causes of the american revolution and the war for independence
TRANSCRIPT
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
THE AFTERMATH OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• TREATY OF PARIS 1763– PONTIAC’S REBELLION– PROCLAMATION OF 1763
• THE DEBT:• PARLIAMENT’S PROPOSAL TO AMERICA
– SUGAR ACT 1764—Lord George Grenville• INDIRECT TAX• SUGAR, COFFEE, MOLASSES• CRACKDOWN ON SMUGGLERS-ADMIRALTY COURTS “Writs of Assistance”• TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
– STAMP ACT 1765—Lord Grenville• SUGAR ACT DID NOT BRING ENOUGH MONEY TO PAY DEBT OR PAY TROOPS
STATIONED IN WILDERNESS.• DIRECT TAX ON ALL OFFICIALLY PRINTED DOCUMENTS• STAMP ACT CONGRESS (9/13)• SONS OF LIBERTY• COLONIALWIDE BOYCOTT
– DECLARATORY ACT• STAMP ACT REPEALED
– TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767 (PITT PRIME MINISTER)—(Lord Charles Townshend)• INDIRECT TAX-glass, lead, paper, paint and tea• BOARD OF CUSTOMS COMMISSIONERS• CIRCULAR LETTER—2 REGIMENTS TO BOSTON
TENSIONS MOUNT 1770
• 1768=1000 TROOPS SENT TO BOSTON.-NEWSPAPER STIRRED UP TROUBLES.-REGULATORS IN SC 1769
• BOSTON MASSACRE MARCH 5, 1770– 5 died,– Br. soldiers charged with murder,– 2 found guilty of manslaughter.
• TOWNSHEND ACTS REPEALED EXCEPT ON TEA– LORD HILLSBOROUGH—”no more taxes”– 2ND WILKES CRISIS– PLACEMEN
• TEA ACT 1773– Bail-out for the Br. East India Tea Co.
• BOSTON TEA PARTY DEC. 16, 1773• COERCIVE ACTS (INTOLERABLE ACTS)
– Boston Port Act– Massachusetts Government Act– Quartering Act– Administration of Justice Act– Quebec Act
SHOT HEARD “ROUND THE WORLD” American Revolution Begins:
• 1773 COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE FORMED
• Sept. 1774--1st CONTINENTAL CONGRESS• April 1775—BATTLES OF LEXINGTON AND
CONCORD
THE FIRST MAJOR BATTLES
• May 1775--2ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
• May 1775--FT. TICONDEROGA• June 1775--BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL• Mar. 1776--DORCHESTER HEIGHTS• Jan. 1776– Thomas Paine “Common
Sense”• Feb. 1776-Continental Army invades
Quebec.• (Richard Montgomery, Benedict Arnold)• June 1776--1st CHARLESTON• Mar-July 1776--DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE– Resolution: Richard Henry Lee– Committee—T. Jefferson, J. Adams, B.
Franklin, R. Sherman, R. Livingstone– Approved July 2, 1776, Signed July 4, 1776
Declaration of Independence
THE BRITISH RETURN
• Late July 1776 British Redcoats return to America30,000 strong under Gen. William HoweCapture NYC, chase Gen. Washington out of NY, across NJ
into Pa.Americans deserted by the 100s
• AMERICA’S DARKEST HOUR– Thomas Paine’s “Sunshine Patriot” American Crisis
published.
• TRENTON AND PRINCETON– Trenton, NJ: Hessians-- Christmas 1776– Princeton, NJ: Br. Regulars-- Jan. 1777
BRITISH PLAN TO WIN THE WAR: 1777
4 SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS: Spring and Summer 1777
Gen. John Burgoyne from Montreal
Col. St. Leger, IroquoisUnder Joseph Brant andTories from Canada.
Gen. Clinton to Ft. West Point from NYC.
Gen. William Howe to capture Philadelphiafrom NYC.
RESULTS OF THE PLANCol. St. Leger-- defeated at Ft. Stanwick by Benedict Arnold.
Gen. Howe defeated Gen. Washington twice, captures Philadelphia. (Germantown and Brandywine Creek)Washington retreated to Valley Forge, Pa.
Gen. Clinton never left NYC. (Feared George Washington was close-by)
Gen. Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. Largest Br. defeat of the war. 1. France agreed to Treaty of Alliance, recognizing American
independence. 2. England asked for peace with semi-autonomy for America. 3. Increased American morale 4. Holland declared war on England 5. Spain declared war on England. 6. Gen. Howe resigned, replaced by Gen. Clinton
AMERICAN POLITICS DURING THE WAR
• Creation of State Governments to replace Colonial Charters– Republicanism and Popular Sovereignty– System of checks and Balances
• Three branches of government• bicameralism
– Limited Government– Civil Liberties
• Articles of Confederation 1777– John Dickinson (Md)– Outline of Government– Powers granted– Ratification 1781 (13/13)
WAR SHIFTS SOUTH AND WEST
• VALLEYFORGE (Washington’s Greatest victory??)– Frederick Von Steuben.– Washington’s army overcomes
adversity.– Army drills and trains inEuropean warfare.
