cavalry regimental beer...

5
Cavalry Regimental Beer Steins By: Ron Heiligenstein Before the Great War (1914 - 1918) the cavalry of the Imperial German and Royal Bavarian Armies* could be divided into two categories, specifically the heavy cav- alry and the light cavalry. This is the sec- ond of a two part series that will discuss light cavalry regiments and describe some regimental steins that were named to those regiments. The light cavalry included twenty-one Hussar Regiments, twenty-six Ulan Regiments (twenty-four Imperial German and two Bavarian), thirteen Mounted Rifle Regiments and eight Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiments. The twenty-eight Dragoon Regiments are also classified as light cavalry in this two part series, although at certain times before the Eighteenth Century they were designated heavy cavalry. When reading the history of the various branches of the cavalry, the author sug- gests that readers not simply assume that Imperial Germany and Bavaria were engaged in one war after another during the Nineteenth Century, for the fact is when regimental steins were most popu- lar (1890 - 1914), Imperial Germany and Bavaria had been at peace in Europe for over forty years. PART TWO – THE LIGHT CAVALRY Dragoon Regiments Historically, Dragoon Regiments were considered to be mounted infantry, trained to fight on foot, but transported by horse. The name dragoon is derived from the name of the weapon they carried, a short musket that was called a dragon. Over the years the Dragoons slowly evolved and by the time of Friedrich II (The Great) they would be classified as medium cavalry, positioned somewhere between the heavy cavalry and light cav- alry. By the middle of the Nineteenth Century the Dragoons were more like light cavalry, but they never developed the élan so often associated with the Hussars or Ulans. Their uniforms were similar to the infantry and their horses, while certainly adequate, were not as highly spirited as those of the Hussars or Ulans. Regardless, the Dragoon’s mili- tary service during the Napoleonic Wars in 1813, 1814 and 1815, the Seven Week’s War with Austria in 1866, as well as the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and 1872 was exemplary. This regimental stein, originally owned by Heinrich Schrader (figure 13), is named to the 2nd Guard Dragoon Regiment Empress Alexandra of Russia. Schrader fulfilled his active military duty in Berlin from 1909 to 1912. His regiment was raised 7th May 1860 and Alexandra, the former Princess Irene of Hessen- Darmstadt, had her name added to the regiment’s unit designation on 16th May 1896. The finial is a large leaping horse and rider and the thumblift is a crowned Prussian eagle with a gold colored guard star held in its beak. The eagle is sitting on a ball with a stanhope containing a small photo of the 12:30 “changing of the guard” in front of the Royal Palace in Berlin. On the face is the typical leaping horse and rider, seen in parade dress, over a shoulder strap with a Russian crown and a large stylized “A” for the Empress Alexandra. On the sides are four “late type” training scenes. The stein has the mark of the Merkelbach & Wick firm of Grenzhausen. The unit designa- tion is found just above the double roster under the handle, an unusual placement. Reservist Erb’s regimental stein indicates that he served in the Magdeburg Dragoon Regiment No. 6 and was garrisoned with his regiment at Mainz from 1907 to 1910 (figure 14). The finial on Erb’s stein is a relatively small leaping horse and rider and the thumblift is the flat spread-winged eagle, so often seen on regimental steins from those “states” that were part of Prussia before the unification in 1871. On the stein’s face is a typical leaping horse and rider in parade dress, over the 6th Dragoon’s black shoulder strap, between Prussian and Imperial German flags. On the right is a large scene of a squadron of charging Dragoons. On the left is a large farewell scene and in the background a steamboat is passing under the Rhein River Bridge at Mainz. The upper frieze band has diagonal stripes in the Prussian colors, black and white, running left to right, and the lower frieze band has the Imperial German colors black, white and red, running in the opposite direction, which is also somewhat unusual. The regimental beer stein that originally belonged to Reservist Schröter is named to the Kürmark Dragoon Regiment No. 14 (figure 15). Schröter was garrisoned with his regiment at Colmar in Alsace from 1903 to 1906. Alsace was ceded to Germany as part of the reparations imposed on France after the Franco- Prussian War. It was not unusual for regi- ments from central Germany, such as the Kurmärk Dragoons, to be garrisoned in regions that were once part of France. figure 13 figure 14 Page 1912 December 2005

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Page 1: Cavalry Regimental Beer Steinsstein-collectors.org/Members/private/PrositArticles/200512Prosit... · The regimental beer stein originally owned by Reservist Martini was named to the

Cavalry Regimental Beer

Steins

By: Ron Heiligenstein

Before the Great War (1914 - 1918) the

cavalry of the Imperial German and Royal

Bavarian Armies* could be divided into

two categories, specifically the heavy cav-

alry and the light cavalry. This is the sec-

ond of a two part series that will discuss

light cavalry regiments and describe

some regimental steins that were named

to those regiments.

