English for Maths III

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Because he was tired he scored poorly on the exam ___ into the universitya this will cause him to not be admittedb this is a fact which will cause him to not be admittedc a fact which will cause him to not be admittedd a fact which will cause him to not admit

2 ___ the TOEFL with a score of 550 he will be admitted into the universitya Now that he passesb That he has passedc Now he has passedd Now that he has passed

3 Since July 4th is a holiday ___ have to go to worka so we do notb we do notc as a result we do notd thus we do not

4 Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his companya and he neededb because he neededc which he neededd because he need

5 ___ he will return back to the United States to study Englisha Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiab Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabiac Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiad Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but

6 ___ have to work today we should go to Laguna Beacha For we do notb We do notc Since we do notd Since we do no

7 Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit illa she isb because shec because she isd which is she is

8 ___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

9 ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

10 ___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

11 ___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

12 Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

13 Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in runningc involved in runningd involved in run

14 ___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

15 He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

16 ___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

17 Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

18 ___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

19 Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver

a involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangingb involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangec involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingd involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

20 Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

Task Underline all the cause and effect language

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships (cdcbcccdcacccbbccccd)

Because he was tired he scored poorly on the exam ___ into the universitya this will cause him to not be admittedb this is a fact which will cause him to not be admittedc a fact which will cause him to not be admittedd a fact which will cause him to not admit

___ the TOEFL with a score of 550 he will be admitted into the universitya Now that he passesb That he has passedc Now he has passedd Now that he has passed

Since July 4th is a holiday ___ have to go to worka so we do notb we do notc as a result we do notd thus we do not

Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his companya and he neededb because he neededc which he neededd because he need

___ he will return back to the United States to study Englisha Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiab Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabiac Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiad Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but

___ have to work today we should go to Laguna Beacha For we do notb We do notc Since we do notd Since we do no

Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit illa she is

b because shec because she isd which is she is

___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in running

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

8 ___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

9 ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

10 ___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

11 ___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

12 Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

13 Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in runningc involved in runningd involved in run

14 ___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

15 He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

16 ___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

17 Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

18 ___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

19 Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver

a involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangingb involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangec involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingd involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

20 Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

Task Underline all the cause and effect language

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships (cdcbcccdcacccbbccccd)

Because he was tired he scored poorly on the exam ___ into the universitya this will cause him to not be admittedb this is a fact which will cause him to not be admittedc a fact which will cause him to not be admittedd a fact which will cause him to not admit

___ the TOEFL with a score of 550 he will be admitted into the universitya Now that he passesb That he has passedc Now he has passedd Now that he has passed

Since July 4th is a holiday ___ have to go to worka so we do notb we do notc as a result we do notd thus we do not

Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his companya and he neededb because he neededc which he neededd because he need

___ he will return back to the United States to study Englisha Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiab Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabiac Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiad Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but

___ have to work today we should go to Laguna Beacha For we do notb We do notc Since we do notd Since we do no

Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit illa she is

b because shec because she isd which is she is

___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in running

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

15 He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

16 ___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

17 Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

18 ___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

19 Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver

a involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangingb involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangec involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingd involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

20 Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

Task Underline all the cause and effect language

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships (cdcbcccdcacccbbccccd)

Because he was tired he scored poorly on the exam ___ into the universitya this will cause him to not be admittedb this is a fact which will cause him to not be admittedc a fact which will cause him to not be admittedd a fact which will cause him to not admit

___ the TOEFL with a score of 550 he will be admitted into the universitya Now that he passesb That he has passedc Now he has passedd Now that he has passed

Since July 4th is a holiday ___ have to go to worka so we do notb we do notc as a result we do notd thus we do not

Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his companya and he neededb because he neededc which he neededd because he need

___ he will return back to the United States to study Englisha Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiab Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabiac Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiad Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but

___ have to work today we should go to Laguna Beacha For we do notb We do notc Since we do notd Since we do no

Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit illa she is

b because shec because she isd which is she is

___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in running

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships (cdcbcccdcacccbbccccd)

Because he was tired he scored poorly on the exam ___ into the universitya this will cause him to not be admittedb this is a fact which will cause him to not be admittedc a fact which will cause him to not be admittedd a fact which will cause him to not admit