• WAR IN THE WEST:– American Capt. George Rogers
Clark captures 3 Br. Forts in Ohio Territory.
– Ft. Vincennes– Ft. Kaskaskia– Ft. Nelson
• (Gives US claim to Ohio Territory)
F
OTHER NOTABLE EVENTS
• Benedict Arnold betrays the American cause. May 1780.– Exchanged plans for the capture of Ft. West Point
for a commission in the British army.– Maj. John Andre executed by Continental Army
for spying in retaliation for the hanging of Nathan Hale earlier in the war.
John Paul Jones --“Bon Homme Richard”-defeated the HMS Serapis “I have not yet begun to
fight”
• BATTLES IN SC
2. CORNWALLIS CAPTURES CHARLESTON 1780
.3. CORNWALLIS DEFEATS GEN. GATES AT CAMDEN 1780
.4. COL. TARLETON MASSACRES SC MILITIAMEN AT THE WAXHAWS 1780.
.6. MAJ. FERGUSON (BR) BUTCHERED BY “OVER THE MOUNTAIN BOYS AT KING’S MOUNTAIN 1780..
7. TARLETON LOSES TO COL. DANIELMORGAN (AMER) AT COWPENS (SARATOGAOF THE SOUTH) JAN. 1781.
8. CORNWALLIS AND WHAT IS LEFT OF TARLETON’S DEFEAT GREENE AT GUILFORD’S COURTHOUSE.
1. CORNWALLIS INVADES SAVANNAH 1778
9. CORNWALLIS RETREATS TO WILMINGTON THEN TO YORKTOWN
5. SC “guerilla” fighters“Swamp Fox” Francis Marion“Fighting Gamecock” Thomas Sumter“Fighting Elder” Andrew Pickens
WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN
• WASHINGTON WINS AT MONMOUTH COURTHOUSE, NJ. 1778• Gen. Clinton orders army back to NY City• FRENCH ARMY AND NAVY ARRIVE IN AMERICA • Count Rochambeau—Newport, RI 30,000 men• Admiral DeGrasse—Fleet from West Indies—to Chesapeake
BayWASHINGTON ATTACKED CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN. Americans layed siege for 1 month.
• CORNWALLIS SURRENDERS Oct. 1781• PEACE NEGOTIATIONS—Paris—US, Eng., Sp, Holl. and Fr.• PEACE TREATY OF PARIS-- Sept.1783.• WAR IS OVER.• WASHINGTON STOPS COUP D’ETAT AT NEWBURGH, NY.
THE CRITICAL PERIOD 1783-1787
• AMERICA UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION• SUCCESSES
– WON THE WAR– TREATY OF PARIS 1783– LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785– LAND ORDINANCE OF 1787
• PROBLEMS– DEBT
• —VETERAN’S PENSIONS, BONUSES and BONDS– STATES AUTONOMY (semi-independence)
• — PRINT OWN MONEY• -- SIGN TREATIES AND ALLIANCES
– ECONOMIC• —LACK OF OVERSEAS MARKETS • “DUMPING” BY ENGLAND • HYPER-INFLATION, DEPRESSION
– SHAYS’S REBELLION 1786 • MASSACHUSETTS TAX REVOLT
– CONGRESS WAS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS:– No power to tax– No power to regulate trade– No power to intervene in state problems
ORDINANCE OF 1785
CALL FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION• VIRGINIA (Mt. Vernon) CONFERENCE 1785• ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1786• CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION MAY 1787
– PURPOSE:– WHERE:– STATES PRESENT:– DELEGATES PRESENT:– NOTABLE ABSENTEES:– ORGANIZATION– PROPOSALS:
• VIRGINIA PLAN• NEW JERSEY PLAN• “GREAT COMPROMISE” (CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE)• 3/5S COMPROMISE• SLAVE TRADE/COMMERCE CLAUSE COMPROMISE• RATIFICATION PROCESS AND ARGUMENTS:
– TWO GROUPS FORMED: FEDERALISTS (FAVORED IT), ANTI-FEDERALISTS (OPPOSED IT).
» NO MENTION OF GOD, NO GUARANTEE OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS,
» ILLEGAL– FEDERALIST PAPERS (Madison’s Federalist Paper #10)– PROMISE BY FEDERALISTS TO ANTI-FEDERALISTS
OF A BILL OF RIGHTS.
GEORGE JAMES MADISONWASHINGTON
BEN FRANKLIN ALEXANDER HAMILTON
JOHN JAY
WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY• FIRST JOB: PUT THE NEW GOVERNMENT IN TO ACTION:
– ESTABLISH THE PRESIDENCY-– CHOOSE HIS CABINET-– CONGRESS PROPOSED AND THE STATES APPROVED A “BILL OF
RIGHTS”.• 6 MAJOR ISSUES AS PRESIDENT:
– 1. DEBT: HAMILTON’S 5 PART PLAN– Tariff on all imports– Assume state debts– Pay off bonds at face value– 25% whiskey tax– Bank of the US
– 2. FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789– 3. INDIAN PROBLEMS ON THE FRONTIER
• Treaty of Greenville– 4. WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND 1793
• Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty– 5. WHISKEY REBELLION– 6. CREATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES