caucasus balticsformer soviet republics central asiaeastern europe * tajikistan data from year 1993...
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Albania Bulgaria CzechRepublic
Hungary Poland Romania Turkey
perc
en
t o
f o
lder
peo
ple
in
to
tal
po
pu
lati
on
0
5
10
15
20
25
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan* Turkmenistan** Uzbekistan
per
cen
t o
f o
lder
peo
ple
in
to
tal
po
pu
lati
on
0
5
10
15
20
25
Russian Federation Belarus Ukraine Moldova
perc
ent
of o
lder
peo
ple
in to
tal p
opul
atio
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
perc
ent
of o
lder
peo
ple
in to
tal p
opul
atio
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgiape
rcen
t of
old
er p
eopl
e in
tota
l pop
ulat
ion
CaucasusBalticsFormer Soviet Republics
Central AsiaEastern Europe
* Tajikistan data from year 1993 ** Turkmenistan data from year 1990
Older Population in the ECA Region
Source: Official CIS Data. 1997. U.S. Bureau of the Census. International Database. 1998.
Graph 1
Older People in Transition Economies:An Overview of their Plight in the ECA
Region
Ayse KudatNadia H. YoussefThe World Bank
1999
Projected Changes in the Median Age of Populations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Albania Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland
pe
rce
nt
of t
ota
l p
op
ula
tion
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
perc
ent
of to
tal
popu
latio
n
Eastern Europe Central Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Russian Federation Belarus Ukraine Moldova
perce
nt of
total
pop
ulatio
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Latvia Lithuania Estonia
perc
ent
of to
tal
popu
latio
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
perc
ent
of t
otal
pop
ulat
ion
Former Soviet Republics Baltics Caucasus
1990 2010 2025
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Aging in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. International Population Report. P 95/9 2-3. 1993.
Graph 2
Country Differentials in Current and Projected Life Expectancy at Birth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
year
s
Albania Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania
Source: US Bureau of the Census. Demographic Indicators: 1997.
Eastern Europe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
year
s
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan
Central Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
year
s
Russian Federation Moldova
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
year
s
Estonia Latvia Lithuania0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
years
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Former Soviet Republics Baltics Caucasus
Graph 3
Projected Changes in Gender Ratios for People Older than 65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100A
lban
ia
Bu
lgar
ia
Cze
ch R
epu
bli
c
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Ro
man
ia
Est
on
ia
Lat
via
Lit
hu
ania
Bel
aru
s
Mo
ldo
va
Ru
ssia
Ukr
ain
e
nu
mb
er o
f m
en p
er o
ne
hu
nd
red
wo
men
1990
2025
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, An Aging World, Averting Old Age Crisis: Technical Annex, Table 6, 1993.
Eastern Europe Baltics Other Former USSR Countries
Graph 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Arm
enia
Aze
rbai
jan
Geo
rgia
Kaz
akh
stan
Kyr
gyz
stan
Taj
ikis
tan
Tu
rkm
enis
tan
Uzb
ekis
tan
nu
mb
er o
f m
en p
er o
ne
hu
nd
red
wo
men
1990
2025
Caucasus Central Asia
Projected Changes in Gender Ratios for People Older than 65
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, An Aging World, Averting Old Age Crisis: Technical Annex, Table 6, 1993.
Graph 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80p
erce
nt
of
peo
ple
ove
r 60
* ye
ars
of
age
Arm
enia
Aze
rbai
jan
Kaz
akh
stan
Kyr
gyz
stan
Taj
ikis
tan
Tu
rkm
enis
tan
Uzb
ekis
tan
Ru
ssia
Bel
aru
s
Mo
ldo
va
Ukr
ain
e
Urban
Rural
* As percent of total population of elderly within each country
Source : CIS Data, 1997. US Bureau of the Census, 1997.
Distribution of People Older than 60 in CIS CountriesGraph 6
Other Former USSR Countries
Caucasus Central Asia
Georgia is not included in Caucasus region due to lack of data.
Share of Rural Population in ECA Countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80A
rme
nia
Aze
rba
ijan
Bu
lga
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
Ka
zakh
sta
n
Kyr
gyz
sta
n
Uzb
eki
sta
n
Ta
jikis
tan
Be
laru
s
Mo
ldo
va
Ukr
ain
e
Ru
ssia
nF
ed
era
tion
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal p
op
ula
tion
Source: Official Statistics of CIS, 1997. United Nations, 1995.
