caves southampton
TRANSCRIPT
Notes from the underground: Caves and people in the Mesolithic
and Neolithic Karst
Dimitrij Mlekuž Ghent University
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COURTY AND VALLVERDU
472 VOL. 16, NO. 5
short
standard
GEA(Wiley) LEFT BATCH
Figure 2. Schematic representation of a cave system showing the different processes involved in cavesediment formation and their sensitivity to climatic factors.
The context of these three sites during three periods allows us to develop amethod for recognizing diagnostic criteria for abrupt climate changes that allowsthese changes to be identified in the field and interpreted in terms of cause, dura-tion, and seasonal trend. These criteria relate to the properties of the sedimentfabrics that have recorded the combined effects of the climate-dependant sedi-mentary and pedogenic processes. In most cases, their significance in terms ofhydrologic and thermal regimes is unequivocal because both sets of processes arestrongly constrained by well-defined chemical and physical laws.
The petrography, mineralogy, and particle-size distribution of the fraction ! 20!m have been used to estimate the rate and nature of allogenic eolian input versusthe accumulation of locally eroded soils. This provides information on the type ofsoil cover in the wider landscape and, with the associated vegetation, the geomor-phic processes in action on these landscapes and the regional climatic factors(wind and rainfall regime). The rate of endogenous sediment production by cry-oclastic and freeze–thaw processes versus those resulting from biogenic coloni-zation of the cave walls, roof, and floor has been used to characterize the seasonalthermal regime. In addition, the intensity of evapotranspiration, an indicator ofseasonality, has also been estimated from the intensity of carbonate dissolutionversus precipitation of the sedimentation by-products accumulating on the cavefloor. The nature of the hydrologic regime has been interpreted from the properties
Caves: just sedimentary environments?
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What makes caves special?
How they act back on people?
What makes them different to open air locales?
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Affordances
”...the affordances of the environment are what it
offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill.
(Gibson 1979:127)
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from Binford 1980
Mobile individuals move across the landscape on their daily schedule. As they move they perceive
affordances...
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Hall, E. T. (1966) The Hidden Dimension.
Garden City (NY), Doubleday.
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Personal space/interpersonal distance
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from Binford 1978
intepresonal distance structures archaeological record!
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652 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
are listed. More-detailed accounts can be found inthe review articles and chapters mentioned earlier.
A P P L I C A T I O N S
In addition to studies in the technical literature, an-other test of the importance and durability of a con-cept lies in its application. How have professionalswhose concerns include interpersonal distance usedthe concept during the past 30 years? Several areasof application are identified.
DESIGN USES
Studies have attempted to define the optimal lay-out of furnishings for maintaining individuals’feelings of adequate space and for allowing peopleto regulate their interaction distance from others toreduce unwanted closeness. The PS concept hasbeen used in the design of offices, stores, banks,and other building types, but its greatest applica-bility is in mass transit and institutional settingswith fixed seating and little opportunity for per-sonal mobility. The U.S. space agency NASA used
Table 40.2Influences upon Interpersonal Distance: Summary of Research Findings
(!) decreases distance (+) increases distance(A > B) A has larger space than B
attractiveness: (!) (Gifford, 1996)acquaintanceship, friendship: (!) (Bell, Kline, & Barnard, 1988; Gifford, 1996)cooperation: (!) (Mehrabian, 1968; Tedesco & Fromme, 1974)similarity: (!) (Gifford, 1996)family cohesion: (!) (DeCarlo, Sandler, & Tit tler, 1981)dark glasses or eyes closed: (!) (Argyle & Dean, 1965)stigma: (+) (Conigliaro, Cullerton, Flynn, & Roeder, 1989; Stephens & Clark, 1987)threat, anxiety, insult: (+) (D. Albas & Albas, 1989; OÕNeal, Brunault, Carifio, Troutwine, & Epstein, 1980;Skorjanc, 1991)inappropriate staring: (+) (Tobiasen & Allen, 1983)mental disorder: (+) (Srivastava & Mandal, 1990; Gifford, 1996)child’s age: (+) (Larson & Lowe, 1990; Sigelman & Adams, 1990)smoking: (+) (Kunzendorf & Denny, 1982)approach angle: Side < front in terms of preferred distance in invasion studies; long distances in approach from therear are particularly marked in studies with violent offenders (Wormith, 1984).cultural factors: Most studies support HallÕs contention that people from contact cultures (Mediterranean and Latinbackgrounds) sit and stand closer together than people from noncontact Anglo Saxon cultures (Aiello, 1987).gender: Female pairs < male pairs (Daigle, 1996; Gifford, 1996). Findings with opposite sex pairs appear to dependon level of acquaintance or relationship (Bell et al., 1988).participants’ height: (+) (Caplan & Goldman, 1981)isolation: (+) (Worchel, 1986; Gifford & Sacilotto, 1993)environmental variables: Studies have been done on the effects of room size and shape, location in the room, androom density (Evans, Lepore, & Schroeder, 1996), ceiling height (Cochran & Urbanczyk, 1982), indoors versus out-doors (Cochran, Hale, & Hissam, 1984), and lighting (Adams & Zuckerman, 1991).personality variables: Researchers have examined the relationship between PS and numerous personality variables.Gifford (1996) provides a good review of the studies. Probably the most consistent findings are that people who are ex-troverted, field dependent, affiliative, and cooperative tend to interact at a closer distance than those who areanxious, maladjusted, and introverted. A favorable attitude toward touching is also associated with reduced personalspace (Andersen & Sull, 1985).
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Caves are 3D environments and
they impose certain constraint on how people occupy space,
move and interact with other people.
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from Turnbull 1965
Flexibility of an open air camp
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House
after Bourdieu 1972
By erecting architecture, people build their social
relations in material form.
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Maltese temples
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Predjama Castle, Slovenia
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Adriatic
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The Karst plateau (Kras in Slovenian, Karst in German
and Carso in Italian) is a limestone
landscape that rises above the Trieste
bay (in the Adriatic Sea).
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Adriatic
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Pejca na Sedlu/Grotta Benussi
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Grotta Benussi/Pejca na Sedlu
What does it afford that an open air locale
do not?
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Animal PeopleJanet Kigusiuq
Baker Lake, 1981Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Miracle 2001, 2002
Mesolithic feast in Pupićina Cave (Istria)
! 61 !
Darko KOM!O THE MESOLITHIC IN CROATIA Opusc.archaeol. 30, 55-92, 2006.
koji se interpretiraju kao dio lovnog inventara (oko 10%), te visoka u!estalost transformacijskih alatki. Relativno se !esto javljaju mikrodubila.
tools, dispersed remains of human bones, consider-able animal remains, 100 pierced marine and fresh water shells, pierced animal teeth used as amulets and numerous other materials were collected.
Another reason for the importance of Pupi"ina Cave is the high number of absolute dates,4 which establish human residence at this site during the early Mesolithic, i.e. between 10000 and 7500 BP (calibrated).A characteristic lithic assemblage is the low fre-quency of backed points and backed bladelets, interpreted as a component of the hunting inven-tory (approximately 10%), and the high frequency of maintenance tools. Microburins appear quite frequently. #e raw materials used to make stone tools were gathered regionally, in the Reka Valley in Slovenia. Analysis of faunal remains indicates the existence of various subsistence strategies which were based on hunting game and gathering terres-trial and marine snails, marine shellfish and plants.
Slika 1. Ulaz u Pupi"inu pe" (fotografija: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 1. Entrance to Pupi"ina Cave (photograph: Preston T. Miracle).
Slika 3. Pupi"ina pe" – sjeverni profil (izrada: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 3. Pupi"ina Cave – northern profile (drawn by: Preston T. Miracle).
Slika 2. Tlocrt i presjek Pupi"ine pe"i (izrada: Preston T. Miracle).Figure 2. Layout and cross-section of Pupi"ina Cave (drawn by: Preston T. Miracle).
4 I would like to thank Preston T. Miracle, Ph.D. for granting permission to publish the as-yet unreleased absolute date of 8660±130 BP (Beta-188920) for layer 610 B.
opuscula 30 book.indb 61 25.2.2008 13:42:05
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David Lewis-Williams 2004.The Mind in the
Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art.
Thames and Hudson
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Neolithic caves
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Neolithic: 5500-4000 BCE
Specialised herds80 %
5 %
3 %
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0 20 40 60
020
40
60
80
100
Caput Adriae Combined
age in months
% s
urv
ived
inf iuv subadult adult
milk
meat
Phase 1 (N=10)
Phase 2 (N=61)
Phase 3 (N=49)
Phase 4 (N=6)
Mainly meat
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Domestic herd
at least 120 animals
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Stenašca
Mitrej
?
Yearly round
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stones can make people docile and knowable
M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 1977
”
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Corrals, pens, folds ...containers for animals (and sometimes people) are technology of power
from Cribb 1991Wednesday, March 2, 2011
sensory motor conducts associated with
containment: entering, leaving, maintaining the limits, forming a queue,
forming a group, preventing the transit of
substances ...
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Mala Triglavca
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2m
N
Dry stone wall (Eneolithic?)
Dry stone wall
Mala Triglavca
a flock of around 120 sheep can fit with enough
space for several
people to sleep or perform
daily activities
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unintended consequence: new hybrid society emerge, consisting of humans and non humans alike.
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7500 cal BP
Podmol
from Turk et al. 1993
Life history of a cave: unfolding of the relations with humans and non
humans
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from Montagnari Kokelj et al. 2002
deposition practices:control of flow of
substance into and out of cave, separating things that belong
together from those which do not
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Brochier 2002
a b c d
practical reasons for burning dung: to reduce the volume of manure deposits, or the disinfection of caves to protect
the animals from parasites in the dung
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Miracle 2006
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!"#$%&'!()!*'+,!-,.'!/-&0,1#,23!45,6'&78,9':!facies3!/;'1!<,=>!#=!8?23!
The stuff of memory
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caves: places of condensed sociality
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