s

Social Science | Class 10th CBSE Board Paper 2017

2015-2019 (5 Sets)

2

CBSE Board Paper 2017 Set - 1

General Instructions:

1. The question paper has 30 questions in all. All questions are

compulsory.

2. Marks are indicated against each question.

3. Questions from serial number 1 to 8 are Very Short Answer

Questions. Each question carries 1 mark. Answers to these

questions should not exceed 30 words each.

4. Questions from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks questions.

Answers to these questions should not exceed 80 words each.

5. Questions from serial number 21 to 28 are 5 marks questions.

Answers to these questions should not exceed 120 words each.

6. Question numbers 29 and 30 are map questions of 3 marks each

from History and Geography both. After completion, attach the

maps inside your answer-book.

Time allowed: 3 Hours Max Marks: 90

3

1. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’.

2. Name the river related to National Waterways No. 2.

3. Explain any one difference between a pressure group and a political party.

4. Explain the meaning of democracy.

5. Name any one political party of India which grew out of a movement.

6. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things? Give an example.

7. Give an example of violation of consumer’s right to choose.

8. How is the maximum retail price printed on packets beneficial for you?

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

9. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.

Describe any three problems faced by the French in the sphere of education in Vietnam.

10. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922? Explain any three reasons.

11. Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.

12. Describe any three characteristics of the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt in India.

13. Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India.

OR

3×1=3

3

3

3×1=3

3×1=3

5

14. Examine with an example the role of means of transport and communication in making our life prosperous and comfortable.

15. Analyse the role of popular struggles in the development of democracy.

16. How do pressure groups and movements strengthen democracy?

17. On the basis of which values will it be a fair expectation that democracy should produce a harmonious social life? Explain.

18. Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.

19. How do Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) interlink production across countries? Explain with examples.

20. Analyse the importance of the three-tier judicial machinery under Consumer Protection Act (COPRA), 1986 for redressal of consumer disputes.

3

3

3×1=3

3

3×1=3

3×1=3

3×1=3

6

21. ‘‘The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789.’’ Examine the statement.

Examine the reasons that forced America to withdraw from the Vietnam War.

22. How did the Colonial Government repress the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain.

23. Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Explain any four ways to conserve mineral resources.

24. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.

25. Describe any five characteristics of democracy.

26. ‘‘It is very difficult to reform politics through legal ways.’’ Evaluate the statement.

OR

5×1=5

1+4=5

5×1=5

5×1=5

5×1=5

5×1=5

7

27. Analyse any five positive effects of globalization on the Indian economy.

28. What is liberalization? Describe any four effects of liberalization on the Indian economy.

29. Three features A, B and C are marked on the given political outline map of India (on page 9). Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map:

A. The city associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident.

B. The place where the Indian National Congress session was held.

C. The place where Gandhiji violated the Salt Law.

1+4=5

3×1=3

5×1=5

8

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 29:

(29.1) Name the city related to Jallianwala Bagh incident.

(29.2) Name the State where the Indigo planters organised Satyagraha.

(29.3) Name the place where Gandhiji violated the Salt Law.

30. On the given political outline map of India (on page 11) locate and label the following features with appropriate symbols:

A. Naraura – Nuclear Power Plant

B. Tuticorin – Major Sea Port

C. Bhilai – Iron and Steel Plant

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 30:

(30.1) Name the State where Naraura Nuclear Power Plant is located.

(30.2) Name the State where Tuticorin Sea Port is located.

(30.3) In which State is the Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant located?

3×1=3

9

1. What is the meaning of ‘Begar’?

2. Name the best variety of iron-ore found in India

3. Why is there an overwhelming support to democracy all over the world? Explain one reason.

13. Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the production of iron and steel in India? Explain any three reasons.

14. ‘‘Tourism industry in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.’’ Support the statement.

15. How is social diversity accommodated in democracy? Explain with examples.

22. How was the sense of collective belonging developed during the freedom movement? Explain.

Set - 2

1

1

1

3

3

3

5

10

23. ‘‘The advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic development.’’ Justify the statement.

26. Suggest any five effective measures to reform political parties.

5

5

11

1. What is meant by Satyagraha?

2. Where do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

3. Explain the meaning of transparency in democracy.

13. ‘‘Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.’’ Support the statement with examples.

14. Evaluate any three features of ‘Golden Quadrilateral’ Super Highways.

15. Analyse the role of opposition political parties in democracy.

22. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability.

Set - 3

1

1

1

3

3

3

5

12

23. Examine any five factors affecting the location of industries in India.

26. ‘‘No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations.’ Analyse the statement.