The light cavalry included twenty-one

Hussar Regiments, twenty-six Ulan

Regiments (twenty-four Imperial German

and two Bavarian), thirteen Mounted Rifle

Regiments and eight Bavarian Light

Cavalry Regiments. The twenty-eight

Dragoon Regiments are also classified as

light cavalry in this two part series,

although at certain times before the

Eighteenth Century they were designated

heavy cavalry.

When reading the history of the various

branches of the cavalry, the author sug-

gests that readers not simply assume that

Imperial Germany and Bavaria were

engaged in one war after another during

the Nineteenth Century, for the fact is

when regimental steins were most popu-

lar (1890 - 1914), Imperial Germany and

Bavaria had been at peace in Europe for

over forty years.

PART TWO – THE LIGHT CAVALRY

Dragoon Regiments

Historically, Dragoon Regiments were

considered to be mounted infantry,

trained to fight on foot, but transported by

horse. The name dragoon is derived from

the name of the weapon they carried, a

short musket that was called a dragon.

Over the years the Dragoons slowly

evolved and by the time of Friedrich II

(The Great) they would be classified as

medium cavalry, positioned somewhere

between the heavy cavalry and light cav-

alry. By the middle of the Nineteenth

Century the Dragoons were more like

light cavalry, but they never developed

the élan so often associated with the

Hussars or Ulans. Their uniforms were

similar to the infantry and their horses,

while certainly adequate, were not as

highly spirited as those of the Hussars or

Ulans. Regardless, the Dragoon’s mili-

tary service during the Napoleonic Wars

in 1813, 1814 and 1815, the Seven

Week’s War with Austria in 1866, as well

as the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and

1872 was exemplary.

This regimental stein, originally owned by

Heinrich Schrader (figure 13), is named to

the 2nd Guard Dragoon Regiment

Empress Alexandra of Russia. Schrader

fulfilled his active military duty in Berlin

from 1909 to 1912. His regiment was

raised 7th May 1860 and Alexandra, the

former Princess Irene of Hessen-

Darmstadt, had her name added to the

regiment’s unit designation on 16th May

1896. The finial is a large leaping horse

and rider and the thumblift is a crowned

Prussian eagle with a gold colored guard

star held in its beak. The eagle is sitting

on a ball with a stanhope containing a

small photo of the 12:30 “changing of the

guard” in front of the Royal Palace in

Berlin. On the face is the typical leaping

horse and rider, seen in parade dress,

over a shoulder strap with a Russian

crown and a large stylized “A” for the

Empress Alexandra. On the sides are

four “late type” training scenes. The stein

has the mark of the Merkelbach & Wick

firm of Grenzhausen. The unit designa-

tion is found just above the double roster

under the handle, an unusual placement.

Reservist Erb’s regimental stein indicates

that he served in the Magdeburg Dragoon

Regiment No. 6 and was garrisoned with

his regiment at Mainz from 1907 to 1910

(figure 14). The finial on Erb’s stein is a

relatively small leaping horse and rider

and the thumblift is the flat spread-winged

eagle, so often seen on regimental steins

from those “states” that were part of

Prussia before the unification in 1871. On

the stein’s face is a typical leaping horse

and rider in parade dress, over the 6th

Dragoon’s black shoulder strap, between

Prussian and Imperial German flags. On

the right is a large scene of a squadron of

charging Dragoons. On the left is a large

farewell scene and in the background a

steamboat is passing under the Rhein

River Bridge at Mainz. The upper frieze

band has diagonal stripes in the Prussian

colors, black and white, running left to

right, and the lower frieze band has the

Imperial German colors black, white and

red, running in the opposite direction,

which is also somewhat unusual.

The regimental beer stein that originally

belonged to Reservist Schröter is named

to the Kürmark Dragoon Regiment No. 14

(figure 15). Schröter was garrisoned with

his regiment at Colmar in Alsace from

1903 to 1906. Alsace was ceded to

Germany as part of the reparations

imposed on France after the Franco-

Prussian War. It was not unusual for regi-

ments from central Germany, such as the

Kurmärk Dragoons, to be garrisoned in

regions that were once part of France.

figure 13

figure 14Page 1912

December 2005

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ing, drinking swashbucklers, which at

times was probably well deserved. They

wore the most colorful uniforms, styled

like the Hungarian Hussars. Their “Attila”

tunics had gold braiding across the chest

and gold knots on the sleeves. The

pelisse was an over-jacket also with gold

braiding across the chest that was worn

hanging on the left shoulder. On their

heads they wore their traditional black

sealskin, cylindrical shaped busbies

(Pelzmützen) with small colored bags that

hung over the sides and oval cockades

on the fronts that displayed their “state’s”

colors.

This tall (13 inches) regimental stein

named to the Bodyguard Squadron of the

Guard Hussar Regiment was originally

owned by Lance Corporal (Gefreiter)

Tiedemann, who was garrisoned at

Potsdam from 1912 to 1915 (figure 16).

The finial is a rather large leaping horse

and a Hussar in parade dress. There is a

stanhope in the horse’s head and a pen-

dant hangs from the fence over which the

horse is jumping. The thumblift is a

crowned Prussian spread-winged eagle

with a guard star hanging from its beak.

On the stein’s face is a Guard Hussar on

his leaping horse over a decorative sabre-

tache with a monogram “WR” for Wilhelm

Rex, or Wilhelm II. To the right of the

sabretache is an oval with a picture of

Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, in a Hussar’s

uniform. Wilhelm II succeeded his father

Friedrich III as Colonel-in-Chief of the

Guard Hussars on 15th June 1888, the

The finial on Schröter’s stein is a leaping

horse with the rider in parade dress. The

thumblift is a crowned Prussian eagle

standing on a ball. The front scene and

right side scene are almost identical to

those on Reservist Erb’s stein (figure 14).

The scene on the left is a large farewell

scene with a small town in the back-

ground, much like Colmar probably was in

1906.

Hussar Regiments

The origin of the Hussars dates back to

the Serbian defeat at the Battle of Kosovo

in 1389. A century later in 1485, King

Corvinus’ Hungarian Hussars successful-

ly fought against the Turks. Much later,

without their own light cavalries, the

“character” of the Hungarian Hussars

spread westward to Austria, France and

several German “states.” Friedrich II (The

Great) was very impressed with the

“style” of Austria’s cavalry, so he sent

General von Zieten to Austria to learn the

ways of the Austrian Hussars. Zieten was

such a good student that upon returning,

he led the Prussian Cavalry to victories

over the Austrians in 1757 and again in

1760 during the Seven Years War. From

that time on the Hussar’s standing within

the military establishment continued to

grow unti l the turn of the Twentieth

Century when military technology, specifi-

cally machine guns, ultimately caught up

with all branches of the cavalry. The

Hussars had the reputation of being dash-

same day his father died. The oval left of

the sabretache has a picture of Prince

Leopold of Prussia wearing a parade uni-

form of the Regiment of the Garde du

Corps. On the sides are four small “late

type” farewell and field training scenes.

Reservist Gorisch’s regimental stein was

named to the Hussar Regiment von

Zieten (Brandenburg) No. 3. He was gar-

risoned with his regiment at Rathenow

from 1905 to 1908 (figure 17). Because of

its participation in every important battle

involving the Prussian Army during the

Nineteenth Century the regiment’s reputa-

tion was such that they were simply

called, the Zieten Hussars. As was men-

tioned, Zieten was a heroic cavalry gener-

al during the Seven Years War. King

Wilhelm I of Prussia honored this highly

acclaimed regiment by adding the Zieten

name to the unit’s designation on 3rd

November 1861. The finial is a leaping

horse with a Hussar in parade dress and

the thumblift is the spread-winged

Prussian eagle on a ball with a stanhope

containing a photo of the Elector’s Bridge.

On the stein’s face is a Zieten Hussar in

parade dress on his prancing horse.

Below is a black sabretache with a royal

crown and monogram “FWR” for King

Friedrich Wilhelm, between Imperial

German and Prussian flags. On the right

is a large scene of a squadron of charging

Zieten Hussars and on the left, a large

farewell scene.

figure 15

figure 16

figure 17

Page 1913

December 2005

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The regimental beer stein originally

owned by Reservist Martini was named to

the Magdeburg Hussar Regiment No. 10

(figure 18). Martini was garrisoned with

this regiment from 1907 to 1910 at

Stendal, which is thirty miles north of

Magdeburg on the Elbe River. His regi-

ment was raised as the Elbe National

Hussar Regiment on 19th November

1813, but after four intervening changes,

was finally designated the Magdeburg

Hussar Regiment No. 10 on 7th May

1861. The finial is a small Hussar in

parade dress on a leaping horse and the

thumblift is the crowned Prussian eagle

sitting on a ball. On the face of Martini’s

stein is a Hussar wearing his green

“Attila” tunic on a leaping horse, over an

oval containing a picture of Emperor

Wilhelm II in an officer’s green tunic. Left

of the Wilhelm II oval is a smaller oval

with an Imperial German Eagle (Reich’s

Adler) and on the right, there is an oval

with the monogram “FWR” for Friedrich

Wilhelm Rex, or King Friedrich Wilhelm.

The upper and lower frieze bands have

black and white stripes, the colors of

Prussia. On the sides are four “late type”

farewell and training scenes.

Ulan Regiments

Ulan was a Polish word given to

Lithuanian lancers when their lands were

assimilated into Poland in the early part of

the Eighteenth Century. One-hundred

years later when Prussia reorganized its

army, they included Ulan Regiments in

their cavalry. In 1815 six Prussian Ulan

Regiments were at the Battle of Waterloo.

And by 1914, there were twenty-four

Imperial German and two Bavarian Ulan

Regiments in those armies. The Ulans

wore the rather distinctive Polish helmet

called a tschapska, which had a small

black leather “mortar board” top which

was attached to the helmet’s crown by a

narrow stem. Their short double breasted

tunics had a double row of buttons to

which could be attached a changeable

cloth (plastron) in the regiment’s colors for

parades or other special events. The

Ulans carried a 10.5 foot wooden or tubu-

lar steel lance, the same as those carried

by other branches of the cavalry, except

for the lance pennons, which were in

each regiment’s “state” colors.

The regimental beer stein that was origi-

nally owned by Otto Hucke was named to

the 3rd Guard Ulan Regiment which was

garrisoned in Potsdam. Hucke served

there with his regiment from 1907 to

1910. (figure 19) The finial on Hucke’s

stein is an Ulan in parade dress on a

leaping horse and the thumblift is a

crowned Prussian eagle that is holding a

guard star in its beak. The eagle sits on a

ball with a stanhope containing a picture

of a young girl dressed up as a cavalry

officer, with a helmet, sword and riding

boots, but wearing a young girl’s short

dress. On the face of the stein are three

Ulans on prancing horses with the

Brandenburg Gate conspicuous in the

background, above an epaulet and a sil-

ver horseshoe, between Prussian and

Imperial German flags. The lower frieze

band surrounds the base with oak leaves

and acorns intersected by black, white

and red stripes, all in relief. There are

only sixteen names listed on the roster at

the stein’s handle.

Reservist Glassmacher’s relatively tall

regimental stein (14 inches) was named

to the Ulan Regiment Grand Duke

Friedrich of Baden (Rhenish) No. 7. He

was garrisoned at Saarbrücken from 1910

to 1913 (figure 20). Grand Duke Friedrich

of Baden was named honorary Colonel-

in-Chief of this regiment on 20th July

1852. The large finial is an Ulan in parade

dress, his lance held upright, on a leaping

horse with a stanhope in its head. The

thumblift is a flat Prussian eagle. On the

face of Glassmacher’s stein is a mounted

Ulan over a cartouche containing a pic-

ture of Emperor Wilhelm II in the uniform

of an Ulan officer. Around the base are

oak and laurel leaves intersected by

black, white and red stripes, all in relief.

