Caves, caverns and the underground world...

By Noah Madden.

Intro...

Have you ever wondered about whats inside of a cave?

Well if you decide to watch this report done by me, Noah

Madden you might just find out.......

How caves are formed.

✦Most caves are carved out by running water, such as underground rivers.

✦Many caves still have water deposits in them.

✦Some water deposits in caves can be thousands of years old.

✦Other caves are made of empty magma chambers.

The cave of crystals.

This cave is located in Mexico and is full of 36 feet long beams of gypsum.

recently microbes dating back to near the beginning of life were found frozen in the crystals.

Crystal cave video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeiMfLmJtzk

life in the cavernsNot many creatures live in caves or caverns,but those that do are suited for the extreme.

Some creatures such as th cave crayfish have long lives, it is known to live as long as 175 years.

Life of the cave dwellers

Because of the caves lightless environment many creatures such as Olms have no eyes.

locations of the crystal cave in mexico

the giant crystal cave in mexico is located 1,000 feet under the city of Naica.

Spelunking

Spelunking is the art of exploring caves.

Catacombs......

Caves have been frequently used in history.

One example are catacombs: caves being used as tombs.

Bats.....

bats are one of the best known cave dwellers.

they are nocturnal animals;they sleep at night.

Bats are the only flying mammals.

Cavemen.....

Cavemen are named as they are because early cavemen lived in caves.

The caves provided a lot for the cavemen, shelter, storage space, a camp ground and other things.

The bones of 19 women and 25 children were found there.

Historians think that over 1000 people hid in the caves during an viking attack, and fires were set at the entrance to drive people out.Men were enslaved and the women and children were left to die.

CAve stories:Dunmore caves ; Ireland.

Minerals in caves........

Many minerals are found in caves such as gold and limestone as well as calcite and Gypsum.

Stalagmites and stalactites...........

Stalagmites and stalactites are rock formations made by the dripping water moving minerals to form pillar like structures.

Cave drawings.......

Cave walls have told us a lot about history. How? Cave drawings!!!!!!

Were drawn by early humans on the walls of caves.

Dangers of caves......

Caves may be cool, but they have many dangers.They can collapse at any moment and some are filled with poisonous fumes.

Famous cave explorers......

People have been exploring caves for a long time.

One of These people was Stephen Bishop, a mixed race slave.He was one of the lead guides and explorers in the discovery of Mammoth cave

The fear of caves........

The fear of caves is called Speluncaphobia.

20

Thanks for watching my report, I hope you learned something new...

Goodbye!

Bibliography

10 cave animals: MNN - Mother Nature Network

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gs_rn=12&gs_ri=psy-ab&gs_mss=cave+danf&cp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bishop_(cave_explorer

)

Bibliography

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_fear_of_caves_called

national geographic news giant crystal cave comes to light.com

Wikepedia.com /caves