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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 18 (2016) pp. 9526-9533

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

9526

Causes and Effects of Delay Factors in Road Construction Projects in Sudan

Khalid Khair1*, Hazir Farouk2, Zainai Mohamed3 and R. Mohammad3

1 Khartoum State Roads, Bridges and Drainage Corporation, P.O. Box 3113, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan.

2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 407, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan.

3UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Correspondence author:

Abstract. This paper summarises research into the major causes of road

construction project delays in Sudan. The research approach

was to identify the different types of construction delays, their

causes and effects from different perspectives, in order to

determine the impact and the level of importance of the

identified delay factors on road construction projects in

Sudan. Drawing on the findings from a detailed literature

review, a closed loop questionnaire was constructed and used

to collect quantitative data from 100 experts and professionals

drawn from Sudan’s roads construction industry. A relative

importance index (RII) method was used to rank the level of

importance of the identified delay factors and to determine

their individual impact on the overall project delay. The

results indicate that cost-overrun and time-overrun factors

have the highest delay impact on road construction projects in

Sudan, with RII values of 0.840 and 0.780 respectively.

Furthermore, the study found that each delay factor has a

different level of impact on the overall project delay, and that

the most effective method to minimize delays in road

construction projects in Sudan is the choice of a project

manager with sufficient knowledge and experience relevant to

project management, and the use of appropriate tools and

techniques for the project.

Keywords: Roads construction projects, delays, Sudan.

INTRODUCTION Construction delay can be defined as the time overrun either

beyond the contracted date or beyond the date that the parties

have agreed upon for the delivery of the project (Marzouk and

El-Rasas, 2014). In the road construction industry, project

delays can occur due to the prolongation of the construction

time due to disruptive events that hamper the construction

workflow (Shebob et al., 2012). Moreover, these delays have

a negative impact both on the contractors and on the

beneficiaries of the completed projects.

Construction delays are a common phenomenon in most

countries, particularly in the developing ones. Many studies

have shown that construction delays have negative effects on

clients, contractors, and consultants (Ghaffari, 2013; Marzouk

and El-Rasas, 2014). The causes and effects of these delay

factors in the road construction industry vary from country to

country, due to different environments and the techniques

applied in the construction processes. In Sudan for instance,

where government is the sole client for road construction

projects, the set of factors are bound to influence delays are

different to delay factors common for developed countries

where the responsibility for road construction works rests

more on the private sector. This makes it more difficult to

generalize about the causes and effects of project delays as

well as about the methodologies to be adopted in minimizing

these delays which are prevalent in the road construction

industry.

This study therefore attempts to investigate the major causes

of road construction project delays specific to Sudan, by

identifying the different types of construction delays, their

causes and effects from different perspectives, in order to

determine the impact and the level of importance of the

identified delay factors in road construction projects in Sudan.

The paper is ordered as follows: Issues of identifying and

ranking the delay factors; the significant effects of delay

factors on road construction projects in Sudan; and

discussions on possible methods that will minimize the effects

of delay in road construction projects in Sudan.

DELAY FACTOR ISSUES Several studies have in the recent past attempted to classify

road construction project delays and differentiate them based

on their context (Rosazuwad, 2010; Chai and Yusof, 2015;

Elawi et al., 2015). Based on these studies, construction delay

factors can be grouped into three main categories; excusable

delays with compensation, excusable delays without

compensation, and non-excusable delays.

Excusable delays with compensation These are delays that are due to an unforeseeable event

beyond the contractor’s or the subcontractor’s control and

usually caused by the client's actions or inactions. When

contractors encounter this type of delay, they are entitled to

time extension as well as monetary compensation due to the

delay. An example of an excusable delay with compensation

is when an owner denies access to the site after the notice to

proceed is issued. This type of delay happens in some

unexpected situations, but is not due to the contractor's

mistake (Chai and Yusof, 2015; Elawi et al., 2015).

Excusable delays without compensation This type of delays occurs where neither the client nor the

contractor is deemed responsible. When this type of delay is

encountered, only a time extension will be warranted since

there are no grounds for damages. This delay allows for time

extension to finish construction without giving any

compensation to the contractor. The factors that cause this

type of delay include protest from the labour force,

unexpected weather conditions preventing or affecting work,

mailto:[email protected]





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unexpected late delivery of equipment, and unexpected late

delivery of material (Adam et al., 2015).

