Causes of Death in Population Causes of Death in Population during the Periods of during the Periods of Demographic Crises: Demographic Crises:

RussiaRussia , 1933, 1933

Table 1*Table 1* Estimate of Mortality Rates in Population of Russia in 19Estimate of Mortality Rates in Population of Russia in 19333 3 ****

RatesRates Men Men WomenWomen BothBothgendersgenders

The number of deaths The number of deaths (thousand people)(thousand people)

28322832 24072407 52395239

Number of deaths of children Number of deaths of children less than one year of age less than one year of age (thousand people)(thousand people)

- - - - 12731273

Crude mortality rates (per 1000 Crude mortality rates (per 1000 population)population)

- - - - 5151

Infant mortality rate (per 1000 Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births)live births)

- - - - 295295

Life expectancy at birthLife expectancy at birth 152152 19.519.5 - -

*Source: Andreyev Ye.M., Darskiy L.Ye., Kharkova T.L. Demographic History of Russia: 1927 – 1957. M., 1998. Appendix 2, 3. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/andr_dars_khar/adk.html.** Within the boundaries of the RSFSR in 1933.

Table 2*Table 2*

CausesCauses of Death** for Urban Population in Russia, 1933 of Death** for Urban Population in Russia, 1933

* Source: State Archive of the Russian Federation, Fond F-374. Inventory 23. File 224. P.54-54reverse. ** According to the Soviet classification of the causes of death.*** The phenomenon is not registered.****Less than 0,1%

Causes of death Causes of death Number of deaths (persons)Number of deaths (persons) Share (%)Share (%)

MalesMales FemalesFemales MalesMales FemalesFemales

1. Diseases during pregnancy 1. Diseases during pregnancy and deliveryand delivery

--****** 727727 - - 0.40.4

2. Diseases in newborns2. Diseases in newborns 87118711 63526352 3,33,3 3,33,3

3. Infectious and parasitic 3. Infectious and parasitic diseasesdiseases

6717167171 4736147361 25,325,3 24,424,4

4. Number of violent deaths4. Number of violent deaths 45764576 14861486 1,81,8 0,80,8

5. Traumas 5. Traumas 76987698 29372937 2,92,9 1,51,5

6. Alcoholism6. Alcoholism 13501350 121121 0,50,5 0,10,1

7. Hyponutrition-related 7. Hyponutrition-related diseases (including diseases (including rachitis)rachitis)

54585458 26512651 2,12,1 1,41,4

8. Cancer and other 8. Cancer and other malignant neoplasmsmalignant neoplasms

41784178 42334233 1,61,6 2,22,2

9. Benign neoplasms and 9. Benign neoplasms and tumors of unknown tumors of unknown naturenature

121121 9191 0,0****0,0**** 00

10. Metabolic diseases10. Metabolic diseases 300300 166166 0,10,1 0,10,1

11.Endocrine diseases11.Endocrine diseases 5757 3838 00 00

12. Diseases of the blood and 12. Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organsblood-forming organs

559559 266266 0,20,2 0,10,1

13. Diseases of the nervous 13. Diseases of the nervous system, of the sense system, of the sense organs, cerebral organs, cerebral arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, cerebral haemorrhages, cerebral haemorrhages, apoplexyapoplexy

96119611 76677667 3,63,6 3,93,9

14. Cardiac and circulatory 14. Cardiac and circulatory diseasesdiseases

3024030240 2111421114 11,411,4 10,910,9

15. Gangrene15. Gangrene 488488 196196 0,20,2 0,10,1

16. Bronchitis, 16. Bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, bronchopneumonia, other respiratory other respiratory diseases, except for diseases, except for croupous pneumoniacroupous pneumonia

2748527485 2099020990 10,410,4 10,810,8

17. Enteritis. Colitis.17. Enteritis. Colitis. 1937219372 1311113111 7,37,3 6,76,7

18. Enteritis, diarrhea in 18. Enteritis, diarrhea in children younger then 2 children younger then 2 years of ageyears of age

2246022460 1943219432 8,58,5 1010

19. Appendicitis. Typhlitis.19. Appendicitis. Typhlitis. 268268 137137 0,10,1 0,10,1

20.Hepatobiliary diseases20.Hepatobiliary diseases 581581 388388 0,20,2 0,20,2

21. Diseases of the digestive 21. Diseases of the digestive systemsystem

60656065 37323732 2,32,3 1,91,9

22. Nephritis and nonveneral 22. Nephritis and nonveneral diseases of genitourinary diseases of genitourinary system system

39053905 31283128 1,51,5 1,61,6

23. Diseases of locomotor 23. Diseases of locomotor system, bone diseases, system, bone diseases, except for tuberculosis of except for tuberculosis of lovomotor organs, lovomotor organs, rheumatism and rheumatism and osteomyelitisosteomyelitis

154154 147147 0,10,1 0,10,1

24 Skin diseases except for 24 Skin diseases except for phlegmon, abscess, and phlegmon, abscess, and carbunclecarbuncle

193193 193193 0,10,1 0,10,1

25. Senility25. Senility 1533415334 2039120391 5,85,8 10,510,5

26. Other and not well defined 26. Other and not well defined reasonsreasons

2897028970 1632516325 19,719,7 7,47,4

TotalTotal 265305265305 194302194302 100100 100100

Table 3*Infectious diseases as Causes of Death in the Urban Population, Russia, 1933

*Source: State Archive of the Russian Federation. Fond F-374. Inventory 23. File 224. P.54-54reverse.

Causes of death Causes of death Number of deaths (persons)Number of deaths (persons) Share (%)Share (%)

MalesMales FemalesFemales MalesMales FemalesFemales

Typhoid fever and Typhoid fever and paratyphoidparatyphoid

12421242 18931893 2,92,9 44

Epydemic typhusEpydemic typhus 67886788 38533853 10,110,1 8,18,1

Relapsing feverRelapsing fever 2727 22 00 00

SmallpoxSmallpox 333333 297297 0,50,5 0,60,6

MeaslesMeasles 85308530 81088108 12,712,7 17,117,1

Scarlet feverScarlet fever 12051205 11051105 1,81,8 2,32,3

Whooping coughWhooping cough 11121112 13981398 1,71,7 33

DiphtheriaDiphtheria 23232323 20872087 3,53,5 4,44,4

InfluenzaInfluenza 22512251 18071807 3,43,4 3,83,8

DysenteryDysentery 56225622 45124512 8,48,4 9,59,5

Croupous pneumoniaCroupous pneumonia 36443644 22192219 5,45,4 4,74,7

Respiratory Respiratory tuberculosistuberculosis

2357823578 1258012580 35,135,1 26,626,6

Meninges tuberculosisMeninges tuberculosis 496496 402402 0,70,7 0,80,8

Tuberculosis of other Tuberculosis of other organsorgans

25932593 19491949 3,93,9 4,14,1

SyphilisSyphilis 527527 257257 0,70,7 0,50,5

MalariaMalaria 29522952 22522252 4,44,4 4,84,8

Carbuncle, abscess, Carbuncle, abscess, furuncle, furuncle, phlegmon phlegmon

731731 446446 1,11,1 1,11,1

Other infectious and Other infectious and parasitic diseasesparasitic diseases

25172517 21842184 3,73,7 4,44,4

TotalTotal 6717167171 4736147361 100100 100100