___ the TOEFL with a score of 550 he will be admitted into the universitya Now that he passesb That he has passedc Now he has passedd Now that he has passed

Since July 4th is a holiday ___ have to go to worka so we do notb we do notc as a result we do notd thus we do not

Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his companya and he neededb because he neededc which he neededd because he need

___ he will return back to the United States to study Englisha Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiab Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabiac Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabiad Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but

___ have to work today we should go to Laguna Beacha For we do notb We do notc Since we do notd Since we do no

Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit illa she is

b because shec because she isd which is she is

___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in running

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

b because shec because she isd which is she is

___ the temperature should begin droppinga Now that the sun settingb Now that the sun setc The sun settingd Now that the sun has set

___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skillsa Learn how to writeb Learning how writec Learning how to writed Learning how to write it is

___ the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think read and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interesta A requirement at most universitiesb It is a requirement at most universitiesc A requirement at most universities it isd Requirement at most universities

___ over I am ready to enter the job market so I will begin to send out my reacutesumeacute to prospective employersa Now that my universities studies have beenb Now that my universities studies arec Now that my universities studies ared My universities studies are

Waldo ___ has learned a great deal of English since he came to the USa he is a practicing lawyer from Chileb who a practicing lawyer is from Chilec a practicing lawyer from Chiled a practicing lawyer from Chile who

Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioneda which involved in runningb involving in running

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

c involved in runningd involved in run

___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks you are ready to run a marathona You have trained at a rate ofb Now that you have trained at a rate ofc Now that you have trained at a rate of sod Now that you train at a rate

He hasnt lifted any weights ___ his right arma since he injuresb since he injuredc since he injured he injured

___ any trout yet she is going to change the bait she is usinga Because Ivy has not catchedb Ivy has not caughtc Because Ivy has not caughtd Because Ivy had not caught

Alfredo ___ high academic aspirations cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployeda hasb who he hasc who hasd have had

___ Asian economic crisis it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their billsa Theb Because thec Since thed Since

Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured drivera involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchangeb involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchangingc involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

d involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people it will soon surpass China as the worlds most populated country ___a a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists likeb this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alikec which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists aliked a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

CHART 17-2 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSEAND EFFECTbull There are differences among the ways to say ldquobecauserdquo Because makes the most direct orexplicit cause-and-effect statement Since means ldquobecause it is a fact thatrdquo or ldquoseeing that it istrue thatrdquo For example Since yoursquove done this before (a known fact) could you please show mehow Because but not since can ask about an unknown cause For example Did he stay homebecause he was tired Now that is special to present-time known reasons It indicates that asituation has changedbull Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others (And theyare only guidelines not rules There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverbclauses This text simply presents the most usual patterns)bull Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in anadvanced class are as asso long as and inasmuch as They are similar to since they express acause that is a known factAs has many uses Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to expresscause and effect In their own writing however they might prefer to use because since or nowthat in order to ensure clarityInasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent1048576 EXERCISE 3 p 362 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of acomma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clauseANSWERS [The adverb clauses are underlined]3 Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air 4 Since you paidfor the theater tickets please let me pay for our dinner 5 Now that Larry is finallycaught up on his work he can start his vacation tomorrow [be caught up on = have no tasks leftto do] 6 Because ourTV set was broken we listened to the news on the radio7 My brother got married last month Now that hersquos a married man he has moreresponsibilities 8 Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource we must do whateverwe can in order to conserve it 9 Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain hasstopped 10 Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since184 CHAPTER 17 Adverb Clausesthere are few jobs available in the rural areas 11 Now that the civil war has ended a

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

new government is being formed 12 Since ninety-two thousand people already havereservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon I doubt that Irsquoll get the chanceto go on one of the first tourist flights1048576 EXERCISE 4 p 363 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect (Chart 17-2)SAMPLE COMPLETIONS [The adverb clauses are underlined]1 Now that Irsquove finally finished cleaning my room I can watchTV 2 The teacherdidnrsquot collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded 3 Since itrsquos tooexpensive to fly across the country we are going by bus 4 Jack canrsquot stay out all nightwith his friends now that he is working the night shift 5 Since we donrsquot have classtomorrow we can stay up later tonight