Non-excusable delays This happens due to the contractor ignoring agreed terms in

the construction contract. Clients can claim their loss if it is

spelt out in the contract agreement. These delays have to be

identified by client because they rarely check the construction

project schedule. Factors that contribute to this type of delay

are usually foreseeable weather-related delays, delays caused

by the subcontractor, inefficiency of the contractor in

managing the construction site, mismanagement of the project

finances by contractor, lack of labour, failure to manage work

according to contract schedule, and frequent but avoidable

mistakes or failure to fulfil owner’s specification (Vasilyeva-

Lyulina et al., 2015).

Although these summarize the major types of road

construction projects delays, Shebob et al. (2012) identified

other factors, that include compromised quality, poor site

management, government regulations, inadequate planning

and resources, and site environmental conditions. However,

when compared with the findings of Nyasetia et al. (2016),

the different delay factors identified in roads construction

project can be streamlined into four major categories as

follows: Contractor-related factors, Consultant-related factors,

Owner-related factors, and Other factors (including materials,

labour and equipment, project factors, and delays due to

external factors). A summary of all the road construction

delay factors identified in literature is presented in Table 1.

From Table 1, it is obvious that the delays in road

construction projects are influenced by a wide range of factors

and related issues. This phenomenon is usually accompanied

by cost overruns, which have negative effects on clients,

contractors, and consultants. For the owner, delay means loss

of income and unavailability of facilities. For the contractor,

on the other hand, delay means loss of money for extra

spending on equipment and materials and hiring labour and

loss of time. All these negative effects can result in litigation,

arbitration, cash flow problems, and a general feeling of

trepidation about each other. The causes of delay therefore

were different for different parties (Motaleb, 2014).

Al-Kharashi and Skitmore (2009) state that factors responsible

for road construction project delays vary from country to

country. For example, in developing countries where

governments are the sole owners of road construction projects,

it can be argued that the three major factors that significantly

influence the growth of road construction industry include

national economic growth, government spending, and level of

demand by the communities (Tang et al., 2003). Thus, for

African countries like Sudan, where government is the sole

owner of road construction projects, different factors are

bound to influence delays. Okpala and Aniekwu (1988) had

earlier posited that governments, especially those of

developing countries, were chiefly concerned with road

construction. Thus, based on literature findings, it can be said

that the chief causes and effects of delays factors in the road

construction industry vary from country to country, due to

different environments and the techniques applied which

affect the construction processes.

Table I: Causes of delays in road construction projects

(Salunkhe & Patil, 2014)

Contractor-Related Delay Factors

1. Contractor’s inadequate planning & scheduling. 2. Lack of experience of contractor in decision-making.

3. Contractor’s slowness in site mobilization.

4. Contractor’s slowness in preparation of documents 5. Contractor’s poor site management & supervision.

6. Conflicts with sub-contractor.

7. Reworking of construction faced by contractor. 8. Contractor incompatibility with new technology?

9. Inexperience of contractor with new software.

10. Poor managerial skills of contractor. 11. Inadequate handling of project progress by contractor.

12. Lack of risk analysis & management by contractor.

13. Communication barriers faced by consultant.

Consultant-Related Delay Factors

1. Slowness in approving drawing by the consultant.

2. Inadequate authority given to consultant to take decision.

3. Mistakes in consultant’s drawings.

4. Consultant’s inexperience. 5. Financial difficulties affecting the consultant.

6. Lack of practical (working) knowledge by the

consultant. 7. Lack of co-ordination of consultant with contractor.

8. Consultant’s ability of leadership.

9. Conflicts of consultant with design engineer changes in specification during construction by consultant.

10. Inadequate site information given to consultant.

11. Delay in handover of site to contractor. 12. Conflicts between consultant & contractor.

13. Complexity of project design faced by consultant.

14. Communication barriers faced by consultant.

Owner/Client-Related Delay Factors

1. Late revising & approving of relevant documents by

owner 2. Contract changes by owner during construction

3. Delays in payments for completed work by owner.

4. Lack of communication & co-ordination by owner. 5. Conflicts between owners in a joint ownership.

6. Suspension of work due to owner.

7. Misunderstandings in technical dealing with vendors and contractors.

Material-Related Delay Factors

1. Shortage of material. 2. Changes in quality of material.

3. Frequent unexpected modifications in specification of

material during construction. 4. Slow process of material selection.