Graph 7
Other Former USSR Countries
Central Asia
Eastern EuropeCaucasus
Georgia is not included in Caucasus region and Estonia is the only representative of Baltic States due to lack of data.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
perc
ent o
f old
er p
eopl
e in
res
pect
ive
popu
latio
ns*
Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Ukraine
Rural
Urban
People Older than 60 in Rural and Urban ECA
Source: Official Statistics of CIS. 1997.1-percents of older people in total rural population2-percents of older people in total urban population
1
2
Graph 8
Old Age Support Ratios for Persons Older than 60 (Current and Projected)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Alb
an
ia
Bu
lga
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
Ro
ma
nia
Old
ag
e s
up
po
rt r
atio
*
* Old Age Support Ratio= Population over 60 / Working Age Population (20-64)Source: Robert Palacios, Averting the Old Age Crisis, Policy Research Working Paper 1572, Poverty and Human Resources Division, The World Bank, 1996, Technical Annex.
Eastern Europe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ka
zakh
sta
n
Kyr
gyz
sta
n
Ta
jikis
tan
Tu
rkm
en
ista
n
Uzb
eki
sta
n
Old
ag
e s
up
po
rt r
atio
*
1990
2010
2020
Central Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
RussianFederation
Belarus Ukraine Moldova
Old A
ge S
uppo
rt Rati
o
Other Former USSR Countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Old
Age
Supp
ort R
atio
Baltics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Old
Age
Supp
ort R
atio
Caucasus
Graph 9
Growth in the Pensions as Share of the GDP in Selected Transition Socialist Economies
Graph 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
OECD**
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Poland
Hungary
Romania*
1980
1990
pensions as share of GDP, percent
Source: World Bank estimates and OECD - 1988.
*Refers to main scheme only**Average of 21 OECD countries from 1980 to 1988 for 12 countries and 1990 for 9 countries.
Pension Spending as Share of Government Expenditures in Selected Eastern European Countries
Graph 11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bulgaria
Romania**
Hungary
Poland
1980
1990
pensions as share of government expenditures, percent
*1981**Main scheme onlySource: World Bank estimates - 1988.
Graph 12
Ethnicity and Age in Bulgaria
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Bulgarian Bulgarian-Turkish Bulgarian-Gypsy
ethnic groups
0-1920-3940-5960 & over
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tion
s
Graph 13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Bulgarian Bulgarian-Turkish Bulgarian-Gypsy
ethnic groups
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tion
No educationElementaryMiddle schoolSecondary educationUniversity*
* University includes the technical education as well.
Educational Background among Ethnic Groups in Bulgaria
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 14
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Income and Expenditure in Bulgaria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bulgarian Bulgarian-Turks Bulgarian-Gypsiesethnic groups
Wages
Self-employment
Pension
Private transfers
Allowances
perc
ent
of t
otal
inco
me
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bulgarian Bulgarian-Turks Bulgarian-Gypsiesethnic groups
FoodClothingMedicalTaxesTransport and communicationsUtilities and rent
perc
ent
of e
xpen
ditu
re
Labor Force Participation in Sectors by Ethnic Groups in Bulgaria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bulgarian Bulgarian-Turkish Bulgarian-Gypsy
ethnic groups
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tion
Managerial
Technical
Service sector
Industrial
Agricultural
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 15
Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Sector in Ukraine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ind
ust
ry
Fo
rest
ry
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Lo
gis
tics
Tra
de
He
alth
-ca
re
Ed
uca
tion
Mu
nic
ipa
litie
s
Oth
er
field
s
Ukranian
Russian
Other
pe
rce
nt o
f in
div
idu
als
in r
esp
ect
ive
se
cto
rs
sectors
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 27
Rural / Urban Dimensions of Ethnicity in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ukranian Russian Others
ethnic groups
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tion
s
Urban
Rural
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 33
Graph 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Permanent Temporary Own business / farm Helping friends / relatives
type of work
perc
ent
of
respective a
ge g
roups
0-19
20-39
40-59
60 and over
Economic Participation by Age Groups
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Household Members Regularly
Employed in the Past 30 days (% of
people)
Land Ownership (% of households)
Employed (58%)
Not employed (42%)
Own land (58%)
Do not own land (58%)
Employment, Land Ownership and Current Work Status in Bulgaria
Graph 17
Sources of Income by Household Type in Bulgaria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Wages
Pensions
Transfers
Other Sources*
household type
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal h
ou
seh
old
inco
me
* Other Sources = Income from second job and/or agricultural activities, etc..Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 18
Sources of Income by Age Groups in Bulgaria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-19 20-39 40-59 60 and over
Wage
Benefits*
Pension**
Private Transfers
age groups
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal h
ou
seh
old
inco
me
* Benefits = Unemployment+maternity+stipend+medical+transportation**Pension = Private+public+survival+disabled