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

Adverb clausesBecause is an adverb But because of is a preposition PART I Adverb Clauses

1 Introduction

ExamplesWhen she was in Miami she visited many friendsShe visited many friends when she was in Miami

When she was in Miami is an adverb clauseShe visited many friends Independent clause

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence It must be connected to an independent clause

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause a comma is used to separate the clauses When the adverb clause follows usually no comma is usedExamplesBecause she wanted to visit her friends she went to MiamiShe went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends

Like when because introduces an adverb clause The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction

Time

After before when while as by the time (that) whenever since until as soon as once as so long asCause and effect

Because since now that as so long as inasmuch as so (that) in order thatOpposition

Even though although though whereas whileCondition

If unless only if whether or not even if providing (that)Provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2Time relationships with adverb clauses

ExamplesAfter she (had) came she turned on the radioAfter she comes she will turn on the radio

Before she came she (had) turned on the radioBefore she comes she will turn on the radio

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

When he came she was turning on the radioWhen he came she had already turned on the radioWhen he came she turned on the radioWhen he was out she turned on the radioWhen he comes tomorrow she will turn on the radio

While she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As she was listening to the radio he knocked at the door

As while = during this time

By the time he came she had already listened the newsBy the time he comes she will listen the newsBy the time = one event is completed before another event

She listens to the radio whenever he comesWhenever = every time when She stayed at home until he cameUntil = till = to that time and then no longer

She hasnrsquot listened to the radio since he cameSince = from that time to the present

As soon as he knocks at the door she will turn off the radioOnce he knocks at the door she will turn off the radio

As soon as = once = when one event happens anotherEvent happens soon afterwards

He wonrsquot come as long as she smokesHe will never come so long as she doesnrsquot call him

As long as = so long as = during all that time from beginning to end

3Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses

BecauseExamplesBecause he wanted to visit his friends he went to MiamiHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends

SinceExamplesSince she never heard about cloning she decided to not speak about it

Since = becauseNow that

Now that he has a lot of money he can afford a new computer

Now that = because now It is used for present and future situations

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

As

As they graduated they were looking for jobs

As = becauseAsso long as

As long as he works for this company he canrsquot learn anything

Asso long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal)

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible the situation becomes worse and worse

Inasmuch as = because

Part II Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships

1 Such hellip that and so hellip that

Such hellip that encloses a modified noun Such + adjective +noun + thatSo hellip that encloses an adjective or adverb So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamplesBecause the exam was easy they could pass it (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it (3)(1) (2) and (3) have the same meaning

So hellip that is used with many few much and littleExamplesThey worked so hard that they passed the examShe made so many mistakes that she failed the examHe had so much time that he went to hikeThey have so little work to do that they share itHe has so few books that he wants to buy some

Sometimes in speaking that is omittedThe exam was so easy that I could pass itI had so much time that I went to hike

2Using ldquoIn order tordquo

In order to = to It is used to express purposeIt answers the question ldquoWhyrdquoExamplesHe went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friendsHe went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends

Donrsquot use for with a verb to express purpose Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

He went to Miami for business

3 Using So hellipthat

So that = in order toSo that = in order thatSo that + canSo that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressedExamplesHe is going to make a registration in order to be able to take coursesHe is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses

So that + couldCould is used after so that in past sentencesExamplesHe repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use itHe repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it

May and might may also be used after that but are not as common as can and could

So that + willThe use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the resultExamplesShe fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desertShe fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz

during her trip across The Nevada desert

So that wouldWould is used in past tenseExamplesLast week he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven

Last week he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven

4Using ldquobecause ofrdquo and ldquodue tordquo

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechBecause of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speechDue to her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Because is an adverb It introduces an adverb clause It is followed by a subject and verbBecause of and due to are prepositions They are followed by a noun object

Sometimes usually in more formal writing due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

Due to the fact that she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

5 Using ldquothereforerdquo

ExamplesHe passed his exams because he worked very hard

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard He passed his exams therefore

A semicolon may be used instead a periodHe worked very hard therefore he passed his exams

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore

He worked very hard Consequently he passed his exams

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first ideaA transition is movable within the second sentence

6 Punctuations

Adverb clause

ExamplesBecause she was sick she didnrsquot come to attend the speechShe didnrsquot come to attend the speech because she was sick

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clauseA comma is used if the adverb clause comes first

Preposition

Because of her sickness she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

She didnrsquot come to attend the speech because of her sickness

A preposition is followed by a noun not by a subject and verb

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause

Conjunction

She was sick so she didnrsquot come to attend the speech

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

A conjunction comes between two independent clausesUsually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction

Transition

He worked very hard () Therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He therefore he passed his examsHe worked very hard () He passed his exams therefore

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses A comma may not be used to separate the clauses Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence

PART III Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1Changing time clauses to modifying phrases

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases The way is the same as changing adjective clauses

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of thedependant clause

Adverb clause While she was going home she runs into a friend

Modifying phrase While going home she runs into a friend

If there is no be form of a verb omit the subject and change the verb to -ing

Adverb clause Before he came he called usModifying phrase Before coming he called us

While he was reading a book she knocks at the doorThis adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clausebecause the two clauses have different subjects

While Frank was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading Frank felt very upset

When Safia was arrived at home she began to call on her daughterWhen arrived at home Safia began to call on her daughter

When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause

2 Expressing the idea of ldquoDuring the same timerdquo in modifying phrases

ExamplesWhile he was reading he felt very upsetWhile reading he felt very upset

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

Reading he felt very upsetGoing home she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3 Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases

Because is not used in a modifying phrase It is omitted butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship

Because he worked he didnrsquot come to attend the speechWorking he didnrsquot come to attend the speech

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of ldquobecauserdquo

Because she has moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the marketHaving moved she doesnrsquot remember the way to the market

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because but also of before

Because he was unable to afford the truth he lied a lot Being unable to afford the truth he lied a lotUnable to afford the truth he lied a lot

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy he went to bedHe went to bed because he was sleepy An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause Notice the punctuation in examples a and bsince Since he wasnt feeling well he decided to stay home and not go to school In example c since means becausenow that Now that the semester is finished Im going to rest a few days and then take a tripIn example d now that means because now Now that is used for present and future situationsas As she had nothing to do she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie In example e as means becauseasso long as As long as (So long as) youre not busy could you help me with this work In example f as long as means becauseinasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement the possibilities for peace are still remote In example g inasmuch as means because Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech

Exercise 7 Directions Using the given information make sentences using now thatJose used to take the bus to school but last week he bought a car Now he can drive to school Now that Jose has a car he can drive to schoolYou just had your sixteenth birthday Now you can get a drivers license

Now that you are ________________________________________________________We have to wear warm clothes Its winter now

________________________________________________________________________Bob used to live in the dorm but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment Now he can cook his own food __________________________________________________________________________Whew Ive finally finished painting the house Now I can go fishing __________________________________________________________________________I can get a job as a bilingual secretary I know English now __________________________________________________________________________My brother got married last month Hes a married man now so he has more responsibilities

__________________________________________________________________________Do you want to go for a walk The rain has stopped

___________________________________________________________________________Its been a long hard week but final exams are finally over We can relax

___________________________________________________________________________The civil war has ended A new government is being formed

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8Directions Complete the followingAs long as its such a nice day why dont ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

As long as the movie is free lets _________________________________________________As long as its raining I think Ill __________________________________________________As long as the coffee is already made I guess Ill _____________________________________As long as youre here why dont ________________________________________________As long as youre up would you mind _____________________________________________

Exercise 9 Directions Combine the given ideas by using since Also decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch asMonday is Dans birthday Lets give him a party _________________________________________________________________________Monday is a national holiday All government office will be closed

_________________________________________________________________________The guys I live with dont know any Chinese I have to speak English with them

_________________________________________________________________________Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it

__________________________________________________________________________Maria maybe you could help me with this calculus problem Youre a math major __________________________________________________________________________Many young people move to the cities in search of employment There are few jobs available in the rural areas __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10Directions Complete the following Punctuate carefullyNow that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________The teacher didnt________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________________Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________Elmer cant stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Since we dont have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

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• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

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• English for Maths III
• Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships