkSj O;ogkj dh ]drZO; vkSj vf/kdkj dk leqfpr fuokZg] ikjLifjd ln~Hkko]lg;ksx vkSj lsok dh Hkkouk vkfn fu;e cgqr egRRoiw.kZ ekus x, gSaA bu lHkh xq.kksa dk fodkl
,d ckyd esa ;fn mldh ckY;koLFkk ls gh fd;k tk, rks og vius dk ukxfjd cu ldrk gSA ok.kh ,oa O;ogkj dh e/kqjrk lHkh ds fy, lq[knk;d gksrh gS] lekt esa gkfnZd ln~Hkko dh on~f/k
djrh gS] fdarq vgadkjghu O;fDr gh fLuX/k ok.kh vkSj O;ogkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ftl izdkj ,d O;fDr lekt esa jgdj vius O;ogkj ls drZO; vkSj vf/kdkj ds izfr ltx jgrk gS] mlh rjg ds izfr Hkh mldk O;ogkj drZO; vkSj vf/kdkj dh Hkkouk ls Hkkfor jguk pkfg,A mldk drZO; gks tkrk
gS fd u rks og Lo;a dksbZ ,slk dke djs vkSj u gh nwljksa dks djus ns] ftlls ds lEeku] laifRr vkSj LokfHkeku dks Bsl igqpsA
1. vPNk ukxfjd cuus ds xq.kksa dk fodkl esa dc ls djuk pkfg,\
d ckY;koLFkk ls [k ls x ;qokoLFkk ls ?k fdlh Hkh voLFkk ls
2. fdl dh e/kqjrk lcds fy, lq[knk;h gksrh gS\ d [kku&iku dh [k iguus&vks
-
11
?kVuk, laLdkjksa esa fpjthou ikrh gSa vkSj laLdkj ds v{k; okgd ] lkfgR;] dyk vkfn gSaA nh?kZdky ls fonskh Hkkk gekjs fopkj& fofue; vkSj dk ek/;e gh ugha jgh] og gekjs fon~oku vkSj laLd`r gksus dk izek.k Hkh ekuh tkrh jgh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn geesa ls vusd mlds vHkko esa
thfor jgus dh dYiuk ls flgj mBrs gSa] rks dh ckr ughaA ijyksd dh fLFkfr dks LFkk;h ekudj rks fpfdRlk laHko ugha gksrhA &thou dh iw.kZrk ds fy, mlds eukstxr dks eqDr djuk gksxk vkSj ;g dk;Z iz;Ru&lk/; gS] D;ksafd kjhj dks ck/kus okyh k`a[kyk ls vkRek dks tdM+us okyh k`a[kyk vf/kd n`
2. gekjs ;gk ijra=rk vkbZ------------------ d vk/kh ds leku [k rwQku ds leku
x jksx ds dhVk.kq ykus okys ean lehj ds leku ?k ds leku
3. ] dyk] lkfgR; vkfn fdlds okgd gSa\ d ifjokj [k O;fDr x lekt ?k laLdkj
4. ge fdlds vHkko esa thfor jgus dh dYiuk ls flgj mBrs gSa\
d yksd& [k ekr` x ?k jkt
5. thou dh iw.kZrk ds fy, gS--------------- d lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk gksuk [k mlds eukstxr dks eqDr djuk x viuh ok.kh dk gksuk ?k Lora= jguk mmmRRRrrrjjj&&& 111---ddd 222---xxx 333---???kkk 444---[[[kkk 555---[[[kkk
. S fl , fl U U fl U U fl U UU fl U CU UU U, U U U U U flMh U U fl U Sfl UU U U U U U U fl U fl U U U flU U U U U
flfl S UM fl-fl, U flU U UCU U U U UCU U U U UU S fl-U U U U U UUS , U fl U U UM fl U U U fl U U, U UU U U U U U UU U U U U U, U UU- fl fl U U fl U S U U
-
12
v. U U U -
() fl- () UUS
() U () U
w. U fl U-
() U () U
() ()
x. fl U U fl U- fl U?
() U ()
() () U?
y. U U U U?
() ()
() () -S
z. flU U U U- U-
() flU U U U U () flU U U U U
() flU U-UU U () flU U U U
UU v (), w (), x (), y (), z ()
UUUUUU ---
flflfl UUUUUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
. pys xko dh vksj tgka] ij gjs [ksr ygjkrs] esM+ksa ij gSa d`"kd ?kwers] lq[k ls xhr xkrsA xsgw puk eVj tkS ysdj] flj ij Hkkj [kM+s gSa] chp&chp esa izgjh tSls] fn[krs o`{k vM+s gSA pys xko dh vksj >ksiMs+ tgk >qds /kjrh esa] r# ds uhps [ksy jgs gSa] cPps fut eLrh esaA dfV ij fy, xxfj;k xksjh vkrh gS cy[kkrh] ns[k fdlh xq#tu dks lEeq[k lglk 'kjek tkrhA
1 [ksrksa esa xsgw] puk] eVj dSls fn[kkbZ nsrs gS \ () ygjkrs gq, () xkrs gq, () vM+s gq, () cks> fy, [kM+s gq,
2 dfo us izgjh fdUgsa dgk gS\ () xsgw] puk] eVj ()d`"kdksa () [ksrksa () o`{kksa
3 cPps dgk [ksy jgs gSaa\
-
13
()r# ds uhps () [ksr ()Nko () ?kj 4 xksjh D;ksa 'kjek tkrh gS\
()mls fdlh us cy[kkrs ns[k fy;kA ()mlds flj ij Hkkjh xxfj;k gSA ()NksVs cPpksa dks ns[kdjA () lglk fdlh xq#tu ds lEeq[k vk tkus ijA
5 *o`{k* 'kCn dk Ik;kZ;okph gS%& () oV () ikS/kk () r# () iq"i
UUUUUU UUU UUU vvv ((())),,, www ((())),,, xxx ((())),,, yyy ((())),,, zzz ((()))
... cgqr ukt+ Fkk vius lq[k ij ij u fVdk nks fnu lq[k oSHko nq[k&lq[k dks Hkh le>k lkxj ,d cwn Hkh ugha jgk og ns[kk tc fnu&jkr phM+ou fur djkg vkgsa Hkjrk gS eSaus nq[k dkrj gks&gksdj tc&tc nj&nj dj QSyk;k
lq[k ds vfHkyk eu esjs rc&rc lnk fujknj ik;k Bksdj [kk&[kkdj ik;k gS nq[k dk dkj.k dk;jrk gSA 1 dfo dks fdl ij ukt+ Fkk \ d nq[k ij [k lq[k ij x dfork ij ?k ys[ku ij 2 dfo fdldks lkxj le> cSBk \ d {kf.kd lq[k dks [k lq[k&nq[k dks x thou dks ?k dk;jrk dks 3 lq[k vkSj nq[k dSls gSa \ d cgqr vPNs [k {k.kHkaxqj x /kwi&Nko ?k oSHko laiUu
4 dfo us lq[k dh vfHkykk esa D;k ik;k \ d fujknj [k lq[k dk lkxj x eku ?k HkkSfrd lq[k 5 dfo us nq[k dk dkj.k fdls ekuk gS \ d lq[k dks [k lq[k&nq[k dks x ohjrk dks ?k dk;jrk dks
mmmRRRrrrjjj&&& 111---[[[kkk 222---[[[kkk 333---[[[kkk 444---ddd 555---???kkk
... ladVksa ls ohj ?kcjkrs ugha] vkink, ns[k fNi tkrs ughaA yx x, ftl dke esa iwjk fd;k] dke djds O;FkZ iNrkrs ughaA gks ljy vFkok dfBu gks jkLrk] deZohjksa dks u blls okLrkA c
-
14
gS vlaHko dqN ugha muds fy,] ljy&laHko dj fn[kkrs os lnkA ;g vlaHko dk;jksa dk kCn gS] dgk Fkk usiksfy;u us ,d fnuA lp crk] ft+nxh gh O;FkZ gS]
niZ fcu] mRlkg fcu] vkS fcuA 1 deZohjksa dks fdldh ijokg ugha gksrh \ d ladVksa dh [k dfBu jkLrksa dh x vkinkvksa dh ?k bu lHkh dh 2 deZohj ladVksa dks ns[kdj D;k djrs gSa \ d ?kcjk tkrs gSa [k xhr xkrs gSa x nwj gV tkrs gSa ?k dke ugha djrs 3 vlaHko dk iz;ksx dkSu djrk gS \ d fgEer okys [k dk;j x yksHkh ?k deZohj 4 *vlaHko dk;jksa dk gS*& fdlus dgk Fkk \ d dfo us [k usrkth us x xka/khth us ?k usiksfy;u us 5 dfork esa dkSu-lk jl izokfgr gS \ d d#.k jl [k ohj jl x jkSnz jl ?k gkL; jl mmmRRRrrrjjj&&& 111---???kkk 222---[[[kkk 333---[[[kkk 444---???kkk 555---[[[kkk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FA-1
vvv... --- U, U S U fl / U U -
- , , - v. U UUUUUU UUU UUU ( U)
w. Ufl UUU UUU ( U) x. flU UUflU UUU UUU (S )
U U U fl fl U U U U U --- M U U U U U U M U
- - , , U, - , , , , U M U U - + = , + =
UUU UUU--- ///UUU CCCUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- vvv... --- U fl U U U fl U UU
U U U - U , , , , , U, U, ,
- () U S U U (S - UU)
-
15
() flU UU U ( - ) --- U U - (v) - U U U - () UU U UU U
() S flU U () U U
U fl - (U ) U, U U U U www... mmmUUU UUU --- U fl U U , , U U
U U - () U S () fll U UU () fl U
U fl U - U UUU UUU --- flS U U, U U ( U) U
U U (flU flS U), U U U U fl U U U U U, flU U U, U U U ; U U U U U
xxx... --- UU U U U U U U U U U fl fl U U , , , U U U - () U h U
() U U --- U U - ((())) SSS ///flflflSSS - SU flS U U
U U U - , U, U, (v) U U UU U ( flS) (w) U UU (U flS)
Sflfl U U U U - UflUU U ((())) - U U U U
fl UU U - , , , (v) U UU U (w) U UU UU
((())) --- U fl U U, U U fl fl U U - U, ,
-
16
(v) U U U (w) U UU U
U fl U U UU U U U U U fl U U U U U
--- UUUflflfl UUU --- U, UU, U U U U U U - U -
U () - S U UU U U () - ! U U U U
Ufl U U () - U U () - U U () - flU U () - U U U U () - fl U U U () - U U UUU UUU UUU UUU --- U , ,
U U U UU U, U U U U U U U UU U
U - - (v) flU UU U flU / UU U? UU U - (w) flU UU UU U flU / UU U? UU U - UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
(U - Sfl U U U U Ufl, UU U U U - flU fl U U U U U) UUU flflfl MMM UUU mmmUUU UUU flflfl flflfl MMM UUU UUU
((( ))) (((mmmUUU )))UUU fl fl U U Ufl U U Ufl U U Ufl U U Ufl
-
17
fl UU fl fl --- v. w. x. U y. U
111... --- fl U U, flU U U
- v. U w. U U x. flU U U U fl U U U U
222... --- U U U U
U U U, flU flU U U - U - U U, (U) U U fl U U, flU U U U U - v. U U w. - U x. U U? U U y. U U U U U, U
- U U U U - ( ) U U? -
U U U UU U U U -
333... UUU UUU --- U fl U U U - U U U UUU U fl U, U U U U
--- .v () U U ?