5

5

13

1. The book ‘Hind Swaraj’ was written by Mahatma Gandhi.

NOTE – ‘Hind Swaraj’ was written in 1909 by Mahatma Gandhi. In this book, he declared that British Rule in India was established as well as had survived over such a long period of time because of the cooperation the Britishers received from Indians. He further stated that “non – cooperation” i.e. if Indians refused to cooperate with the British government, British Rule in India would collapse and Swaraj (independence) would come within a year.

2. The river related to National Waterways No. 2 is the Brahmaputra River.

NOTE – Waterways i.e. transport services through water is amongst the cheapest mode of transportation. Certain waterways have also been declared as the ‘national waterways’ by the government of India.

3. Pressure groups are groups of people having a common objective. These groups often tend to influence the policies and programmes of the government without any direct control or political power.

Solutions (Set-1)

14

Political Party is a group of people who come to together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They have an agenda, following a certain ideology which is presented to the voters i.e. the citizens at the time of elections in order to secure maximum votes.

Pressure groups do not participate in the elections that are held regularly whereas political parties contest elections in order to come to power and form the government at various levels.

4. Democracy refers to a form of government which is directly elected by the people of a country i.e. the people play the important role of electing their representatives who run the government at various levels.

NOTE – In a Democracy, the government represents the will and aspirations of the people because it is the people who elect their government.

5. The Asom Gana Parishad is a political party of India which grew out of a movement.

NOTE – The ‘Assam movement’ which was led by students against foreigners played a major role in the formation of this political party.

6. It is easy to exchange things with the use of money because money acts as a ‘standard mode of payment’ involving

15

transactions. For example – Suppose a shoe manufacturer wishes to sell his shoes and buy wheat. He would sell his shoes in the market for money and then use the money to buy wheat. However, if he had to sell his shoes in exchange for wheat without the use of money, he would have to first find a person willing to buy his shoes and at the same time also ready to give wheat.

The use of money therefore is convenient.

NOTE – Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants (as explained in the above example), wherein the buyer and the seller need to settle according to specific conditions suitable to both of them at the same time, leading to a lot of inflexibility in the transaction.

7. Example of violation of consumer’s right to choose –

Gas supply dealers often insist the consumer to buy a stove from them when you take a new gas connection. Such instances reflect the violation of consumer’s right to choose.

NOTE - The Right to Choose allows any consumer, who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service, whether to continue to receive the service or not.

8. The Maximum Retail Price (MRP) printed on packets is beneficial for us as consumers because it can restrict the seller from selling goods to us at a price which is more than the printed MRP.

16

NOTE – Consumers have the right to bargain with the seller to sell at a price which is less than the MRP.

9. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

1. As an enormous increase in population was witnessed all over Europe, there were more seekers of job than employment. Population from rural areas often migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

2. Small producers in towns were faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced. For example-This was the situation in case of textile production which was mainly carried out in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.

3. In the regions of Europe, where the aristocracy enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

4. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. For example- In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment had brought the population of Paris out on the roads.

5. In 1845, weavers in Silesia had revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

NOTE – The Conservative rulers established political regimes after the defeat of Napoleon. ‘Revolution’ and growth of the feelings of Nationalism helped in uniting the people in the

17

various European States. People at the same time also faced a lot of problems in their day-to-day lives. Important – Students need to explain all the problems irrespective of marks allotted to the question.

The French saw the sphere of education as a way of civilizing the ‘native’ i.e. the Vietnamese.

1. The French faced the dilemma related to the extent to which the Vietnamese had to be educated. Although the French needed an educated labour force, however, they feared that once educated, the Vietnamese would begin to question colonial domination. The French also feared to lose their jobs as teachers, policemen, shopkeepers to the – educated Vietnamese.

2. The powerful influence of the Chinese Culture upon the elites in Vietnam was another problem faced by the French. In order to consolidate power, they had to counter the Chinese influence. They, therefore, tried to systematically destroy the traditional education systems and put the French schools in place.

3. As the French sought to establish schools with the curriculum in accordance with their culture, teachers, as well as students, did not blindly follow it. As the numbers of Vietnamese teachers increased in the lower classes, they silently changed the text and often criticized what was actually written. Protest in schools, for example, in the Saigon Native

OR

18

Girls School is another example of resistance which the French had to counter.

NOTE – Schools became important places for the political and cultural battle which was fought with French who tried to dismantle the Vietnamese culture.

10. 1. Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement because the main objective of ahimsa i.e. non-violence was not being followed by the satyagrahis. He felt the need of training the satyagrahis before launching any mass struggle against the British.