5. Poor material management.

6. Material damage in storage. 7. Escalation of material prices.

8. Lateness in finalizing finishing material due to

availability of certainties in market.

9. Insufficient turnover & start-up resources makes

project slow. 10. Materials not in right place when needed.

11. Untimely delivery of labour

Labour & Equipment-Related Delay Factors

1. Poor labour supply & labour productivity.

2. Disputes in labour & labour strikes. 3. Unavailability of equipment.

4. Delay in equipment delivery.

5. Shortage of recent technology equipment. 6. Large or long lead-time equipment not received as

requested.

7. No use of checklist. 8. Unavailability of equipment lists & related design

data.

9. Shortage of operators. 10. Space limitations at site for temporary & permanent

equipment.

11. Lack of safety effective inspection & expediting visits

project



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Project-Related Delay Factors

1. Traffic control at site.

2. Changes in site conditions. 3. Unforeseen ground conditions.

4. Insufficient data collections & survey.

5. Changes in site topography after design. 6. Restricted access.

7. Accidents on site.

8. Problems due to existing structures. 9. Unavailability of utilities in site area.

10. Rework due to error in construction.

External-Related Delay Factors

1. Inclement weather effects.

2. Inaccurate cost estimates.

3. Restriction due to site location. 4. Changes in government regulation & laws

EFFECTS OF DELAYS Time and cost overruns have been identified as the main

effect of delays, which are a recurring problem in the road

construction industry. However, some researchers have

identified other effects of road construction project delays.

Kikwasi (2013), for example, identified cost and time overrun,

compromised quality, arbitration, disputes, litigation, low

profit margin or financial loss, revocation of contract, and

total abandonment of project as some of the resulting effects

of delays. All these delays have severe negative consequences

on both the construction firm and the client (Salunkhe and

Patil, 2014).

Al-Khalil and Al-Ghafly (1999) examined the relationship

between the schedule, scope of work, and project conditions

in the road construction sector. They observed that any

changes in one or more of these three items can affect the

compensation level and time of completion. It has been

argued that it is necessary to create awareness for the causes

of project schedule delays, their frequency, and the extent to

which they adversely affect project delivery. Kaliba et al (2009) noted that delays of construction projects are a

universal phenomenon, especially in the road construction

projects, and that their consequences were different for

different parties. The general consequences of delays

however, are loss of wealth, time and capacity.

Thus, based on the literature reviewed in this section, it is

obvious that in order to address delay issues in the

construction industry, a systematic methodology must be put

in place to militate against these delays and so, minimize their

consequences. This may involve several modalities such as

ensuring that estimates are prepared properly by experienced

professionals, and that clients should provide a clear brief of

the scope of work. Furthermore, consultants should ensure

that the design and specifications fall within the approved

budget and the budget team should be appointed early and

they should participate in the design process. All parties must

also assess the risk and impact of less likely situations that

may significantly impact a project. Closer consultant

coordination is required at the design stage, and utilization of

an experienced consultant to produce a concluding design,

working drawings, and contract drawings, should be done at

the tender stage. In addition, maintaining proper

communication channels and documentation is very important

in terms of order management variations. Halwatura and

Ranasinghe (2013) concluded in their study on the causes of

delay in road construction projects that in order to minimize

the effects of delays in construction projects, adequate

planning in advance is required by all involved parties before

commencement of work at the site.

METHODS FOR MINIMIZING DELAYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Different studies have in the past proposed different

approaches and techniques in an attempt to address project

delays in the road construction sector. Although some

variations and differences in degree exist among all these

previous techniques and approaches, an understanding of their

weakness and strengths will help this study in adopting a

better approach in tackling these delay issues, particularly

within the context of Sudan based on the different influential

factors already identified in the course of this literature

review.

The method proposed by Abdul Rahman et al. (2013)

supposed that financial issues should be given considerable

importance by ensuring that there is an effective mechanism

for making timely payment from client to contractor, from

contractor to sub-contractor, and to suppliers and staff. Based

on the significant impact of equipment-related factors on

project execution, they also recommended that construction

firms should have sufficient materials at hand to ensure a

smooth supply throughout the project construction phase, and

to invest heavily on the latest machinery, tools and

technology, rather than to source them on rental basis.

Memon et al. (2014) recommended that proper planning of

work, committed leadership and management, and effective

communication system can be very helpful in improving time

performance. Harisaweni (2007) developed a framework to

minimize the effects of delay factors in road construction

projects in Padang and Pekanbaru, Indonesia. All these

frameworks show that the cycling steps in each framework are

almost the same and they also have the same purpose which is

to control the project. However, the framework of Bakhary et al. (2016) proposed a more concise description than others

because it gave detailed descriptions of the possible actions

and endeavors. The key concept of previous frameworks,

which can be used as a basis for developing a theoretical

framework, is summarized in Table 2.

From the above discussions and Table 2, it is clear that the use

of a structured framework will help provide a more systematic

approach for the road construction process, and a sequence of

logical steps for implementation based on predefined activities

at each stage of the project. Moreover, having a clear

approach for undertaking the project will help in identifying

delays at the early stages of the project and hence overcome

the consequent effects of such delays. This will help the

project manager and the project team to easily monitor and

control the progress of their assigned tasks, which helps

minimize delays and progresses the project itself.



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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Strongly Agree Agree Fairy Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Table 2: An analysis of different frameworks and

perspectives

No. Framework – Key concept Reference

1

This framework described what has to be done in the

monitoring, evaluating and remedying phases of the

control loop and also gives detailed descriptions of the possible action that contractors should take in

each step. The basic approach of this framework is

comparing the actual or anticipated final time and cost of work items against predetermined standards.

Bakhary et al.

(2016)

2

This framework described a step-by-step

methodology that project team should follow if faced with the changes in their project plan before the best

decision or a revised project plan can be made.

Akinola (2015)

3

This framework described Ritz (1994) definition in the key function of the project management system,

but a detailed input part and time and cost cycle in

project that must be shown was not described.

Gwaya

(2016)

4

This framework described the basic mechanism of the control function that keeps the work of the

project on target & accordance with plans to meet the

goals and it have to be developed.

Wang et

al. (2016)

5

The periodic cycle in this framework is used for the

day-to-day time and cost control of the project during

the process not only in the planning stages. It is described in the general stages.

Adam

(2015)

SURVEY RESULTS AND FINDINGS A total of 100 respondents were distributed with

questionnaires. The respondents were randomly drawn from

the roads construction industry in Sudan. The collected

primary data were analyzed quantitatively using Statistical

Package for Social Science (SPSS 16.0) to determine the

factors that contribute to project delays and their

corresponding effects based on respondents’ opinions. The

Relative Important Index (RII) technique was used to rank and

categorize the identified factors based on their level of

contribution in minimizing delays in road construction

projects in Sudan. Each delay factor was calculated using the

equation:

RII = ………………………. (1)

Where,

W ≡ is weight given to each factor by the respondents

(ranging from 1 to 5).

X ≡ is frequency of responses given for each factor.

A ≡ is highest weight (i.e. 5 in this case).

N ≡ is the total number of respondents.

Note: 0 ≤ RII ≤ 1.

RII is useful for filtering the significant issues, adding

attributes or missing relatives, and grouping and classification

of data (Gündüz, Nielsen and Özdemir, 2012). Details of the

results and findings are presented and discussed in the

following subsections.

Factors that cause road construction project delays in Sudan In this subsection, the results of the analyses of the delay

factors that were identified by all respondents from the survey

study is presented and discussed. These include contractor-

related factors, consultant-related factors, client-related

factors, governmental-related factors, and external-related

factors.

I. Contractor-related delay factors:

In this category, the contractors-related factors that cause road

construction project delays based on the responses of the

respondents are: materials, machinery, manpower,

management and money. The results indicate that majority of

the respondents (with an aggregate total of 90 out of 100

respondents) believe that there is a strong correlation between

contractor related factors and materials, while an aggregate

total of 77 out of 100 respondents believe that there is a strong

correlation between contractors-related factors and machinery.

Also, an aggregate total of 83 out of 100, 90 out of 100, and

93 out of 100 respondents agree that there is a strong

correlation between manpower, management and money, and

contractor-related factors, respectively.