- () U U U ? - () U ? - () M U - - / () U ?
-
18
- U U
() U U| - () U UU U U U| - () U U - UU | -
.w () U U U| - () U S U UU U U fl U UU | - UU U () flU U U UU U U| - () UU U U U U U - U? -
))) ***+++
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr U&&&
d esjs HkkbZ us vkt nsj ls [kkuk [kk;kA
[k eSaus jkr Hkj i
-
19
vvv... --- SSSflflfl fffuuuEEEuuufffyyyfff[[[kkkrrr lll UUU UUU flflfl UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
v. U fl mU Q U U fl U U- U U U U U U- U U U - - U U U U U U U PU , U U ? U flSfl ? fl fl U U U U flU U U U
. U U U ? (v) fl U flU (w) fl U U (x) fl U flU (y) fl U U
. Q L ? (v) U
(w) U U U U U (x) U U U U (y) Q
. fl U ? (v) U (w) U U (x) U U (y) Q
. Q U U U ? (v) (w) fl (x) - U (y) Q fl U
U fl U ? (v) U U (w) U U U (x) U U (y) S U
U (w), (y), (x), (y), (v) w. U-U , U U U-S-fl- U
fl U U U S U S S NS fl D , U ... U SUU .... U U U , fl M , , U , flU , U U L , ,
-
20
U U U , U! S , flU U U US M--L U U - U U U U U U U- U , U fl - U U
. ------------
(1) (2) (3) - (4)
. ?
(1) (2) (3) (4)
. U S U U ?
(v) fl (w) U (x) (y) U
. U U Hkj vkbZa \ (v) fl
(w) U fl
(x) U U
(y) Q
' ' (1) (2) (3) (4)
1 (4), (3), (x), (x), (x)
3.vc gkynkj lkgc dks ckr dqN&dqN le> esa vkbZA ,d p'esokyk gS ftldk uke dSIVu gSA mls usrkth
dh cxSj p'esokyh ewfrZ cqjh yxrh gSA cfYd vkgr djrh gS] ekuks p'es ds cxSj usrkth dks vlqfo/kk gks jgh
gksA blfy, og viuh NksVh-lh nqdku esa miyC/k fxus&pqus seksa esa ls ,d usrkth dh ewfrZ ij fQV dj
nsrk gSA ysfdu tc dksbZ xzkgd vkrk gS vkSj mls oSls gh se dh njdkj gksrh gS tSlk ewfrZ ij yxk gS rks
dSIVu p'esokyk ewfrZ ij yxk se laHkor% usrkth ls {kek ekaxrs gq, ykdj xzkgd dks ns nsrk gS vkSj ckn
esa usrkth dks nwljk se ykSVk nsrk gS! okg! HkbZ [kwc! D;k vkbfM;k gSA
1 gkynkj lkgc dks igys dkSu-lh ckr le> ugha vkrh gS\
d usrkth dk p'ek D;ksa ugha gS \
[k usrkth dk p'ek fdlus mrkj fy;k\
x usrkth dk p'ek ckj&2 cnyrk D;ksa gSS\
?k usrkth dh ewfrZ ds lkFk dkSu NsM+[kkuh djrk gS \
-
21
2 p'es okyk usrkth dh ewfrZ ij p'ek D;ksa yxk nsrk gS\
d usrkth ds dkj.k [k- p'es ds foKkiu ds dkj.k
x vius usrkth ds izfr lEeku ds dkj.k ?k yksxksa dk eu j[kus ds fy,
3- p'es okys dks usrkth dh cxSj p'esokyh ewfrZ cqjh D;ksa yxrh gS\ d ns'k HkfDr ds dkj.k [k lkSUn;Z cks/k ds dkj.k x [kkyhiu ds dkj.k ?k uxj ikfydk dh dksrkgh ds dkj.k 4 ^okg [kwc!* D;k vkbfM;k gS*& ;g fopkj fdlds eu esa vk;k \ d turk ds [k ns'kokfl;ksa ds x ys[kd ds ?k gkynkj ds 5 ^vkgr* dk vFkZ gSA d ?kk;y [k pksVxzLr x O;fFkr ?k ijs'kku mmmkkkjjj %%% 111 xxx 222 xxx 333 ddd 444 ???kkk 555 xxx
---- iz 1 ikuokys dk ,d js[kkfp= izLrqr dhft,A
m- ikuokyk LoHkko ls cgqr gh jfl;k] glksM+ vkSj et+kfd;k FkkA og 'kjhj ls eksVk FkkA mldh rksan
fudyh jgrh FkhA mlds eqg esa iku Bqalk jgrk FkkA iku ds dkj.k og Bhd ls ckr rd ugha dj
ikrk Fkk vkSj glus ij mlds yky&dkys nkr f[ky mBrs FksA og ckrsa cukus esa mLrkn FkkA mldh
cksyh esa glh vkSj O;aX; dk iqV cuk jgrk FkkA
iz 2 tc rd gkynkj lkgc us dSIVu dks lk{kkr ns[kk ugha Fkk rc rd muds ekul&iVy ij mldk
dkSu lk fp= jgk gksxk] viuh dYiuk ls fyf[k,A
m tc rd gkynkj lkgc us viuh vk[kksa ls p'es okys dSIVu dks ns[kk ugha Fkk] rc rd muds eu esa
dSIVu dh ewfrZ dqN vkSj Fkh mUgksusa lkspk Fkk fd dSIVu 'kjhj ls gV~Vk&dV~Vk etcwr gksxkA og
t#j flj ij QkSth Vksih igurk gksxkA og jkScnkj vuq'kkflr vkSj ncax euq"; gksxkA mldh ok.kh esa
Hkkjhiu gksxkA
iz 3 dSIVu p'esokyk ewfrZ dk p'ek ckj&ckj D;ksa cny nsrk Fkk\
m lqHkk"kpUnz cksl dh ewfrZ ij p'ek ugha FkkA blh deh dh iwfrZ p'esokyk dSIVu fd;k djrk FkkA og
p'es cspk djrk FkkA vr% og dksbZ u dksbZ p'ek usrkth dh vk[kksa ij yxk nsrk FkkA vxj dksbZ
xzkgd ewfrZ ij yxk se ekx ysrk rks dSIVu og se mrkjdj mldh txg dksbZ vU; se yxk nsrk
FkkA bl izdkj ewfrZ ij p'es cnyrs jgrs FksA
iz 4 ^usrkth dk p'ek* ikB ds vk/kkj ij Li"V dhft, fd ns'k izse fdl rjg izdV gksrk gS \
m ns'k izse izdV djus ds fy, cM+s&cMs ukjksa dh vko';drk ugha gSA u gh toku ofy"B ;k lSfud gksus
dh t#jr gSA ns'k izse rks NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ls izdV gks ldrk gSA ;fn gekjs eu esa ns'k ds izfr izse
gSa rks ge ns'k dh gj NksVh ls NksVh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, iz;Ru dj ldrs gSaA usrkth dk p'ek
esa dSIVu us usrkth dh ewfrZ ij p'ek yxkdj gh viuh Hkkouk dk ifjp; ns fn;kA
-
22
vvvvvv... --- SSSflflfl
lll UUU UUU UUU UUU flflfl UUUUUU UUU UUU --- vvv... - U U U fl U ,
, U , U flU U -U U U, , flU - U fl U fl S , , U U U UU - U U U U - U fl UU U SflM U U M , U U U
1.
() () () () 2. ?
() () () () 3. ?
() () () () 4. U ?
() U U () S
() U () U U
5. - () - () () - ()
1 () 2.() 3. () 4 () 5. ()
www... U fl - , U fl U fl U U , U U U U
U fl U U U, Ufl U SflU-U U - U U - UU , U U U - Qh U - U U U Sfl U U U fl ^ U U
1. ? () () () ()
2. ? () () () ()
3. ?
-
23
() () () ()
4. -SflU - U U U ?
()Sfl U () fl U
() EU U () U
5.
() () () () -1 () 2. () 3.() 4() 5.()
111777 ***+++111--- (((222 ))))
iz 1 cky xksfou Hkxr dh mUgsa vdsys D;ksa ughsa pkgrh Fkh\
m Hkxr dh tkurh Fkh fd Hkxr th lalkj esa vdsys gSa mudk ,dek= iq= ej pqdk gS os
cw
-
24
m cky xksfou Hkxr dh dchj ij vxk/k Jn~/kk FkhA os dchj dks viuk lkgc ekurs Fks vkSj mUgha dh
nh xbZ f'k{kkvksa dks ikyu djrs FksA mudk lc dqN lkgc dk FkkA [ksr esa tks Qly gksrh] mls
flj ij ykndj igys pkj dksl nwj dchj ds njckj eB esa ys tkrs vkSj ogk izlkn Lo#i tks
dqN feyrk] mlh ls xqtj djrsA dchj ij Hkxr dh Jn~/kk dk laHkor% ;g dkj.k jgk gksxk fd
Hkxr ds fopkj dchj dh f'k{kkvksa ls feyrs gksxsa vkSj bUgsa buesa vkaun feyrk gksxkA Hkxr Hkh
dchj dh Hkkfr gh ijekRek esa fo'okl j[krs FksA blfy, dchj ds fopkjksa ij mudh vxk/k Jn~/kk
FkhA
vvv... --- UUU UUU
UUUUUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
vvv... U, U
U U U , U U UU UU U U U U, - U U, CU M U U U U, U U
. Uhfl fl U U?
. Uhfl flUU - U U?
. U U ?
. S M fl U U UUU
. U U M Uhfl U U U U?
UUUUUUUUU UUU . U U U UU flUU fl U ?
. Uhfl flUU UU fl U U U U U
. -c , U-
. - - M, U ... U, U U -UU
. Uhfl U U UU U U U U U c UUU fl U
www... U UU U U, U U U fl U fl , U U -, UU UU U
-
25
U U UU U , U U U U U UU , U U
-
. | . - ?
. ?
. ? . U UU U?
-
. * * * |
.
. | |
. , | - |
. c Sfl U Uhfl , Uhfl U 3. UU UU UU U
- UU, U U U U fl Sfl fl-, U-U U U , MU U U , U U U U , U
-
. ?
. ?
. ?
. |
-
26
---
. - | - | |
. |
. | |
. 1- 2- |
111777 ***+++111--- (((222 ))))
1- - ? - -
|
, |
2 - ?
- |
| |
3- ?
-
, |
4- ?
- | |
|
5-Uhfl U ?
-Uhfl U fl U ?
6-U fl
-
27
- U r flU, UU fl oU U U SCU, flU, NU, , UU U U DU , SU-U fl U
7- U ?
- fl U , c U U UU U U flMh U UU U, U U U U
8-U U U U U fl U - . DU
. flU .
.
9- fl fl
- SCU fl
10- U fl ?
- flUU U U U U Uhfl UU
xxx... flflfl --- flflfl vvv... UU , U UU
flU U, U U UU
UU , U UU
-U- U, U fl UU
1 - ? 2 - ? 3 U U?
4 c S UU U?
5 U- U ? UUUUUUUUU UUU--- v. ( ) 2. |
- - - - -
-
28
3. c N U U
4. c S U M UU U
5. - U- c U fl U U M U U
2. UU U fl fl ,
-U, Ufl U
fl fl, -U Ufl fl
Ufl-Ufl U U
U U , UU U UU ,
U U
-U U,
U fl UU
v. S U?
w. U U?
x. U U U?
y. UU U? z. flS U U U?
UUUUUUUUU UUU--- v. S fl U w. U U U x. U-U U U U y. fl UU U z. U-U U U U U
3. U U U U U U UU U fl, U U- M UU U, U U- U - UU , U U
v. U fl ? w. -U U?
-
29
x. U U U UU U?
y. UU U U U UU ?
z. U U UU U? UUUUUUUUU UUU--- v. U U -U U fl
U
w. U SU U
x. U U U UU U U U U U UU U
y. UU U U U U U U SU fl M U U
z. U U UU U U U U
111777 ***+++111--- (((222 ))))
1- ? - |
,, , | |
2- ? - | | - , |
3- - ? - | - - - |
vvv... --- flflfl
1 :- ?
:- () | , |
-
30
, | , | |
2 :- - ?
:- - | , | , -
| | | , , | , , |
3 :- ?
- ? , ?
:- , , , , |
|
| |
3 :- flU U U?
UU U U U U fl U U U U U
U U U ^U U U-U U U U U UU U
U UU U U flU U, UU U S
U U UU flU flU flU U
3 :- U U U U flU UU U?
UU U U U U fl flU v~x U, U , U
fl UUU UU U UU
U U UU U U fl U -
fl U UU U.fl, UU, , U U- U
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
31
FA-2 www... flflfl UUU UUU ---flflfl
flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU --- v. U U w. U UU U U U U x. U U U
U fl U U- U; UU U-U U- fl UU U U fl U U U /fl fl U , flU flc U U U flc U- U, U,
UUU UUU --- fl fl U, UU fl U U
flflfl --- fl U U -
v. fl fl w. U fl fl
x. fl y. fl flc
vvv... flflfl flflfl --- /fl , M-U, U, , , Sfl U -
------ , U, U, , , U, , , , CU, , , U, UU
MMM--- UUU UUU --- U, , , , UU, ,
UUU UUU --- , U, , , U, , U,
--- , U, , , , , , U
--- , , U, U, , U, , , , U
SSSflflfl /// --- U, , UU, , U,
www... UUUflflfl flflfl UUU --- U U - fl flc - (U) U, U Ufl/U fl U U U U -
((())) UUUflflfl UUU --- U , U U, UU U U fl flc U U
((())) UUUflflfl UUU --- U , , U U U fl U U U () U fl U - U, U, , , U, , U, ,
xxx... flflfl --- flc U U U U -
((())) flflfl --- flc U U
- - , U
-
32
- fl, UU, U
- U, U, U
fl - , ,
fl - , , U
- , UU-, -, fl-fl
((())) flflfl flflfl --- flc U U
--- U, U,
UUU - v. U UU U
w. U U U,
U U - , U U , , -,
yyy... flflfl flflfl ((( flflfl flflfl ))) --- fl fl fl M U U, UU fl fl U U flflfl flflfl flflfl flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU
--- v. U S
w. U UU UU U
x. U?
y. U,
U U fl fl U
UUUflflfl flflfl UUU UUU UUU flflfl flflfl UUU UUU --- UUUflflfl flflfl UUU flflfl flflfl U U U U UU U U US U U U U U U
flUflU U? UU U?
flflfl flflfl UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU --- flflfl flflfl flflfl U flU U U flU U U UU U U UU U UU U U UU U - ? ?
U U S U U UU S flU U U U S U
-
33
flflfl --- fl fl U, fl U U
--- v. c U U U (U - fl, U - fl)
w. U (U - fl, - fl)
fl U - U, U , , , , , , ,
flflfl flflflSSS UUUUUUflflflSSS UUU flflfl MMMUUU UUU UUU UUUflflflSSS UUU flflfl MMM UUU UUU
((( UUU ))) UUU ((( ))) (((flflfl ))) U UU U M MU M DU DUU DU U UU U U U UU U U U U
U ---- , ,
- (((111))) ----
-
34
, ( ) ( )
(((222))) ----
(((333))) ----
---flflfl ccc flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
U
flU U
U fl U U U U fl UU U -fl U
U - fl fl -flc U U U U (fl), , U S U U U U U U U U -
UUU UUU UUUUUU
v. Ufl -fl UU-? U U
w. Ufl -fl UU? U U
x. fl -fl UU? U U
-
35
y. Sfl -fl UUUUUU UU? U U
UUUUUUUUU UUU UUU UUU ---
vvv... UUUflflfl UUU ---flflfl ---
v. U U-U UU
w. U fl UU U
x. flU - UU U
U U U U U U Ufl -fl U
Ufl -fl M U fl -
v. fl - fl, UU, fl, Ufl, U-U,
w. - fl, U, MU, flS, , , U
x. - U, , , fl,
y. U (U) - , , , fl, U,
z. fl - , U, , U
{. fl -
|. Sfl - , U, , U
}. flU - U, , , U, , (((UUU UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU )
~. S - S, , , U
v. fl - , UU, , , UU
www... UUUflflfl flflfl UUU ---
v. flU U U
w. U U SU
x. U/ U U
U fl U U U U, Ufl fl U
Ufl fl - , U, , , fl, , , , , , U, , , U, -,
xxx... flflfl ---flflfl ---
v. U U
w. U UU U
x. flU , U U fl U U U
-
36
fl fl - () fl - , , , , , , , , , U, U, () flfl - , , U, UU, , U, fl () UUfl - , U, UU U, U, fl
yyy... SSSflflfl flflfl --- v. UU U U U w. UU U fl U U U U, Sfl
fl U Sfl -fl - () S - , U, U, , U, , UU, U, UU, U, flU, fl () fl - UU, UU, U, , U, U, / U U
flflfl UUU UUU ---flflfl UUU UUU
flflfl ---flflfl
v. fl fl U v. fl U w.fl flc( fl) U U
w.U U U
x.fl flU U flc , fl, U U UU U - U , U ,U |
x.U (flU) U -v. fl U w. fl U x. U fl U
--- ---- ----
- - -
(1) ( -)
(2) ( )
---
,
- 1.
2.
-
37
3.
, , , -
1. - , , ,
2. - , , , ,
3. - , , ,
4. - , ,
5. - ,
6. - , , , ,
7. - ,
8. - , ,
9. - ,
10. - ,
--- ...vvv UUU UUU flflfl UUU UUU --- v U UU L w U U x U U U y U-U U UU z U U
{ U fl U U
| U U CU U U
} U
~ U U U
v USfl U
...www DDDUUU UUU flflfl UUU SSS UUU UUU UUU --- () .................. U ( / ) () . ................ U U (U / U)
-
38
() . ................ U ( / ) () . ................U U ( / ) () . ................ U U ( / ) ... 333 UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU flflfl ccc UUU UUU,,, flflfl ccc UUU UUU UUU --- flflfl UUU UUU flflfl ccc UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU
flflfl flflfl ccc flflfl flflfl ccc
U - -
- - -
- -
U - -
U fl
... 444... flflfl flflfl /// flflfl flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU --- (v) U U U U (w) U U U (x) flU fll U (y) U UU U
...555... UUU SSS UUUUUU UUU
vvv... flflfl ... .......UUU UUU UUU
UUU
www... ... .............. SSS UUUUUU UUU (((SSSflflfl flflfl UUU SSS UUU))) UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU xxx... flflfl UUU flflfl UUU ... .............. UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU
111--- ...vvv v() w. ()fl x. ()fl y. ()fl z.()fl
{.()fl |. ()Ufl }. ()fl 9.() v.()
... 222 -,-U,-,-, -
... 333 -,--fl,-,U-U, U-
... 444 v. U-fl w. U-fl-fl
x. flU-fl y. U-fl fl
... 555 v. w. x. fl fl
--- fffuuuEEEuuufffyyyfff[[[kkkrrr fffnnn,,, xxx,,, fffooodddYYYiiikkkss saa a eeess saa a lllss s lllggghhh fffooodddYYYiii NNNkkk VVVdddjjj fffyyyfff[[[kkk,,,&&&ss saa a ss saa a ss s 1fl fdls dgrs gSa \ 1 loZuke dh foksrk crkus okys 2 laKk vkSj loZuke dh foksrk crkus okys 3 fl dh foksrk crkus okys
-
39
4 f;k dh foksrk crkus okys (2) rqe lh/ks pyks&&&&& er ns[kks mfpr f;k fl ls okD; iw.kZ dhft,
d rst+h ls [k yxkrkj x b/kj&m/kj ?k t+ksj ls 3 og pqipki cSBk jgkA fl crkb, d og [k pqipki x cSBk ?k jgk 4 caxky esa pkoy vf/kd [kk;k tkrk gSA f;k fl dk Hksn crkb, d jhfrokpd [k LFkkuokpd x ifjek.kokpd ?k dkyokpd 5 ikuh yxkrkj cjl jgk gSA js[kkafdr f;k fl dk Hksn gS d jhfrokpd [k LFkkuokpd x ifjek.kokpd ?k dkyokpd 6 esjs lkeus vpkud ksj vk x;kA f;k fl crkb, d esjs [k lkeus x vpkud ?k vk x;k
vvvwww... flflfl --- fffuuuEEEuuufffyyyfff[[[kkkrrr lll UUUUUU UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
. U U U U, U UU U , U U U U U U U U fl S $ fl U - U U U U , U , U- flS U
1 ys[kd lsds.M Dykl ds fMCcs esa D;ksa tk jgs Fks\ d- QLVZ Dykl dk fVdV eagxk FkkA [k lsds.M Dykl ds fMCcs esa ys[kd dks ,dkar fey ldrk Fkk x lsds.M Dykl esa uckc lkgc tk jgs gSA ?k FkMZ Dykl esa tkuk ys[kd dks vieku yxrk Fkk 2 fMCcs dh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa izos'k ls iwoZ ys[kd dk vuqeku Fkk fd& d fMCck ,d ne [kkyh gksxk [k mls f[kMdh okyh lhV feysxh x og uckc lkgc ls fey ldsxk ?k fMCck cgqr lqfo/kktud gksxk 3 ys[kd ds fMCcs esa p
-
40
x dksbZ fodYi lgh ugha gSA ?k ^d* vkSj ^[k* nksuksa fodYi lgh gSA
5 ^lglk dwn tkus* dk D;k rkRi;Z gSA d vpkud dwn tkuk [k mij ls dwn iM+uk x vpkud rhozrk ls izos'k djuk ?k fMCcs esa dwndj p
-
41
U , U U U fl U U U U , fl , U ! U U MU U , UU U - , U , , flQ U, U U , U!
1. ? () ()
() () 2. fl fl-fl U U ?
() U ()U M () U Sfl () M
3. ? () ? () ? () ? () ?
y. U U U ? () U fl U ()fl U () U
() U U U
5. -
() () () ()
:-1. (), 2.(), 3.(), 4.(), 5 .()
111777 ***+++111---
iz 1 esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh uQ+klr vkSj ut+kdr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ^y[kuoh vankt* ikB
ds vk/kkj ij mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A
m lnk ls ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh uQklr vkSj ut+kdr ds fy, e'kgwj gSA ^y[kuoh vankt* ikB
esa Hkh dh blh uQ+klr vkSj ut+kdr dk mnkgj.k feyrk gSA lkgc [khjs [kkus ds
fy, ;RuiwoZd rS;kjh djrs gSaA & [khjs dkVdj mu ij ued fepZ yxkrs gSa] fdarq fcuk [kk, gh
dsoy lw?kdj jlkLoknu dj f[kM+dh ls ckgj Qssad nsrs gSa vkSj fQj bl izdkj ysV tkrs gaSA tSls&
bl lkjh izf;k esa cgqr Fkd x, gksa& ,slh uQ+klr o ut+kdr esa gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
iz 2 vkids fopkj esa lkgc us ued &fepZ yxs [khjs dh Qkdksa dks f[kM+dh ls ckgj D;ksa Qsad
fn;k \
-
42
m lkgc us [khjs dh Qkdksa dks f[kM+dh ls ckgj laHkor% blfy, Qsad fn;k gksxk] D;ksafd os
NksVs gq, ys[kd ds lkeus [khjs tSlh lkekU; oLrq dk 'kkSd djus esa ladksp dk vuqHko dj
jgs gksxsaA viuh [kkunkuh jbZlh vkSj uokch dk izn'kZu djus ds fy, mUgksusa [khjs dh Qkdsa Qsad
nhA
iz 3 ^y[kuoh vankt+* ikB esa fdl ij vkSj D;k O;aX; fd;k x;k gS \
m ^y[kuoh vankt+* ikB esa uokc lkgc ds ek/;e ls lekt ds ml lkearh oxZ ij O;aX; fd;k x;k
gS tks okLrfodrk ls cs[kcj ,d cukoVh thou 'kSyh dk vknh gSA lkgc }kjk vdsys esa
[khjs [kkus dk izca/k djuk vkSj ys[kd ds vk tkus ij mu [khjksa dks lw?kdj f[kM+dh ls ckgj
Qsaddj viuh uokch jbZlh dk xoZ vuqHko djuk blh fn[kkos dk izrhd gSA lekt esa vkt Hkh
,slh fn[kkoVh laLd`fr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
iz 4 fcuk fopkj ?kVuk vkSj ik=ksa ds Hkh D;k dgkuh fy[kh tk ldrh gS\ ys[kd ds bl fopkj ls vki
dgk rd lger gS\
m ge ys[kd ds bl fopkj ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gSa] fd fcuk fopkj ?kVuk vkSj ik=ksa ds Hkh
dgkuh fy[kh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh dgkuh ds fy, mldh vkRek gksrk gS ^dFkkud*A ;g
dFkkud vfuok;Z #i ls fdlh fopkj vFkok ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] ftls ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls
gh vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s ik= vkSj ?kVuk, okLrfod Hkh gks ldrh gSa vkSj dkYifud
Hkh] fdarq buds vHkko esa dgkuh ds Lo:i dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA
vvvxxx... flflfl MMM --- flflfl flflflUUU UUU
lll UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
... U U UQ U U fl U ? fl U ? S Sfl fl U U U U U a? , U - U U, $ U U , - U , fl U U
1. U ? ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2. U Sflfl US ? () fl ()U U fl U () U U C () fl
3. U , U -
-
43
()fl ()fl EU Q U ()fl , , fl fl U () fl , U U
4. U ? () ( ) ( ) ()
5. - () () () ()
:::---111---((())) 222((())) 333((())) 444((())) 555((()))
... UC M U U, U fl U U fl mU U U U-UflU U , - U Sflfl U fl U U U U S U fl U % U U U $U U flU
111... U ?
() () () ()
2. U ? () () - () () |
3. U fl U - () Q () U () E U () fl
4. U ? () () () () |
5. fl - () () () U ()
......111((())) 222((())) 333((())) 444((())) 555((()))
-
44
. ^^Hkkjr tkus dh ckr D;ksa mBh\** ^^ugha tkurk cl eu esa ;g Fkk** mudh 'krZ eku yh xbZ vkSj og
Hkkjr vk x,A igys ^ftlsV la?k esa nks lky iknfj;ksa ds chp /kekZpkj dh i
-
45
yyy???kkkqq qqq q mmmRRRrrrhhh;;; iiizz z'''uuukkkss sRRRrrrjjj %%%zz z ss s
iz'u 1- ^^Qknj dks ;kn djuk ,d mnkl 'kkar laxhr dks lquus tSlk gSA vk'k; Li"V dhft, |
mRrj izLrqr iafDr esa Q+knj cqYds ds O;fDrRo dk izHkko n'kkZ;k x;k gSA Qknj dh Le`fr dks mnkl
'kkar laxhr dks lquus tSlk dgk x;k gSA ftl izdkj mnkl vkSj 'kkar laxhr gekjs eu esa Hkh
mnklh vkSj 'kkafr dh vuqHkwfr mRiUu dj nsrk gSa] mlh izdkj Qknj dh Le`fr Hkh ys[kd dks
mnklh vkSj 'kkar Hkko ls Hkj nsrh gSA Qknj dk vHkko ys[kd dks mnkl dj nsrk gS] rks
mudh Le`fr;k mUgs 'kkafr iznku djrh gSaA
iz'u 2- Qknj cqYds ds eu esa laU;kl xzg.k dj Hkkjr tkus dh ckr D;ksa mBh gksxh\ vius vuqeku
ls dkj.k crkb,|
mRrj Qknj cqYds LoHkko ls lk/kq&xq.kksa ls ;qDr FksA os ekuo&lsok esa viuk thou vfiZr djuk
pkgrs FksA blfy, mUgksaus laU;klh thou xzg.k dj Hkkjr vkus dk fu'p; fd;k gksxkA
laHkor% os Hkkjr dh izkphu lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr] ;gka ds Kku lekt vkfn ls izHkkfor jgs
gksxsA Hkkjr dh izd`fr] jhfr&fjokt] /kkfeZdrk] vkReh;rk] lknxh mUgsa ilan gksxh] ftlds
dkj.k mUgksaus ;gk vkus dk eu cuk;k gksxkA
iz'u 3- ^ue vk[kksa dks fxuuk L;kgh QSykuk gSA** vk'k; Li"V dhft,|
mRrj izLrqr iafDr ds ek/;e ls Q+knj dkfey cqYds dh e`R;q ij mifLFkr tu lewg ds nq[k dks
O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA Q+knj dh eR;q ij ogk mifLFkr vikj tu lewg 'kksd larIr FkkAlHkh
dh vk[kksa esa vklw Hkjs FksA ,sls esa mu ue vk[kksa dh fxurh djuk L;kgh QSykuk gh FkkA
vFkkZr~ Hkkouk ;k laosnuk dks fxuk ;k rkSyk ugha tk ldrkA ml le; Hkh jksus okyksa dh
dksbZ deh ugha FkhA lHkh 'kksd esa Mwcs FksA
iz'u 4- Q+knj cqYds dh mifLFkfr ys[kd dks ^nsonkj dh Nk;k^ tSlh D;ksa yxrh Fkh\
mRrj Qknj gj volj ij ys[kd ds ikl mifLFkr jgrs Fks muds ?kjsyw mRloksa] laLdkjksa esa Qknj
cM+s HkkbZ vkSj iqjksfgr dh Hkwfedk esa gksrs vkSj vius Lusgk'kh"k nsrsA nq[k vkSj foink ds le;
os ys[kd dks laHkkyrs vkSj mUgsa lkaRouk nsrs FksA blfy, Qknj cqYds dh mifLFkfr ys[kd
dks nsonkj dh Nk;k tSlh yxrh FkhA Q+knj dk lkFk mUgsa nq[k dh dM+h /kwi esa nsonkj o`{k
dh Nk;k ds leku 'kkafr ,oa 'khryrk iznku djrk FkkA
iz'u 5. $U U fl UUUUUUUUU UUU fl flUU, fl U fl, fl UU, UEU UU S, - U, fl U, flc iz'u 6. $U - ?
-
46
UUUUUUUUU UUU v. .. fl .. U fl U w. -U U x. -U U U fl y. U U U MU z. U U fl
iz'u 7. $U U U UU fl M Q U U? $UUUUUUUUU UUU U - M, , fl, U, U U, U, Sfl CU UU U U U U UU
iz'u 8. $U U U UU UU U U U UUUUUUUUU UUU $U fl U U U % fl , M fl U U CU U U
www... --- UUU UUU flflfl ---
U U UU fl U v~xw U U fl
Ufl U U fl fl fl U, U fl fl U
lll vvv... - U U , U U ,
UU U UU
U U - fl-UU
U , U U UU U - UU
U U-U U
U , U U U
U U U U fl
, U U U fl
U flU! U U U U U
fl U
1- ?
- |
2- ?
- |
-
47
3- ?
- , | : |
lll 222... .............................................................................................................. ||||
1- ?
- |
2- ?
- |
|
3- ?
- | |
4- ?
- | ---
1- ?
|
|
2- ?
- | |
3- , ?
-
48
| : |
555...111 UUUUUU UUU UUU --- UUU UUU UUU UUU --- UUU UUU--- UUU ... ................... UUU UUU
UUU
.v. SflU U?
UU- fl UU U
.w. -, U U U
UU- flU fl M U
.x. fl U U U?
UU- U U
.y. - U U? UU- Sfl UU U U
.z. fl U U UU U?
U-U UU fl U , fl
--- flflfl flflflUUU ... ................... UUU UUU
UUU
1- ?
- , |
2- | -
3- ? - |
1- ?
- | |
| |
2- , ?
-
49
- |
- | -
: , |
- ? - - | , |
555...222 UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- UUU UUU UUU UUU U U UU fl - fl Ufl fl U, S, , U
U fl U
--- UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU... ...................UUUUUU UUU UUUUUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU
.v. U fl fl U UU U?
UU-
.w. U U UU U U U U U ?
UU- - mU U
.x. U Ufl U U?
UU- flflU fl U UU U fl, c U U U
.y. Ufl fl U fl UU U?
UU- fl U U U
.z. U-U fl U-U mUU fl U U U?
U-U U-U U UU U- fl UU fl U U
--- ... ...................UUU UUU UUUUUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU
1- - - ? -
2- ? - |
3- | - | | |
-
50
((((222 ))))--- 1- ?
- | , | |
2- ? - |
{{{...vvv UUU UUU SSS UUU UUU --- BBB 111... ........................................................................................
1- | -
2- ? - ,
|
3- | -
4- ? -
| w. ......................... UUU UUU
UUU UUU
1- mU fl U SC
UU - fl U U U U U U UU
2- fl U U U ? UU -fl U U U flU U U
3- U fl U U fl U ? UU - U fl U fl UU
3... ,,,, ........................................................................................................................
1- ,, ?
-
51
- - : | ,, |
2- ?
- |
3- ?
- |
v. , ?
- | | w. fl fl U flU UU fl U fl U?
UU- S U fl U S Q U UU U UU U U U
x. U fl U?
UU- SS DU
y. U fl U ? UU- , fl z. U fl U? UU- (U fl)
{. -U UU Q - U U? UU- |. fl U UU U, U M U fl U U? UU- (U/U) fl Ufl ( ) U }. U U fl fl U UU U ? UU- U fl fl UU U S CU U U | ~. fl Sfl UU U U U ? UU- flU fl U U fl U UU U v. UU U U ? UU- UflU -UU U 11. ?
-
52
- | - | - , |
12. SCU -U U UU- U U S UU UU Q N U U U
U fl U U
{{{...222 --- U U U U - fl U U? U U fl U fl mUU SCU U fl c U U fl U
--- ..................................................................................................................
| |||
1- | - |
2- ? - |
3- ? - - | |
1. ?
- -
2. ? - - |
3. fl U U?
UU- fl U U UUU,Ufl, U fl U
-
53
4. - fl U U U?
UU- UU, , , Ufl U fl U U U
5. fl fl Ufl U?
UU- U fl U U M U U Ufl U U
www... --- flflflUUU UUU
111 :::--- ?
?
:- - , | |
| , | | , |
222 :::--- ? ??? --- ---- ???
:- , | - - | , , ? |
333 :::--- ????
:- | , |
| | |
444 :::--- : ::: ??? :- |
| | | | |
-
54
6:- UUU ,,, ... ..... UUU
UU - U Ufl , U , U UU U U U
7:::--- UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU ??? UUU UUU
UU mU U U U -D U Sfl mU U , U - , D U fl , D
888:::--- UUU $$ $UUU UUU SSS ??? UUU $$ $ UUU UUU UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU
UU- $U $U Ufl U - U , U $U Ufl U U U U
999:::--- flflfl UUU $UUU ???UUU $$ $ UUU $
U-U U $U fl U U U U U, U , U UU , U U , fl UU,U U UU U UflU aU S U Sfl UU U U, U
Sfl UU U U, U $U U U
UUU UUU ---www(((FA-3 + FA-4))) UUU UUU FA-3
xxx... ---UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- Sfl UU U fl Q U U, U U
- Sfl U U U U U
---UUUUUU ---
fl Q flS U -U U U - U U
UUU UUU --- fl, , , fl, U U
-U , U, , fl, U U U fl U
-
55
-U U U fl U, fl -
--- U - v. Qfl , fl fl flfl --- , S flflfl - fl Ufl UUU UUU --- U, U, U U, U, U, U, U U U U U
flflfl --- fl { U U- Mfl fl, pfl fl, pfl fl, fl
fl, fl fl fl fl U , fl, U,
flflfl --- fl U U U -fl fl, Ufl fl, fl,
fl fl , fl, flc- fl UU U
--- U U- , fl, ,, fl,
---flflfl --- -fl U U - fl -fl, Sfl -fl,
Ufl -fl, Ufl -fl U U U, fl UU U
--- U U U- U , U
U / fl UU U,U U U
--- fl UU U, U U U
flflflSSS --- fl U U UU U,U U U
UUU SflM UUU UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU- () U , U fll U
- fl, Mfl fl, , , fl, U,
flflfllll- , fl , , fl, U, | () U U U U
U- fl, fl fl, S, fl, -flc
- fl, fl fl, , fl,U-flc () fl U U
- , fl , S, fl, U U,U ( )| () U
- , fl , , Ufl, U, U
UUU UUU - , , , Ufl, -, , ,
-
56
UUU UUU ---UUU UUU --- v- U U UU U
-Qfl , fl, S, U, UU w- U U U
-fl, fl fl, fl, S x- U-U U
- fl, Ufl fl, U-flc y- U U
- Qfl , , fl, U U, ( ) z- flU U UU U
- Mfl fl, M, , fl, U, U UU U {- UU fl U U
- fl, fl, , S, fl, - flc
)))---***+++:::
izUk % okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr inksa dk -U fyf[k,- 1- rksrk fiatjs esa cSBdj vke [kk jgk gSA 2- NksVh cPph gl jgh gSA 3- Hkkjr vusd laLd`fr;ksa okyk nsk gSA 4- og izR;sd cPps dks igpkurk gSA 5- dfork lqUnj gSA
flflfl--- c flU U U fl -U, flS U, fl U U fl flS M U flflfl ,,, UUU QQQ UUU UUU flflfl UUUUUU UUU - fl U U Sflfl UU U, U U U - U U U fl U U U U- U U? U U U U, U UU U U fl U U U , U fl fl U U - U - - U U U fl U S U U U U U U U
(((QQQ))) - fl () U U fl U M-MU
UUUfl flU-U U
-
57
U U U U, () - U U (Q) U
flflfl UUU UUU --- flflfl UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- vvv... www...
U UQ fl UUU UUU UUU UUU U-fl, -fl, U , UU U U U U U U fl fl U - v. Ug w. fl v. Ug - fl U U (v. w. flSU) w. fl - Ug fl U U (v. w. U, x. / U y. / U flSU z. U U U flSU) Ug U fl U U U-
U Ufl UU - U UU U UUUggg UUU flflfl UUU UUU /// UUU UUU ---
flflfl ///
flflflSSSUUUUUU
flflflSSSUUUUUU UUU UUU
flflflSSSUUUUUU
flflflSSSUUUUUU flflflSSSUUUUUU
Ufl UU - U - U UU U
UUU CCCUUU flflflUUU UUU --- U CU fl U U -
v. U U fl w. Q fl x. U fl
vvv... UUU UUU flflflUUU UUU - U Ug U fl U U fl fl U U, U U U fl U U - v. flU U-U U
w. U U U ( Ug) x. fl UU UU y. U U UU U z. flU U UU {. S flZ fl UU U UQ fl U U
-
58
- Sfl M Q U fl Ufl U fl U U www... QQQ flflfl - SU (U) Ufl U
U U, fl Q fl U U - v. U U flU U UU w. U UU U U UU U x. fl U U, U
- v. U Ufl UU -U U U www... UUU UUU UUUflflfl SSSflflfl MMM UUU UUUUUU UUU UUU
:::: , - 1. - - () - , -,,, , ,,, , ,,, () - , -, ,,, , ,,, () - - ,,,,,,, , ,,, ,,, , ,,, () -
-,,, , ,,, , ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,,
xxx... flflfl - fl Ufl Sfl () U U U Ufl U U fl Ufl U U U U - U U-U U U fl Ufl U w. , w. U U-U Ufl U U U - Ufl U - Ufl U - U U-U U
( fl Ufl , , , U, , U-U, U-UU, -fl, -U,
, -, , -, , U U U)
::::
- - () -
-
59
- , , , , () - ,
- ...., ..., ...., ... () -
- , , () -
- , , , flflfl UUUflflfl UUU UUU UUU ---
v. Ufl flU U U, U U
w. fl fl U fl MU U U
fl () U, flU U| fl Ufl Ufl U MU U fl fl Ufl U -
U U fl U
U fl MU - U U U fl U SCU U - U U U MU U U U, U U Ufl U U U, U Ufl U U fl U U, Ufl U - fl U
UUUflflfl flflfl UUUflflfl UUU UUU --- () Ufl U U U- () Ufl () fl Ufl
() -fl Ufl ((())) UUUflflfl UUU --- Ufl S U fl Ufl Ufl
U U - M U S U U - U S U Ufl M U Ufl M Q U U Ufl U U UU U, flU Ufl U U UQ fl - M U? UU - S U U Ufl U U
UUUflflfl UUUUUUUUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- v. UU U ( - )
w. U U U U ( U- Ug) x. U U U? (U U) y. flE U fl (flfl U)
www.s
tudies
today.
com
-
60
U U Ufl () Ufl U, Ufl U ((())) flflfl UUUflflfl UUU --- () Ufl fl fl fl
Ufl fl Ufl U U - v. U U U, fl U U U
w. flU U U, x. U flU U, UU U - Ufl U , , U U U UU U, flU fl Ufl U U
U U M (, , , U, ) U U U fl fl U , U U
((())) flflfl UUUflflfl UUU --- () Ufl U fl Ufl -Ufl -fl Ufl U U - v. flU , U U w. U-U U , UU Sfl U
---flflfl ccc UUUflflfl UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU --- ((())) flflfl UUUflflfl UUU ---
v. U SU U, U w. U U fl U UU
((())) SSSflflfl UUUflflfl UUU --- v. U U , U U flU w. U UU U, UU US U x. flU U fl U, U fl U UU
((())) UUUflflfl UUUflflfl UUU UUU --- v. fl U U U, U U w. flU U UU , U U
((())) UUUflflfl UUUflflfl UUU UUU --- v. U, U w. flU U U , x. - U U, fl-fl fl U U
((( ))) UUU ((( UUU ---UUU))) flflfl UUUflflfl UUU UUU --- v. flU MU U U MU U w. flU x. Ufl U, (U ) U
flflfl MMM UUU UUU ---
v. U fl - U U U S U U Q fl - U U U U U flU US U U
-
61
Q fl - U U U U flU S U U fl - U S U U, U U U U
w. U fl - U U U U U U Q fl - U U U, U U fl - U U U U U U
x. U fl - UU U U
Q fl - U UU , fl - U UU U
--- v. U U U U UU U - U U U U fl U
() U fl () fl () Q fl () Ufl w. Ug U U -
() flSU () () U U () flSU x. fl U -
() U () () flSU () U U y. U CU fl- U -
() () () U () z. U fl U U -
() () () fl () {. U Ufl U -
() U fl () Q fl () U fl () U U U |. Ufl U Ufl U U-
() Q fl () fl fl () fl () fl }. Sfl M Q U fl Ufl U U -
() U fl () Ufl () U fl () fl Ufl
~. U U U U, fl M U U - U Ufl U- () fl () fl Ufl () U Ufl () -fl Ufl
v. U , U U - U U CU fl U U - () U fl () fl fl () U fl () Q fl
vv. U U U -U CU fl U - () fl () U (U) fl () Q fl () U U U
vw. fl -fl () Ufl fl U -
-
62
() , U UU () flU U, U U () U, U U () U UU
vx. fl U U - U U U U -
() () () () vy. fl U U -
() U () () () U U U vz. fl flU U - U Q fl UU U
() fl flU U c () fl U U () U flU U () fl flU
v{. fl U U fl, U fl U U Q fl U DU U U-U v. flmU U U, U U U (. ........) w. U U U U (..........) x. flU U U (. ........) y. U U , Ufl (. ........) z. U UU (..........) {. U, U U (.
) |. SU U U UUU U (. ........) }. U UU U, U (. ........) ~. flU U U, (. ....) v. UU U U U UU U (..........)
UU -(v) , (w) , (x) , (y) , (z) , ({) , (|) , (}) , (~) , (v) ,
(vv) , (vw) , (vx) , (vy) (), (vz) | (v{)-(v) (U) fl (w)
(U) fl (x) U (U) fl (y) fl (z) Q fl ({) fl (|)U (}) fl (~) fl (v) Q fl
--- :::
1- jpuk ds vk/kkj ij okD; dk lgh izdkj fyf[k,%& 1. og iqLrd [kjhnus ds fy, nqdku ij x;kA
2. iiog cktkj x;k vkSj Qy [kjhndj yk;kA
3. iml ckyd dks cqykvks] ftlus fxykl rksM+k gSA
4. ivxhrk u`R; dj jgh gSA
5. vxq:th us dgk fd dy NqV~Vh jgsxhA
-
63
2- funsZkkuqlkj mRrj nhft,%& 1. ekrkth us vkVk xw/kdj jksVh cukbZA la;qDr okD; esa cnfy,
2. ivvpkud iqfyl vk xbZ vk xyh esa lUukVk Nk x;k la;qDr okD; esa cnfy,
3. iiijfo us diM+s igus] ij og larq"V ugha gSA feJ okD; esa cnfy,
vvvyyy... --- UUUUUU UUU UUU lll UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
... flU U - U U Q U U U - $U U $ U fl SflU U fl -U , - fl - U fl ( ) U U U ....... , c
v. - fl ? () - () fl U () fl U () U
w. U Q ? () U U () UflU fl () Sflfl U () fl
x. U ? () U fl () () UflU U () -fl
y. -fl U ? () flU U () flfl U () c U () U U U
z. - U fl U U U - U flU ?
() () Q () U () U
U- v. w. x. y. z.
... S U U flSU fl -- flfl U fl , U fl, U U U U R U -UU U flE U U fl U flE U fl P - U U
v. S - () - () - () M U () fl
w. U fl ?
-
64
() - fl () () Sfl () UflU S
x. Sflfl ? () U () fl () () fl
y. U U fl U U - () USU () flfl () () fl
U- v. w. x. y. ... P Sflfl U - , flE P Sflfl ... flE U - - U U UPU U, fl M . ... M , M M fl U U U UU U U U fl U U U U fl U U ....S fl U M , U U Q U
v. flU flU ? () flE () () () P
w. - flU flU ? () () Sflfl () U () R U
x. fl Q ? () U () D fl () fl UC U () U U U
y. UUfl UU ? () () () ()
z. P Sflfl U - ..... - - () R () U U () ()
U- v. w. x. y. z. . ij ;g lc rks eSus dsoy lqukA ns[kk rc rks bu xq.kksa ds HkXuko'ks"kksa dks Vds ds dkj.k os bankSj ls vtesj vk x, Fks] tgk mUgksus vius vdsys ds cy&cwrs vkSj gkSlys ls ^vaxzsth fgUnh 'kCndks'k* fo"k;okj ds v/kwjs dke dks c
-
65
4- firk dk O;fDrRo gks x;k Fkk - d fujk'kkiw.kZ [k mnkjoknh x udkjkRed ?k ldkjkRed 5- firk us 'kCndks'k dSls iwjk fd;k Fkk\ d vdsys [k ljdkjh lgk;rk ls x lkfgfR;d laLFkk ds lg;ksx ls ?k lg;ksxh dh lgk;rk ls mmmRRRrrrjjj 111--- [[[kkk]]] 222 [[[kkk]]] 333--- [[[kkk]]] 444 xxx]]] 555 ddd
17 *+ (2 ) - iz'u 1- ysf[kdk us vius firk dks fdu xq.kksa ds HkXuko'ks"kksa dks
-
66
iz'u 7 U U ? mRrj fl U fl UU U
U fl U U |
iz'u 8 U Sfl UU? mRrj S SU U U, , U U fl UU flU U
fl fl S U
iz'u 9 fl U U ? mRrj Ufl , U fl SU U DU fl
U UU U U UU fl M U U fl U | U U mUU flE U fl U
iz'u 10 UU U ? mRrj U U U UU US Z
U U, Z fl , U U U U M Ufl S U
vvvzzz... SSS--- flflflUUU ZZ Z UUU ZZ Z --- flflflUUU mmmflflfl UUU lll UUU flflfl UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU ---
... , fll S U
U, fl , - - S U U , S U S U U ,U U, U fl
v. flU UPU -
() () S flU
() () S flm
w. S- flU U -
() - U () S fll
() S () S L fl
x. S flU -
() - () S U
() Q fl fl ()
y. -
() ()
() U () U
-
67
z. -
() ()
() S flU U ()
U - v. w. x. y. z.