2. The movement often turned violent in many places. For example – At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur (1922), a peaceful demonstration turned into a violent clash with the police. As Gandhiji became aware of this incident, he immediately called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

3. Within the Congress party, there was a lot of disturbance. Leaders had different opinions i.e. some were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils but young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to adopt more radical mass agitation in order to gain independence.

In such an atmosphere of chaos and confusion coupled with other factors, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement.

NOTE – Gandhiji’s idea of non-cooperation i.e. ‘not cooperating with the British administration’ in all ways was

19

aimed at bringing people from different groups and communities under the nationalist struggle for freedom and independence from British rule. Although the meaning of Swaraj i.e. independence was different for different groups, it was still able to unite everyone and shaped the creation of mass mobilization at the national level.

11. 1. The Civil Disobedience Movement of the 1930s saw considerable participation from the business classes, led by industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla.

2. They reacted against various policies of the British that obstructed their expansion. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.

In organizing their business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

3. They gave financial assistance to the Civil Disobedience Movement and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most of the industrialists saw the colonial policies of restricting business activity as oppressive and wanted them to be removed so that trade and industry could flourish, thus, contributing to the growth of Indian economy.

NOTE – After obtaining a large amount of benefits from the First World War, the business classes were keen on expanding their business activities and therefore saw the Civil

20

Disobedience Movement as an opportunity to put forward their interests and demands.

12. The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt in India lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.

1. High-grade hematite’s are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.

2. The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high-grade hematite iron ore, having the best physical properties needed for steel making.

3. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

NOTE – Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources in iron ore, rich in good quality iron ores. The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Iron-ore belt is one of the major iron ore belts in India.

13. 1. Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

2. Industrial development is a precondition for the eradication of poverty and unemployment from India (public sector industries and joint sector ventures). It was also aimed at

21

bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

3. Export of manufactured goods helps in expanding trade and commerce and bringing in a significant amount of foreign exchange. Therefore, it can be concluded that India’s success lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

NOTE – Industries involved in the production of goods from raw materials to produce large quantities of goods are termed as manufacturing industries.

Sectors of an economy –

1. Primary Sector - deals with Agriculture and related activities

2. Secondary Sector - deals with manufacturing industries

3. Tertiary Sector – deals with the service sector

14. The world today has been successfully converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving means of transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of an equally well-equipped means of communication. Therefore, one can observe that transport, communication, and trade are complementary to each other.

1. A highly developed means of transport and communication has been able to link India with the rest of the world despite its vast size and diversity. This has, in turn, enabled a sense of respect and toleration towards cultural diversity along with a unique kind of cultural exchange due to the increasing levels

22

of interaction between people coming from different walks of life.

2. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet and other various mediums of social media and communication have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.

3. The trades from local to international levels have further added to the vitality of the Indian economy as a whole. It has highly improved the lives of the people and also added to the growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.

NOTE – Communication, in different forms, has added to the viability of a country’s economy as well as its people. Not only does a systematic network of transport and communication prove to be beneficial for the economy and its people, but it also helps in developing healthy relations irrespective of cultural and regional boundaries.

15. The smooth functioning of a democracy lies in a no. of factors. The elements of democracy including public participation, pressure groups and other groups and media, all play an equal role. The struggles in Nepal and Bolivia were aimed at different causes; however, elements involved in these struggles are also determinants of the outcome of democracy and therefore stand relevant to the study of democracies.

1. The Nepalese struggle was carried out by the people in the path of restoring democracy while the struggle that took place in Bolivia was against privatization and subsequent increase in prices of water after the government sold the rights to an

23

MNC. Despite the differences in the nature of the movements as well as their respective objectives, the two stories shared some elements relevant to the study of democracy.

2. Both these instances involved political conflict that led to popular struggles. In both the cases, the struggle involved mass mobilization and public protests and demonstrations along with a critical role of the political organizations.

3. These two instances reflect the values that democracy upholds. The power of popular struggles and the urge to bring about a change is the most radical element.

NOTE - The tools of democratic setup – public participation, mass mobilization and the political organizations are the game changers. They significantly play the role of a watchdog, keeping in mind the benefit of all.

16. Pressure groups, interest groups and movements attempt to influence government policies and decisions without directly controlling or sharing political power. They often tend to have their opinion regarding a particular political situation or policy and put forward the same through various means and measures.

1. They often attempt to seek public support and sympathy in order to fulfill their goals by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions, etc. on a large scale. Most of these groups try to influence the media into giving more attention to these issues.

24

2. They also organize protest activities like strikes or disrupting government programmes. For example, most of the workers’ organizations, employees’ associations, and movement-based groups resort to these tactics in order to force the government to take note of their demands.

3. Business groups, many times, employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements to put forward their opinions. Sometimes people from particular groups also participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.

Since they represent different sections of the society, they play a very important role in influencing the democratically elected government and thus contributes to towards the strengthening and betterment of democracy overall.

NOTE – Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not contest elections. They play the role of keeping a check on the activities of the government as well as influencing the policies and decisions of the government.

17. Democracies across the globe have been successful to a great extent in accommodating social diversities and therefore it will be a fair expectation that democracy must produce a harmonious social life.

1. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can learn to develop respect for these differences and evolve mechanisms for negotiation. For example – Belgium has been successful in negotiating differences among its ethnic population.

25

2. Democracies usually develop systematic procedures to conduct competition which helps in reducing the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.

3. Democracy, time and again, has witnessed situations which have further contributed to its strengthening. For example – The situation in Sri Lanka has been successful in highlighting the meaning of the term ‘majority’ as well as the need to accommodate minority groups and their preferences.

NOTE – In comparison to non-democratic regimes, democracy does not turn a blind eye or suppress internal social differences. Proper mechanisms contribute to the strengthening of democracy and thus bind the people together. For example – India is the best-suited example of representing diversity.

18. 1. Banks keep only a small proportion of cash with them, say 15%. This is kept as a provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.

2. The major portion of the deposits with the bank is used to extend loans to the general public for various economic requirements such as business, housing, finance etc.

3. Deposits are used to meet the loan requirements of people wherein the bank charges interest rate on loans which is much higher than what it offers on deposits. In this way, the difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the bank’s income.

26

NOTE – Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender (one who gives the money) supplies the borrower (one who is in need of money) with money in return for the promise of future payment.

Deposits with the bank refer to the surplus cash that people keep with the bank.

19. 1. MNCs usually set up production units across the globe in places where the market is nearby, there is the availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs and other factors essential to the growth of production.

2. The setting up of production in various countries leads to the development of products globally. Sometimes, the MNCs might also set up production with the local companies of a country as a joint responsibility, thus bringing in the latest technology and foreign investment.

3. The MNCs also link and control the production of goods. Large MNCs in developed countries often place orders for production with small producers all around the world which are then sold by the MNCs under their brand name.

4. The power of control and influence of such corporations has contributed to the interlinking of such widely dispersed locations across the globe. This process, in turn, has contributed to the growth of globalization process.

NOTE – MNCs are increasingly entering the local markets of various countries and playing the role of integration of these markets with the world economy and thus contributing

27

immensely to the process of globalization. MNCs, in rapid course of time, have not only resulted in the global expansion of their brand names but have also made the process of production and selling of goods and services, a complex and interdependent process.

20. The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was enacted in 1986 in the light of increasing exploitation and unfair trade practices that took place in the market. Under COPRA, three-tier quasi-judicial machinery has been set up at the district, state and national levels for redressal of consumer disputes.

1. The district level court has been allotted the cases that deal with claims up to Rs. 20 Lakhs.

2. The state-level court has been allotted the cases with claims between Rs. 20 Lakhs and Rs. 1 Crore.

3. The national level court has been allotted the cases which involve claims exceeding Rs. 1 Crore.

If a case is dismissed in the district level court, the consumer can also appeal to state and then in national level courts.

NOTE – COPRA has enabled consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts at various levels.

21. France, being a full-fledged territorial state in 1789, under the rule of an absolute monarchy, witnessed political and constitutional changes in the wake of the French Revolution. From the very beginning, French revolutionaries adopted

28

practices and measures that would help in creating a sense of collective identity among people and bind them with the spirit of nationalism.

1. The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) supported the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

2. A new French Flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard and the Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed, the National Assembly.

3. New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation. Uniform laws were formulated for all citizens by a centralized administrative system.

4. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted, whereby all kinds of internal customs duties and dues were abolished.

5. French, which was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation and regional dialects were increasingly discouraged.

NOTE – The French Revolution took place in 1789. It saw a radical transfer of power from the absolute monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution claimed to empower the citizens who would shape the future of the French nation.

The U.S involvement in Vietnam War had a harsh impact on both U.S as well as Vietnam.

OR

29

1. From 1965 to 1972, lakhs of U.S services personnel served in Vietnam. Even though the U.S was equipped with advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties stood high.

In spite of the heavy weapons and tanks and the presence of the most powerful bombers – B52s, this phase proved to be brutal. The wide spread attack and use of chemical weapons – Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs – destroyed many villages and decimated jungles.

2. Thousands of people died in the battle and lakhs and lakhs of people were left wounded. In addition, innocent civilians died in large no. In the U.S., many were critical of the government for getting involved in the war. The inclusion of the youth from minorities and working middle classes and waiver of this military service for university graduates further spread a feeling of intense anger amongst the Americans.

3. The U.S media also played an important role during this time. Hollywood made films in support of the war included John Wayne’s Green Berets. Many claimed it to be a propaganda film, responsible for motivating the young to die in the war. Films that were critical of the war included Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, which reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the U.S.

4. It was clearly felt that the US had failed to achieve its objectives- the Vietnamese resistance had not been crushed and US did not win the support of the Vietnamese people. Besides thousands of US soldiers lost their lives and countless Vietnamese civilians had been killed. Scholars such as Noam

30

Chomsky called the war ‘greatest threat to peace, national self-determination and international cooperation.’

5. The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974 which ultimately ended the conflict with the US.

NOTE – Vietnam after gaining independence from the French was divided into North (Ho Chi Minh and communists) and South (Bao Dai). As Bao Dai’s regime was undertaken by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem, the National Liberation Front (NLF) along with the North fought for the unification of the country. This unification alliance was the biggest fear of the United States. Since the U.S was worried about communists gaining power in Vietnam, they sent in their troops and arms.

22. 1. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in March 1930. He began the movement by breaking the salt law and manufacturing salt. Simultaneously, thousands of people demonstrated in front of the government and broke colonial laws.

2. As the British government was worried by the developments of the Civil Disobedience Movement, it responded with repressive measures. The government began arresting Congress leaders one by one.

3. As the Congress leaders were arrested, violent clashes took place. For example – When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Gandhiji was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds

31

demonstrated in Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing, killing many.

4. When Mahatma Gandhi was arrested by the British government, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations – all structures that symbolized British Rule.

5. The colonial government further responded with a repressive policy by attacking peaceful satyagrahis. Women and children were beaten up and about 100,000 people were arrested.

NOTE - The Civil Disobedience was launched to bring together people of different classes under the united banner of freedom’s struggle. The violence that broke out after the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement was responsible for Mahatma Gandhi calling of the movement. Thereafter, Gandhiji entered into a pact with Irwin and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

23. 1. Mineral resources, in the present scenario, are being rapidly consumed. However, it is important to conserve these resources because the geological processes of mineral formation are very slow and it takes millions of years for them to be created and concentrated.

2. The rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. The finite and non-renewable nature of these resources makes them our country’s most valuable possessions.

32

3. A continuous and concerned effort is required in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner so that the future of our future generations is secure.

4. Improvements in technology need to be constantly evolved in order to allow the use of low-grade ores at low costs.

5. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are the important steps involved in the conservation of mineral resources.

NOTE – Minerals are the most priced but short-lived possessions on our planet earth. Therefore, the need of the hour is to protect and conserve them as much as possible.

24. 1. The Chemical Industry in India is fast growing and diversifying, contributing approximately 3 per cent of the GDP. It is one of the third largest industries in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in terms of its size.

2. The Chemical industry comprises of both large and small-scale manufacturing units and rapid growth rates have been recorded in both organic and inorganic sectors.

3. The inorganic chemicals including sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies etc. are used to manufacture fertilizers, adhesives, plastic, detergents, soaps, caustic soda etc. These industries are widely spread across the entire subcontinent.

4. The organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals. Such organic

33

chemical plants are located near various oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

5. The chemical industry in India is its own largest consumer. The basic chemicals undergo processing to produce chemicals which are of great importance to industrial application, agriculture or directly for the consumer market.

NOTE - Chemicals are amongst the basic units of processing for a variety of other processes that take place in different industries of India. As a base, the chemical industry has a wide-ranging role in providing the essential chemicals needed for the development of many other industries. For example – the use of fertilizers in agriculture.

25. 1. In a Democracy, people have the right to choose their representatives and exercise control over them. They have the right to participate in the process of decision making that affects them all. A democratic form of governance, thus, produces a government that is accountable and responsive to the needs of its citizens.

2. Democracy allows a room for discussion, which may delay the process of implementation, but in the long run, serves as a healthy and productive way of decision making. Therefore, one can undoubtedly say that the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth the effort.

3. Democracy also ensures that decision making is based on a set of norms and procedures. Therefore, in case, a citizen wishes to know if a decision was taken through correct and unbiased procedures, he/she has the opportunity to discover

34

and find it out by examining the procedure in detail, thus, ensuring transparency.

4. Democratic government stands at a much better position than its alternatives because it is a legitimate government which solely reflects the will and aspirations of the people in a society. It is the people’s own government i.e. the people enjoy the freedom of choosing their representatives.

5. Democracies across the globe have been successful to a great extent in accommodating social diversities. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But democracies provide the opportunity to develop respect for these differences and evolve mechanisms for negotiation. For example – Belgium has been successful in negotiating differences among its ethnic population.

NOTE - Democracy, in its true spirit, has emerged as the most progressive form of governance which is constantly concerned with the betterment and well-being of the members of a society. This has been ensured by the representatives of the people at various levels of the government, who have time and again responded to the needs of the people effectively.

26. 1. Any legal change must be carefully looked at, in order to analyze the results it will have on politics as sometimes the results might prove to be undesirable. For example- many states have banned people having more than two children from contesting the panchayat elections. This has gradually resulted in a denial of democratic opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended.

35

2. Usually, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Instead, the best laws are those which empower people to carry out political reforms. For example- The Right to Information has since the very beginning played an important role of being a watchdog of the democratic setup.

3. Democratic reforms are to be brought principally through political practice and a greater level of participation. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practices.

4. In addition to this, any proposal for political reform should not only think about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

NOTE – A legal change i.e. a law is not the only requirement to overcome the challenges posed by democracy. Active public participation is very important for the smooth functioning of the society as a whole. People are required to act as responsible citizens of a country.

27. 1. Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been of great advantage to the consumers who are now offered a wide variety of choices with low prices in the market particularly the well-off sections. This has, in turn, contributed to the rise in living standards of the people.

2. Multinational Corporations have increasingly invested in India in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or services such as banking. This process has led to a rise in employment generation and thus created new jobs and profiles in the market.

36

3. Although many producers and workers have not received the benefits of globalization, many local companies in India have prospered in supplying huge amounts of raw material to the various new industries.

4. Several top Indian companies have benefitted from globalization as they have invested in newer technologies and production methods and raised their production standards. Many such companies have also emerged as multinationals themselves. For example – Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints, Sundaram Fasteners. Etc.

5. Globalisation has created immense opportunities for companies providing different services especially IT related services in the market. For example – The Indian Company producing a magazine for the London based company, call centers etc.

NOTE – Globalization refers to the process of transmission of ideas, goods, and services across national boundaries. It is the level of growing interconnectedness among countries. For example- The impact of a particular situation in a country far away from India might have a considerable impact on the Indian economy. The process of liberalizing controls on the markets has reduced the role of governments and the increasing levels of globalization have turned the world into a global village.

28. 1. Removal of barriers or restrictions set up by the government is known as the process of liberalisation. The Indian government after independence had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. However, these barriers were

37

removed in 1991 which eventually brought wide-ranging changes in the Indian economy.

These changes are as follows –

2. The removal of trade barriers brought in new opportunities for the import-export purpose. Goods could now be imported as well as exported easily as compared to the previous phase.

3. Foreign companies were allowed to invest in setting up offices and factories in India thus bringing foreign products and services in the domestic markets of India.

4. The liberalization of trade and businesses were now allowed to make their decisions freely. They could decide upon the products to be imported or exported as government liberalized its rules and regulations.

5. On an overall basis, the government now imposes much fewer restrictions than were put immediately after independence and is therefore said to be more liberal in nature.

NOTE - Liberalisation of foreign trade and investment, in basic terms, refers to the removal of barriers i.e. economic barriers protecting the domestic producers from the foreign producers. The policy of restrictions on trade and investment was adopted by the leaders at the time of independence in order to protect the domestic producers from foreign competition. Moreover, economically and financially, the Indian economy was suffering from the impact of British rule which first required the development of India and its economy.

38

29.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 30:

(29.1) The city related to Jallianwala Bagh incident is Amritsar.

(29.2) The Indigo planters organised Satyagraha in the state of Bihar.

(29.3) Gandhiji violated the Salt Law at the coast of Dandi.

30.

39

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 30:

(30.1) Naraura Nuclear Power Plant is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

(30.2) Tuticorin Sea Port is located in the state of Tamil Nadu.

(30.3) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant is located in the state of Chhattisgarh.

40

1. The system of forced labor, found in different parts of India is generally referred as ‘Begar’. These are the laborers who work for a very low wage, in poor working conditions and they are often treated very badly. Generally the laborers who work in road construction sites or work as sweepers in municipality areas are these type of laborers.

2. Haematite is the best variety of iron-ore found in India. This variety of iron-ore is considered to be the best variety of iron-ore because ores which contain less of sulphur and phosphorous are considered to be the best among the iron-ores found and this particular feature is present in haematite.

3. There is an overwhelming support to democracy all over the world because democracy ensures the fact that power does not get concentrated in the hand of a single person. Democracy ensures the fact that people have the power to influence the economic, social, political and cultural environment of the country through their elected representatives in the government bodies.

Solutions (Set – 2)

41

13. The three reasons to explain the fact that India is not able to perform to the full potential in the production of iron and steel, are explained as follows:

• An essential raw material of the iron and steel industry is coking coal. The cost of this coking coal is very high, which makes the cost of production to become really high, thus making the producers disinterested to buy it and use it up in the production process. Thus due to the high cost of this raw material, production is coming to a halt in this industry.

• Uninterrupted power supply is very important in this industry. But in India, because of frequent power cuts, uninterrupted power cannot be supplied to this sector, making the production difficult.

• Proper availability of skilled labor is not present in India, which also acts as a hindrance to the smooth production process in this sector.

14. The fact that the tourism industry in India has grown substantially over the last three decades can be supported by the following points:

• There has been an 11.8% increase in the arrival of foreign tourists in India, in the year 2010, compared to the previous year that is 2009.

• The absolute number of tourists visiting in India in the year 2010 was 5.78 million.

• In India, statistics show that more than 15 million people are actively engaged in the tourism sector.

42

15. Social diversity is very much accommodated in democracy because democracy allows equal and fair representation of the citizens of a country in different arenas, irrespective of the peoples’ caste, religion, skin color, the language spoken etc. Democracy fairly ensures that the people from the minority communities of the society get proper representation in various fields. Democracy also ensures fair representation of women in the different sectors, thus ensuring gender equality. Thus in these ways social diversity is ensured by democracy, in a country.

22. The sense of collective belonging developed in India during the freedom movement by the ways mentioned as follows:

• FOLKLORES: The Indian nationalists tried to revive the traditional folklores of India which were written or composed by the ancient poets or composers. They went to villages to gather folktales and folksongs. This method made the people to understand that how rich their indigenous culture is and how was that culture being destroyed by the outside ruling forces. Thus, this was a good method to instill the seeds of patriotism in the hearts of the Indians.

• SONGS AND PAINTINGS: In 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed his famous song ‘Vande Mataram’ which almost became an iconic song for the Swadeshi movement. Abanindranth Tagore painted his famous ‘Bharat Maata’, who was actually portrayed like a Goddess who protects and nurtures the country and its fellow citizens.

43

• ICONS AND SYMBOLS: During the Swadeshi movement, a tricolor flag was designed which had eight lotuses, which was the symbolization of eight provinces of India, along with the presence of a crescent moon, represented the communal harmony between the Hindus and Muslims.

• REINTERPREATION OF HISTORY: The famous writers of that time started writing about the rich heritage of India in different arenas. This also was a good method to instill the seeds of patriotism in the hearts of the Indians.

Thus through all these methods, the people were motivated to actively come and participate in the freedom movement of India.

23. The advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic development. The above point can be justified by the following points:

• Trade helps to expand the market of the product it trades with.

• Trade is the vehicle for the transmission of ideas, technology and capital among different nations which ultimately leads to the economic development of a country.

• It helps in large foreign exchange generation which is highly useful for the country.

• Trade can help in increasing the production of different goods in the nation and creates huge employment opportunities.

44

Thus for all these reasons trade is known as the driver of economic development of a nation.

26. The five effective measures to reform political parties are listed as follows:

• A political party should sincerely follow its own constitution.

• There should be proper and adequate representations of women in the decision making bodies of the political parties. This can be done by maintaining quotas for women.

• The minimum qualification to be a member of a political party should be set at high school pass.

• Open elections should be made to the highest post.

• There should be a right of the citizens to put pressure on political parties through petitions, agitations and publicity.

Thus, if these measures are sincerely followed and maintained then a significant transformation can be brought about in the political parties of a country.

45

1. Satyagraha was a movement introduced by Mahatma Gandhi during the freedom movement of India. It was completely a non-violent movement focusing on truth. Agitation, protests were held similar to any freedom movement but the unique feature of it was that everything was done in a non-violent manner.