II. Consultant-related delay factors:

The response of the candidates who were asked to rate the

consultant-related delay factors, which are: design changes,

incorrect soil analysis, conflict among the involved parties and

uncooperative consultant, delays in drawings or any other

documents preparations, delays in response to contractor, Poor

communication and coordination problems among involved

parties (consultant, contractors and owners), Frequent

variation in orders for the same task, Compensation issues and

disagreement on the valuation of work done, Mistakes in

specifications (frequent modifications/amendments) are

presented below in Figure 1.

Figure 1: . Consultant-related delay factors

III. Owner-related delay factors

In this category, the respondents were asked to rate the owner-

related delay factors i.e. delays in payment to contractor;

inadequate client finance and payments for completed work;

enforce unrealistic time schedule; poor communication and

coordination problems among involved parties (i.e.,

consultant, contractors and owners) and governmental

authorities, at different project stages; delays in handing over

project site; slowness in decision making; delays in response

to contractor or consultant (information delays due bad

decision-making process); excessive bureaucracy in

government-owner/contractor deals; project schedule changes;



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unnecessary interference in contractor work; damaging

penalties imposed on contractors; and uncooperative

owner/client. The results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: . Owner-related delay factors

IV. Government regulations-related delay factors

Here, the respondents were asked to rate the government

regulations-related delay factors i.e., difficulties in completing

the documents and the verifications, fluctuation in rules and

regulations, high governmental fees, and state bureaucracy.

The findings are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: . Government regulations -related delay factors

V. External-related delay factors

Figure 4 reflects the respondents’ answers on the external

factors that causes delay in road construction projects in

Sudan. The external factors include; weather, traffic motion in

the project site, interference between different sub-contractors

tasks, and contractor’s attitude.

Figure 4: . External - related delay factors

Based on the results in this section, it is evident that the

findings of the survey are in agreement with the literature

review findings. It can therefore be concluded that the major

factors that cause road construction project delays in Sudan

can be grouped under five categories namely; contractor-

related factors, consultant-related factors, client-related

factors, governmental-related factors, and external-related

factors. Next is to determine the effects of these delay factors

so as to ascertain their level of impact on road construction

project delays.

EFFECTS OF DELAYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SUDAN The data obtained from the survey study was used to examine

the effects of delays in road construction projects in Sudan.

The effects examined include time and cost overrun, dispute,

arbitration, total abandonment, and litigation as shown in

Figure 5. The Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to

rank and categorize these delay factors in order to determine

their level of contribution in minimizing delays in road

construction projects in Sudan as presented in Table 3. It is

worthy to note that the importance of attributes for each factor

or group of factors is considered as being significant if the

value of the RII is greater than 0.5. However, all factors,

including those that the RII was less than 0.5, were considered

in the discussions so as to ascertain their significance to the

overall project delay.

Figure 5: . Effects of delays factors in road construction

projects in Sudan

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50Strongly Disagree Disagree Fairy Agree Agree Strongly Agree

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Strongly Disagree Disagree Fairly Agree Agree Strongly Agree

05

101520253035404550

Always Mostly Sometime Seldom Never



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Table 3. Effects of delays factors in road construction projects

in Sudan based on their ranks

According to the RII value which is calculated from the

survey data presented in Table III above, the six delay effects

are listed as follows: cost overrun effect has the highest RII

value at 0.840, followed by time overrun effect which has RII

value of 0.780, then dispute effect which has 0.680 RII value,

whereas arbitration and litigation effects both have 0.600 RII

value each, and finally, the total abandonment effect which

has the lowest RII value of 0.590.

The findings therefore indicate that cost overrun has the most

significant effect on road construction project delays in Sudan.

The justification behind the increase of cost overrun with the

delay time in road construction project might be due to the

additional costs incurred in fixing problems to the overall

project cost, such as labour cost and management cost as a

result of the extended delay time of the project. Moreover, the

effects of these two major delay factors (i.e. cost overrun and

time overrun) could sensitively implicate the other factors and

may contribute to others effects like disputes, arbitration,

litigation, and total abandonment (in cases where the cost of

continuing the project becomes infeasible).