. bldk D;k lcwr gS fd ml tekus esa cksypky dh Hkk"kk izkdr u Fkh\ lcwr rks izkdr ds pyu ds gh
feyrs gSaA izkdr ;fn ml le; dh izpfyr Hkk"kk u gksrh rks ckS)ksa rFkk tSuksa ds gtkjksa xzaFk mlesa D;k fy[ks
tkrs vkSj Hkxoku 'kkD; eqfu rFkk muds psys izkdr gh esa D;ksa /keksZins'k nsrsA ckS)ksa dk ^f=fiVd xzaFk* gekjs
egkHkkjr ls Hkh cM+k gSA mldh jpuk izkdr esa dh tkus dk ,dek= dkj.k ;gh gS fd ml tekus esa izkdr
gh loZ lk/kkj.k dh Hkk"kk FkhA vr,o izkdr cksyuk vkSj fy[kuk vi
-
68
() () fl fl
() fl fl U () fl
x. S- flU -
() S fl U U
() L
() S
() S flE fll
y. S U -
() C ()
() S ()
z. fl U -
() - ()
() S- L U () EU
UUU UUU v. w. x. y. z.
... fl fl
fl U S U U U , U U U U U S U U ? U S U , , U U U -U S - U , flU
, fl ; U UflU Sfl - -fl U , fl , fl - U fl
v. -
() ()
() ()
w. S U -
() SflU U () Sfl U
() U U () fl U
x. -
() S- fl () U U fl
() S- flU () S- flU
y. l -
() () flEU U
-
69
() () flU mfl
z. -
() U () L
() S- () U flm
UUUUUU UUU UUU --- vvv... www... xxx... yyy... zzz... UUU UUU ---
iz'u 1- ys[kd us fdl lk{;ksa ds }kjk ;g izekf.kr fd;k gS fd ml dky esa tulk/kkj.k dh Hkk"kk izkdr
Fkh\
mRrj ys[kd us fuEufyf[kr lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izekf.kr fd;k gS fd ml dky dh tulk/kkj.k dh
Hkk"kk izkdr FkhA
1- ckS)ksa vkSj tSuksa ds gtkjksa xzaFk izkdr Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, gSaA
2- Hkxoku 'kkD; eqfu vkSj muds f'k";ksa us /keksZins'k izkdr esa gh fn,A
3- ckS)ksa dk f=fiVd xzaFk izkdr esa jpk x;kA ;g gekjs egkHkkjr ls gSA 4- xkFkk&lIr'krh] lsrqca/k egkdkO; vkSj dqekjiky pfj= vkfn xzaFk iafMrksa us izkdr esa gh jps
gSaA
iz'u 2- ys[kd us ukVdksa esa fL=;ksa ds izkdr cksyus dks muds vi
-
70
fuHkk,xhA mls ck/kd le>uk gh ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k ;k LokFkZ gks ldrk gSA lk{kj L=h rks vkus
okyh ih
-
71
w. h U , #, U U U
x. fl U
y. , U S mU
10 SflU S-L - U
U- - , U fl , U , M U SflU U S M flh U
11. mfl U U LU U flU ?
-U mfl fl S Uh Ufl LU-U LU mU c - - U U U flU - LU , fl S
12.S- flU Z U ?
U g U S flU Z UU U S- U S- fl flU U fl U MS flU U U Z mU S
U S UU S - , M U U
www... --- ---vvv
UU UUU U UU U U U UU U fl U flU UU U U UU U U U fl U UU U U U UU U UU U UUU fl U U U UU U U U U U U U U UU U
, U U
U UU, U
1- |
- |
-
72
2- , ?
-
- |
3- ? ?
- | |
--- www U U UU U fl U U U U U UU U U U U U U U U U U U U fl U U rU U Sfl U U U UflU U UU UUU U UU U U UU U U U U
v. fl fl fl |
UUUUUUUUU UUU--- | U-, U fl
w. c UU - ?
UUUUUUUUU UUU--- UU U UU CU U fl U , U UU -U U U, U U U U !
x. UU fl - U?
UUUUUUUUU UUU---UU U UU U, U U, UU U
y. UU U U?
UUUUUUUUU UUU--- U U U U U U U fl flU U UU U U U U U UU U
z. Q U
UUUUUUUUU UUU--- U - ,
-
73
---333
U UU
U fl UM U Ufl UM
UU U U U U
UM U U U U
U UU U U U
U UU UU M U UU UU U UU
U UU U U
U UU UU UU U UU U
U U U
1- ?
- |
2- - - ?
-
3- ?
- - :
|
-5 ..................................................................... | 1- | - ( )
2-
| - |
3- ?
-
|
-
74
-6 UU U U U
U UU UU UU
UUU U U
flUU U U
U UU U U U U
U U UU U U
U U U U mUfl UU U
U U U U flU
UU U U U
U U
v. UU U U ?
UU- UU U U U U U
U U, U U U U U
w. U UU - Q U?
UU- UU U UU Q U
x. U U UU U?
UU- UU M U U U UU U U U UU M fl
U U U U fl fl fl U U U
y. U U UU ?
UU- U U UU U U U U U
z. UU U U U UU?
UU- U U-U U UU UU hU U U
{ . U UU UU U UU U U ?
-
75
UU-l UU Ufl U U U UU flU UU
flSfl U U US U S UU
U
--- 1- - ?
--- |
1. , ?
2. ?
3. , ?
2- |
---
1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
3- |
- | |
| |
4- flU hU -- fl U U?
- mUU flU hU fl U U UflU hU flU
U U flU - U U, flU U U U U, flU U U
5-U fl U U - U |
- - UhU fl , U fl U U U, U U U U S mUU U U fl U
6- U U fl U Sflfl fl
- U fl, ,M U , flU, U - U,
UU, flU, U fl, Sflfl UU
-
76
7- U UU UU fl U U UU ?
- U U UU fl U U UU U U| U U
, r,UUQ U fl U flU U U
|||... --- LLLMMM UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU UUU ---
vvv... flfl , U
U U fl c U U c U
1- ?
, | , - |
2- ?
|
3 ?
|
w. fl
U
U U U
U U U ?
U flc flU
1- |
- |
2- ?
-
77
- | |
3- ?
- |
---
1- ?
- : |
|
: |
2- fl , flfl, ?
UU-fl , flfl, U fl c c flfl U , fl fl U U U
3- ?
- : : | |
4- |
- | | z fl U ?
UU -fl fl fl fl U fl U flU
6- Q fl U
U fl S Q S flSfl U fl
7- fl Q U ?
U v U () U fl U
w flSfl U
x
y fl fl flU
z fl U c U U fl S fl
-
78
xxx... UUU ... ......... UUUUUU UUU 111 :::--- ????
:- | |
| | | | |
222:::--- , ,,,
, ,,, | ||| :- () ,
| | | 149 |
| | | | | | ( ) | |
333 :::--- |||
? ??? :- , ( )
, ( ) - | , | | , | | , , , | |
444:::--- ? ???
? ??? :- |
| , | | | , |
5:- SU U U U U - U
-
79
UU- P U U -fl - SU U U U UU U UU flU U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U S U U S, - U flE U
U U |
6:- fl U UU - flU U U U?
UU- U U US U U fl () U | hU U U U U U U U E hUSU U UUU U UU U U fl S U v} E UU U, U UU U fl U-U Sfl CU U U U U U UUU
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FA-4 flflfl --- UUUflflfl UUU
flflfl fl U M U U U, U U M fl U, U fl fl U fl U - () fl () fl () flfl
((())) flflfl --- fl U U, UU fl U U fl U U U U U U U U U
UUUUUU --- , M, flQ UUUUUU UUUUUUUUU UUU ---
v. UU U () w. S U UU () x. U UU U () y. UU U () z. U UU U ()
((())) flflfl --- fl fl U U, UU fl U U fl
U U U U fl U U mUU mUU U U
UUUUUU --- , M, flQ (/mUU / mUU ) UUUUUUUUUUUU UUU UUU ---
v. U mUU ( + mUU)
-
80
w. U - U ( ) x. UU UU U ( ) y. U ( + )
5. U Ufl U ( + )-
6. U U ( + ) )- |
flflfl --- U U fl U U mUU mUU U, U U U U U U U
((())) flflflflflfl--- U / fl U, U mUU S U U U U U Q U fl fl M U U U U
UUUUUU ---fl , NO-, , M |UUUUUUUUUUUU UUU UUU ---
v. U w. U U x. U UU U y. z. U
flflfl ---U M U, fl UU U U U U, U U U -
() UU U ( - UU )
() Ufl ( - )
() ( - )
flfl flQ - U U U flflfl---UUUflflfl UUU ---
flflfl flflfl -fl U U- v. fl U Ufl
w. mUU mUU U x. Ufl M , M, fl U M y. flQ U U UU UUUUUUUUUUUU UUU UUU --- flflfl flflfl
U | U mUU
-
81
U U U U | U U U U
U fl U? U fl mUU U U? U mUU
flflfl flflflflflfl --- --- v. mUU
w. fl U U fl, , M flU , fl U -
-
U - U
UU - UU UUUUUUUUUUUU UUU UUU ---
flflfl flflflflflfl v. U w. SU U UU SU UU U x. U U y. U mUU U flflfl --- UUU UUU UUU UUU
--- ((())) UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU --- v. fl U M U, U U U -
-flfl -fl -U fl -fl w. fl U M U, U U U-
-fl -flfl -fl - () fl U- v. mUU -
- fl fl - fl -fl - w. U U U -
-fl -fl -flfl -U U U x U
- fl -flfl -fl -
-
82
y. mUU U - fl -fl -flfl -
z. flfl UU- - U U | -U U | - U U | -U U |
{. fl fl UU- - U U - U U | - U U U | -U UU|
((())) fl fl fl fl UU- v. - U -U U U U
- U UCU U U -U U U w. - fl U U -U mUU
- U UU -U U U x. - U S U UU U - UUU U
- U S -U U U y. - U U -U mUU S U
- U Sfl U | -U U U ((())) fl flfl fl fl UU- v. - mUU U -U
- U U - U U w. - UflU mUU UU U - U
- U U U - UU U U x. fl UU-
- U U| - U U UU - mUU fl U U - U U
y. - | - U - U -U mUU UU UU U
UUUUUU UUU UUU --- ()v-, w- ()v-, w-,x-, y-, z-, {- ()v-, w-, x-, y- ()v-, w-, x- y-
---
funsZkkuqlkj okP; ifjofrZr -
1- fkdkfj;ksa }kjk fkdkj fd;k tkrk gSA fl) 2- mlus nw/k ih fy;kA deZokP; 3- esjh lkl ugha yM+ ikrhAHkkookP; 4- eq>ls ogk ugha tk;k tk,xkA fl
-
83
UUU UUU U U - c U | U U U S flhU U , U U U flhU U U U U U U U mUU U U U U U U U
U UU fl U U-
UUU UUU
vvv... UUU UUU UUU UUU U - mUU U U U mUU U U U UUU-- UUU-U- U
U U (v) U (v) U U (w) U (w) M U (x) U (x)U U
(y)flU U UUU UUU UUU UUU UUUUUU --- (((vvv))) UUU UUU--- flZ fl U U, U fl U Q U
flU U U U UUU-(v) U UU
(w) U U UU U , U U U (((www))) UUU UUU --- U U Q U UU U U U flU
U U U UUU- U fl , UU U
U U Z Q U U -
(v)-fl (w)-U UUU(w) U U U UU flU
U U U UU U
U U U Z Q U - (v)U (w)fl
(((xxx))) UUU UUU--- U U Q U U U, flU U U U
-
84
UUU-U U U, fl U U flU U-fl, U, U
U flU U U Q U U U UU U - v. fl - U fl () w. U - UU-M x. U -
UUU-fl U U
U U - v. -c fl flS w. -fl fl flS
(((yyy))) --- UUU UUUUUU UUU--- U Q flS U hU
Q/flS flU U U U U U U U - v. U- UU U w. U- UU U
x. U -flU fl , U UU U y. fl - U U U UUU-U-,U UU
U : U-( ),fl : U, U: , U : UU() UUU-U - UU U UU
U-U U UU U (w) U U - UU U (x) - fl U U UU U (y) - U U U UU U
(fl- ,, , , U, U U) (((www))) MMM UUU UUU - U U flS U flS U
U U U U , flU M U U U
UU-- U U
UUU- - U U U, U U U U
-
85
(((xxx))) UUU UUUUUU UUU--- U U U U fl Q , flU U U U U
UUU- , U Sfl- (fl Sfl M U U)
UUU- U U -U,S , ||
(fl c flS U U U)
(((flflfl --- ,,, ,,, UUU,,, UUU UUU UUU,,, ))) (((yyy))) flflflUUU UUUUUU UUU--- flS fl M , fl
U flU flU U U UUU- flfl
UU UU U flU - U-, U-U-U U U fl M U
UUU- U U fl U- U U fl M U
UUU-- U U U M U
--- U fl UUU - v. UU Q - U U ?