2. In igneous and metamorphic rocks the minerals are generally found in the cracks, faults, crevices or joints of these rocks. These minerals enter into the rocks in their liquid, molten or gaseous state when they are forced upwards through the cavities and towards the surface of the earth.

3. The phrase ‘transparency in democracy’ means that, any citizen who lives in a democratic nation, has the complete right to analyze, examine, investigate or assess whether the different laws, actions regulations, public policies and decisions undertaken by the various government bodies of the country are correct or incorrect and what whether the impact of these laws and decisions would stand out to be beneficial or harmful for them.

13. Minerals are unevenly distributed in India due to a variety of geological and geographical factors. Such factors are variation in geological structures, geological processes, differences in time required in formation of minerals and also because of the

Solutions (Set – 3)

46

topography of a particular region. For example in the peninsular parts of India mainly coal along with the metallic and non-metallic minerals are found. Petroleum deposits are found in Assam and Gujarat and also across coast of Mumbai. In the western and eastern sides of the peninsula, there are mainly the deposits of sedimentary rocks. Rajasthan has got good deposits of non-ferrous minerals. But the alluvial plains of India, like in the Gangetic plains, not minerals are not found in much abundance.

14. The following are the three important features of the Golden Quadrilateral’ Super Highways:

1. The roads constructed under this highway project are all six lane super highways which help in fast movement of the transport.

2. The North-South corridor under this project connects Srinagar in far north and Kanyakumari in extreme south.

3. The East-West corridor under this project connects Silchar in Assam in east and Porbandar in Gujarat in extreme west.

15. The role of opposition political parties in democracy can be classified into positive roles and negative roles. The positive roles performed by the opposition political parties are listed as follows:

1. They ensure misuse of power, position and authority is not done by the ruling part.

47

2. The opposition parties keep a strict vigilance on each and every functioning of the ruling party.

3. The opposition party exposes the faults and weaknesses of the ruling party.

Some of the negative effects caused by the opposition parties are:

1. It often tries to create a negative impression of the government in the minds of the people which is not a good thing for any country.

2. Often because of the retaliations and protests made by the opposition parties, smooth functioning of the government is disrupted.

22. The following measures were taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability:

1. He named the untouchables as ‘Harijan’, literally which means the children of god.

2. He himself cleaned the toilets to show that all humans are equal and the type of work one does, cannot make him or her as untouchable.

3. He undertook the Satyagraha movement with an objective that these untouchables get free and unrestricted entry into all places of the society.

Through these measures Gandhiji was successful in removing the problem of untouchability from the society to some extent.

48

23. The five factors affecting the location of industries in India are described below:

• Market: Markets provide the main outlets for selling the products produced by different industries. Thus, where the market is located, acts as a significant factor towards determining the location of the industries. For example, cotton textile industries are located near large market centers like Surat or Mumbai, where there is a large demand for cotton-made products. Similarly, petroleum refineries are seen to be located near the markets as the transport of crude oil is easier and several products derived from them are used as raw material in other industries. Koyali, Mathura and Barauni refineries are examples of such refineries of India.

• Transport: Transport plays a vital role too, in the location of industries. Initially after India got independence, all the major industries were set up in cities like Kolkata, Mumbai because these cities had adequate transportation facilities by roadways, railways and waterways. Later, industries were set up in other remote areas only when they were connected by roadways and railways. It is seen that all the major industries of India are located along the trunk rail routes.

• Power: Power is an important factor for the location of heavy industries in India because no heavy industry can function without a good, uninterrupted power supply. Without a good, uninterrupted power supply, no production unit can run and thus no output production would take place. Certain industries like aluminium are located near the power source because they require huge quantum of electricity regularly to function.

• Raw materials: Industries which use weight-losing raw materials are located near the sources of raw material. For example, sugar industry is located near the sugarcane

49

producing areas. This happens mainly because raw material can be easily transported to the industries before they perish out. Also, being located near the raw material source reduces the cost of transporting raw materials from the source to the industries.

• Labour supply: Cheap and abundant supply of labour helps in smooth production process and so the industries are located in areas which have abundant supply of cheap labour.

Thus all of these factors jointly determine the location of an industry in a particular region.

26. The statement that ‘No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations.’ Can be analyzed by the following points:

1. A country cannot choose on its own which system of parties it would follow.

2. It develops as per the socio-economic and cultural conditions of a nation.

3. The system of elections to choose the citizens’ representatives also plays a very significant role.

4. Political parties always mould their agenda according to the peoples’ requirements and the conditions in the country.

Thus one single party system cannot be termed as an ideal party system and that can be very well understood from the above given points.

2015-2019 (5 Sets)