The upper and lower frieze bands also

have oak leaves intersected by the

Imperial German colors, black, white and

figure 18

figure 19

figure 20

Page 1914

December 2005

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(Meldreiter Abteilungen) which were

authorized on 30th March 1895. They

were attached to various army corps loca-

tions where they acted as mounted couri-

ers, freeing-up cavalry units that were

previously being used for this purpose.

Beginning in 1901, those small detach-

ments were expanded into regiment size

units and brigaded with various other cav-

alry regiments of the Imperial German

Army. The Royal Bavarian Army had no

Mounted Rifle Regiments as of 1914,

since they used Light Cavalry Regiments

(Chevauleger) as their couriers.

Inasmuch as all the Mounted Rifle

Regiments were raised after 1895 they

obviously did not participate in the

European wars of the Nineteenth

Century.

Reservist Sohn’s Mounted Rifle 6th

Squadron was garrisoned in Posen where

he was stationed from 1901 to 1904. (fig-

ure 22) The finial sitting atop the bell

shaped l id on this stein is a small

Mounted Rifleman holding a sword in his

right hand, on a leaping horse. The thum-

blift is a flat, spread-wing Prussian eagle.

On the face is a Mounted Rifleman wear-

ing a gray-green tunic and a black “lob-

ster tail” style helmet. Below this is a

green shoulder strap with the Roman

numeral six (VI), between Imperial

German and Prussian flags. The scene

on the right shows a Mounted Rifleman

whipping his horse as he attempts to

red. On the sides are four “late type”

farewell and field training scenes. The

name of the stein’s decorator, Emil

Wagner of Saarbrücken, is found at the

bottom end of the handle.

This tall (13 inches) regimental stein was

owned by Reservist Bambauer who was

garrisoned at Bamberg from 1904 to 1907

with the Royal Bavarian 1st Ulan

Regiment Emperor Wilhelm II, King of

Prussia (figure 21). The finial is an Ulan in

parade dress on a leaping horse and the

thumblift is a Bavarian rampant lion hold-

ing a plain shield. This regiment was

raised as the Royal Bavarian 1st Ulan

Regiment on 21st December 1863 and

Wilhem II’s name was added to the unit

designation on 19th June 1888, just two

days after he became Emperor of

Germany. The regiment fought against

Prussia at Hammelberg in 1866, but with

Prussia in several battles just four years

later during the Franco-Prussian War,

including Sedan where Napoleon III sur-

rendered the French Army of Châlons.

On the stein’s face is a large picture of an

Ulan on a leaping horse over an oval with

a picture of Wilhelm II in an Ulan officer’s

uniform. On the right is a large scene of a

squadron of charging Ulans and on the

left is a typical farewell scene with a small

town in the background.

Mounted Rifle Regiments

Mounted Rifle Regiments (Jäger-

Regiment zu Pferde) evolved from small,

squadron size messenger detachments

leave the young woman who is desper-

ately hanging onto the horse’s tail. On

the left is a large farewell scene with a

small town in the background. There

were only thirty-six men in Sohn’s

squadron.

The regimental beer stein that originally

belonged to Reservist Rocker was named

to the Mounted Rifle 7th Squadron.

Rocker was garrisoned at Friedrichsfeld

from 1901 to 1904. (figure 23) The finial

on this stein is a Mounted Rifleman with-

out a lance or a sword, on a horse jump-

ing over a fence. On the face of Rocker’s

stein is a very large scene of a Mounted

Rifleman saying farewell to his girl friend,

with the bugler blowing his horn in the

background. The Mounted Rifleman is

wearing a gray-green tunic and black

“lobster tail” style helmet. On the right is

a large bivouac scene and on the left is a

farewell scene with a departing train

found in the background.

Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiments

Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiments

(Chevauleger) were very similar to the

Dragoons in purpose, but more like the

Ulans in dress. They carried the standard

lance and rode their adequate horses, but

similar to the Ulans, they wore double

breasted tunics with the detachable (plas-

tron) front for parades and other special

events. Unlike the Ulans, however, their

figure 21

figure 22

figure 23

Page 1915

December 2005

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helmets were the spiked Picklehauben

rather than the “mortar board” style

tschapska. In French, Chevauleger liter-

ally means - light horse. The Bavarians

adopted this term for their light cavalry on

1st January 1790, when the French

Cavalry was considered the model for

others to emulate. In 1811 there were six

Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiments and in

1914, there were just eight regiments.

Reservist Schmitt’s tall (13 inches) regi-

mental stein is named to the Royal

Bavarian 3rd Light Cavalry Regiment

Duke Karl Theodor. Schmitt was gar-

risoned with his regiment at Dieuze

(Lorraine) from 1911 to 1914. (figure 24)

The finial on this stein is a large Light

Cavalryman in parade dress on a leaping

horse and the thumblift is the crowned

Bavarian rampant lion holding a shield.

This regiment, originally raised as a

Dragoon regiment in 1724, was designat-

ed a Light Cavalry Regiment in 1825 and

was awarded the Duke Karl Theodor title

on 12th December 1895. That day,

General of the Cavalry Duke Karl

Theodor of Bavaria was also named hon-

orary Colonel-in-Chief (Inhaber) of the

regiment. The regiment fought against

France from 1813 to 1815, against

Prussia in the Seven Weeks War in 1866

and four years later in 1870 and 1871

with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War.

On the face of Schmitt’s regimental stein

is the picture of a Light Cavalryman on a

leaping horse, with the regiment’s bar-

racks in the background. Under this is a

peach colored shoulder strap between an

oval on the right containing the image of

Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria and an oval

on the left with a picture of Prince Regent

Luitpold of Bavaria.

The regimental stein originally belonging

to Light Cavalryman Vilsmeier was

named to the Royal Bavarian 2nd Light

Cavalry Regiment Taxis. Vilsmeier was

garrisoned with his regiment at Dillingen

from 1904 to 1907. (figure 25) This regi-

ment was raised on 29th June 1682 along

with the 1st Light Cavalry Regiment, mak-

ing them the two oldest cavalry regiments

in the Bavarian Army. The name Taxis in

the unit designation refers to the family

Turn und Taxis of Regensburg, probably

one of the wealthiest families in Europe

that at one time owned the Holy Roman

Empire Postal System. The regiment

fought against France from 1813 to 1815,

against Prussia in the Seven Weeks War

in 1866 and four years later with Prussia

in 1870 and 1871, in the Franco-Prussian

War. The finial on this stein is a Light

Cavalryman on a leaping horse and the

thumblift is a crowned Bavarian rampant

lion. On the face is a Light Cavalryman

on a leaping horse over a cartouche con-

taining a picture of Colonel Albert Maria

Lamoral, Prince of Turn und Taxis, who

was named the honorary Colonel-in-Chief

of the regiment on 26th July 1885. On

the right is a large scene of a charging

Light Cavalry Squadron. On the left is a

farewell scene with a tall church steeple

in the background.

Epilogue:

Without question, the Imperial German

and Royal Bavarian Cavalries were the

most conspicuous branches of their

respective armies. They had earned their

reputations for gallantry in the wars of the

Nineteenth Century. And all those men in

their parade uniforms certainly did turn

heads, especially the young ladies’. But it

did not last. As mentioned, Twentieth

Century technology had finally caught-up

with the cavalry, and when war did come

in 1914, those young men most likely

could be found in their grey uniforms in

the trenches, knee deep in the mud, in an

extended war of attrition. What a dramat-

ic change from better times before the

war - times when they were universally

acclaimed, and times when beer steins

were popular souvenirs among the young

men completing their military training.

Yes, what a dramatic change that must

have been!

* For an explanation as to the rational for

distinguishing between the Imperial

German and Royal Bavarian Armies,

please refer to the asterisk at the end of

Part One of this two part series that

appeared in the September issue of

Prosit.

References:

(The) Cavalry, James Lawford,

Indianapolis, IN, USA

Cuirassiers and Heavy Cavalry, D.S.V.

Fosten, London, UK

Formationsgeschichte und

Stellenbesetzung, Günter Wegner,

Osnabrück, D

Hussars and Mounted Rifles,

D.H.Hagger, New Malden, UK

Lancers and Dragoons, R.J. Marrion,

London, UK

Regimental Beer Steins, 1890-1914, R.

Ron Heiligenstein, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Regimental Steins, Major John L. Harrell,

Ret., Frederick, MD, USA

Ruhmeshalle Unserer Alten Armee, Dr.

Martin Lezius, Leipzig, D

(The) Soldier Kings: The House of

Hohenzollern, Walter Henry Nelson,

London, UK

figure 24

figure 25

Page 1916

December 2005