v. U w. flU x. y. Q
w. fl flU M - U U ? v. w. M x. U y. flU
x. U UU , U Q U U - v. M w. U x. y. Q
y. -Q U U U ? v. U fl w. M U x. UU U U y. U U fl
z. U U U Q - U U? v. U w. M x. y. U
{. U U fl Q - U U? v. U w. U x. M y.
|. U fl Q U U ?
-
86
v. U w. x. y. U }. Q M U U U?
v. U U w. UU U x. U flU y. U U UU
~. U U U - Q U U ? v. M w. U x. y. U
v. Q U U U U ? v. U U UU w. U U fl UU x. , y. U U U
vv. U flU U Q U U ? v. flU w. x. M y. U
vw. Q flU U U U ? v. U U w. U UU x. U U U y. U UU UU
vx. U U U U Q U U U U v. w. M x. Q y. flU
vy. U- U UU U Q - U U U - v. M w. x. y. flU
vz. UU U M fl Q U U ? v. U w. M x. y.
v{. - Q U U U U ? v. U U- w. U Sfl x. U- fl y. U
v|. U U U U Q U U - v. M w. U x. y.
v}. UU Q U U U - v. w. x. M y. U
v~. - fl U Q U - v. U w. M x. y.
w. U U fl, U, U Q U U - v. U w. x. M y. U
UUUUUU UUU UUU ---v, (w)M, (x), (y) UU U U, (z), ({)U, (|)
U, (}) U flU , (~) , (v) U U , (vv) flU, (vw) U
U U , (vx) Q, (vy) , (vz) U, (v{) U , (v|)
M, (v}) , (v~) M, (w)
-
87
vvv{{{ --- lll UUU flflfl UUU UUU UUU ---
. U U -P U , , U U UU # U U S U flfl U S -U U U , U U- U -U, - S -U U U U SflU U U U U S S U U fl U U fl U U U U
v l fl - () S S () U () S ()
w flfl U - () U () flfl () () mU
x - S U ? () S () S () S () - S
y U ? () () () () fl
z S S ? () U () U () U () U U
UUU UUU --- v - () S S w - () x - () - S y - () z - () U
. S S D U fl -flfl S U U , fllU , U , g fl U fl U , U flC fl , U- U Q , Q U , U , flfl fl , S mU U
v ? () S () () fl () U
-
88
w S h ? () () U () () flfl
x ? () () U () () U
y ? () U () U () () S
z S U ? () mU () Q () ()
UUU UUU --- v - () S w - () x - () U y - () U z - () mU
. Lg vy S vy fl fl U U S U U US U US U U U US Lg US U -fl U , U, U U U U Lg U U S SflU fl U Q U U fl SU U U fl U U U
v S S U ? () g () Lg () Lg () Ug
w S S U U ? () U () Ufl U () flcfl U () fl U
x U US U U ? () fl () U fl
() U fl U () fl y U fl ?
() () () () fl z Lg fl U ?
() S () U fl () U () fl
UUU UUU --- v - () Lg w - () U x - () U fl y - () z - () U fl
-
89
. 'kgukbZ ds blh eaxy/ofu ds uk;d mLrkn fcfLeYyk [kk lkgc vLlh cjl ls lqj ekx jgs FksA
lPps lqj dh userA vLlh cjl dh ikpksa oDr ckyxh uekt blh lqj dks ikus dh izkFkZuk esa [kpZ gks
tkrh FkhA yk[kksa lt+nsa blh ,d lPps lqj dh bcknr esa [kqnk ds vkxs >qdrs FksA os uekt+ ds ckn lt+ns
esa fxM+fxM+krs Fks & ^^esjs ekfyd lqj [+'k nsaA lqj esa og rklhj iSnk dj fd vk[kksa ls lPps eksrh dh rjg
vuxqddj lPps lqj dh bcknr djrs Fks\
d ihj [k [kqnk x mLrkn ?k vCck
4- fcfLeYyk [kka uekt ds ckn lt+ns esa fxM+fxM+krs gq, D;k ekxrs Fks\
d feBkl Hkjh vkokt+sa [k lqj x lkst+ ?k rku
5- lqjksa ds izHkko ls fcfLeYyk [kk vk[kksa ls dSls vklw fudyus dh izkFkZuk djrs FksA
dvux dc
vkSj dSls vk xbZ Fkh\
mRrj laxhr esa le dk vk'k; gS laxhr dk og LFkku tgk y; dh lekfIr vkSj rky dk vkjaHk
gksrk gSA fcfLeYyk [kka esa le dh le> cpiu esa gh vk xbZ FkhA tc og vius ekek
vyhc['k [kka dks 'kgukbZ ctkrs gq, le ij vkrs lqurk rks /kM+ ls iRFkj t+ehu ij ekjdj
nkn nsrk FkkA
iz'u 3 dk'kh dks laLd`fr dh ikB'kkyk D;kssa dgk x;k gS\
mRrj dk'kh laLd`fr dh ikB'kkyk gS ;gk Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa dk Kku gS] dykf'kjksef.k ;gk jgrs gSa]
;g guqeku vkSj fo'oukFk dh uxjh gS ;gk dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gS] ;gk izdkaM Kkrk]
/keZxq: vkSj dykizsfe;ksa dk fuokl gSA
iz'u 4 fcfLeYyk [kka nks dkSeksa esa HkkbZpkjs dh izsj.kk dSls nsrs jgs\
-
90
mRrj fcfLeYyk [kka tkfr ls eqlyeku Fks vkSj /keZ dh n`f"V ls bLyke /keZ dks Hktus okys ikp
oDr uekt+ i
-
91
v U U w Ufl D Ufl fl U
izu 11 S U fl U- v. flU S w. x. fl
y. fl flU fl z. {. , fl
izu 12 S U -U ? U- S U, Sfl UflUU, S
izu 13 U - Ufl S U ?
U- U Ufl S U -
v. U - # w. - U x. U U y. mU U U z. fl
vvv|||... SSS --- lll UUU flflfl UUUUUU UUU UUU UUU ---
. S Q U ; fl fl # Q h fl flfl , fl Q flSfl S Q U fl # , fl fl , S U U Lfl h flcU fl S fl fl fll U Lfl U ; U # U U U U fl fll U ; U U S
v l - () () () () S
w fl - () () () - () flm
x Lfl flcU - () () U () S () U
-
92
y fl fll - () S ()
() S L () z fl Q S -
() h flcU U () h U U () U ()
U - v - () w - () x - () y - () z - ()
. U ? S U U - U, U U, U -
, U USU U U U; U fl -fl flcU U , S S? U U fl -U -fl U , ? S fl UU fl S U U U S flfl U UQ U U ?
v l - () SU () - () () S
w S U - () S () () () -
x S S ? () () U fl C () flcU () fl C
y S - () S fl () U () fl () fl
z S - () () () ()
UUU UUU --- v - () w - () x - () y - () z - ()
. U, -U fl S - ? U U U , U U ? U U U U , fl U U U ? M fl S U UU U Sfl U U U fl U U U ? U U Sfl U U fl U U , U fl fl h U fl U c fl -U fl U
v l -
-
93
() S () () () fl w fl - S - -
() U S () U U () fl () fl U S x M fl -
() SU () S () () y U flcU -
() Lfl () Ufl () U () UUU z U fl -
() U () Ua () SU () U -
v - () w - () x - () y - () z - ()
. vkx ds vkfo"dkj esa dnkfpr isV dh Tokyk dh izsj.kk ,d dkj.k jghA lwbZ&/kkxksa ds vkfo"dkj esa
'kk;n 'khrks"k.k ls cpus rFkk 'kjhj dks ltkus dh izo`fRr dk fo'ks"k gkFk jgkA vc dYiuk dhft,