MINIMIZING DELAYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SUDAN To be able to effectively minimize delays in road construction

projects, it is necessary to first identify the extent of influence

of each delay factors on the overall project delay. Thus, based

on the analysis of collected data, we ranked the methods

associated with these delay factors after calculating their RII

values as shown in Table 4. The method with the highest rank

or RII value provided the highest impact on minimizing the

delay time in road construction projects in Sudan.

Table 4 suggests that the choice of a project manager with

sufficient knowledge and experience relevant to project

management and the use of appropriate tools and techniques

for the project scored the highest RII value of 0.880 thereby

ranking first. This implies that to be able to effectively

minimize road construction delays in Sudan, project managers

must have sufficient knowledge and relevant experience in

project management. Also, appropriate tools and techniques

must be employed for project executions. These will help to

minimize the effects of cost overrun and time overrun, which

were identified as the major effects of road construction

delays in Sudan.

However, some of the other methods can still minimize delays

in road construction projects in Sudan but with different levels

of impact given that about 70% of these factors scored RII

value above 0.8, and about 95% of the factors recorded RII

values of over 0.77, while none scored RII value below 0.5. It

should be noted that any method with RII value above 0.5 is

considered significant. This however shows a very high value

and signifies the superiority of the RII method over other

methods as it gives room for many options (or methods) to

choose from (or apply) in minimizing delays in road

construction projects.

Table 4: The extent of influence of each identified delay

factors to the overall project delay

Methods RII Rank Choosing a project manager with sufficient knowledge

and experience of project management and the use of appropriate tools and techniques

0.880 1

Application of project management principles in the early

project stages 0.858 2

Site management and supervision 0.858 2

Complete and proper design at the right time 0.856 3

Make sure there is a clear plan included in the project

document before starting the project 0.848 4

Proper project planning and scheduling 0.836 5

Periodic review of progress for each project stage 0.832 6

Clear information and communication channels 0.824 7

Effective strategic planning 0.822 8

Evaluation of each project stage before moving to another stage

0.816 9

Use appropriate construction methods 0.816 9

Proper material procurement 0.808 10

Accurate initial cost estimates 0.802 11

Frequent coordination between the parties involved 0.798 12

Use proper and modern construction equipment 0.794 13

Collaborative working in construction 0.780 14

Proper emphasis on past experience 0.776 15

Up-to-date technology utilization 0.772 16

Compressing construction durations 0.688 17

CONCLUSION Road construction delays remain a major problem to

developing countries. This is the particularly the case for

Sudan, which has the second lowest road density in the world.

The causes and effects of construction delays have continued

to result in severe economic and social losses for

governments, contractors and for communities that would

otherwise benefit,. This study attempted to identify the major

causes and effects of road construction delays in Sudan, in

order to determine their impact and level of importance in

road construction projects, with the intent of proposing ways

to minimize these effects. The reseachers undertook a detailed

literature review on the causes and effects of road construction

project delays and validated them through the approach of

doing a survey study.

Based on the study findings, road construction delay factors

can be divided into five major groups: contractor-related delay

factors, consultant-related delay factors, owner-related delay

factors, government-related delay factors, and external-related

delay factors. This agrees with the literature review findings

(Nyasetia et al., 2016). The results further indicate that cost

and time-overrun factors are the main results of delay in road

construction projects in Sudan with highest RII values of

0.840 and 0.780 respectively. Moreover, the most methods or

No. Effects of delay RII Rank 1 Cost overrun 0.840 1

2 Time overrun 0.780 2

3 Dispute 0.680 3

4 Arbitration 0.600 4

5 Litigation 0.600 4

6 Total abandonment 0.590 5



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strategies most likely or effective in minimizing delays in road

construction projects in Sudan were found to be the choice of

a project manager with sufficient knowledge and experience

relevant to project management, and the use of appropriate

tools and techniques for the project.

One limitation of this study is that it did not investigate the

correlation between each delay factor and the effects of delay,

in order to determine the significance of influence of each

delay factor on other delay factors identified in the study.

However, it used the RII method to examine the extent of

influence of each delay factor on the overall project delay

given that the scope of this study is to identify the causes and

effects of road construction project delays and to determine

ways to minimize these effects on the overall project delay.

Further studies may be carried out to investigate the

correlation between each delay factor and their corresponding

effects on other delay factors, by researchers who wish to

develop a model or framework applying to this domain.

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