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Old Single
Old Couple
Multi-generational
Younger Family
percent of utilities in non-food expenses
hous
ehol
d ty
pe
Percent of utilities in non-food expenditures in Bulgaria
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational
Younger Family
household type
perc
en
t o
f to
tal
uti
lity
exp
en
dit
ure
s
Water
District Heating
Coal / Wood
Telephone
Other*
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) * Other = Electricity, monthly maintenance fees, services
Utility Payments by Household Typein Bulgaria
Graph 19 Utility Payments -- Bulgaria
Graph 20
Distribution of Expenditures by Household Type in Bulgaria
68 7062
57
32 3038
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal e
xpe
nd
iture
s
Non-food Items
Food Items
household type
Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 21
0 20 40 60 80 100
Central Gas
Electricity
Running Water
Telephone
WC or Bathroom
percent of respective households
Available
Not available
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cen
tral
Gas
Ru
nn
ing
Wat
er
Tel
eph
on
e
WC
or
Bat
hro
om
per
cen
t o
f re
spec
tive
ho
use
ho
lds
HHs with Elderly
Younger households
Household Access to Basic Utilities in Hungary
Source: Hungary Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis)
General Availability of Utilities Availability of Utilities by Household Type
Graph 24
Age-Specific Poverty Headcount Indices in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+
Males Femalesp
ove
rty
he
ad
cou
nt i
nd
ex
age groups
Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Graph 3.2.
Graph 25
Perceived Living Standards in Ukraine
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
perc
ent o
f res
pect
ive
age
grou
ps
15-29 30-44 45-59 60 & over
Much lower than average
Lower than average
Average
Higher than average
age groups
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Household Financial Status in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Lacks food
Sufficient food
Able to afford clothing
Comfortable
household type
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e h
ou
seh
old
typ
es
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
pe
rce
nt
of
res
pe
cti
ve
ag
e g
rou
ps
Working at a company Out of a company*
14-29
30-44
45-59
60 and over
occupation
Graph 28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e a
ge
gro
up
s
Permanent Temporary, seasonal
14-29
30-44
45-59
60 and over
job status
Occupation by Age Groups in Ukraine
*Out of a company = Running own business or working at a land plot.
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Job Status by Age Groups in Ukraine
Occupation and Job Status by Age Groups in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+
age groups
Male 1989
Male 1995
Female 1989
Female 1995
perc
ent o
f lab
or fo
rce
parti
cipa
tion
Graph 29
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in Ukraine
Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Chart 1 (reproduced).
Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Chart 2 (reproduced).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+
age groups
perc
ent
of la
bor
forc
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
Male-overall
Male-formal
Female-overall
Female-formal
Graph 30
Labor Force Participation in the Overall and Formal Economy in Ukraine
Graph 31
Sources of Income by Household Type in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Old Single Old Couple Multi - generational Younger Family
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal i
nco
me
Wages
Pensions
Private transfers
Other incomes
Received help*
household type
*Help received from organizations, charities and foundationsSource: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 32Household Expenses by Household Type in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Food
Expenses on land plots
Agricultural expenses
Eating out
Clothing
Health
pe
rce
nt o
f to
tal h
ou
seh
old
exp
en
ses
household type
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 34
Ownership of Land and Housing in Ukraine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
per
cen
t o
f re
spec
tive
ho
use
ho
ld t
ypes
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Do you have any land plots in use?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
per
cen
t o
f re
spec
tive
ho
use
ho
ld t
ypes
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Did you pay for your housing?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
perc
ent o
f res
pect
ive
hous
ehol
d ty
pes
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Yes
No
Did you receive housing subsidy?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
perc
ent o
f res
pect
ive
hous
ehol
d ty
pes
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Private
State-owned
Type of Tenancy
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Graph 35Household Access to Basic Utilities in Ukraine
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percent of respective household types
Gas Heating
Water Supply
Central Sewerage
Telephone
Not available
Available
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
perc
ent
of r
espe
ctiv
e ho
useh
old
type
s
Telephone
Central Gas
Central Heating
Central Sewerage
Water Supply
household types
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Availability of Utilities
Utility Usage by Households
Graph 36Health Conditions in Ukraine
0
20
40
60
80
perc
ent
of r
espe
ctiv
e ag
e gr
oups
Yes No
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ambulance Doctor Clinics* Doctor** Other Doctors
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e a
ge
gro
up
s
type of doctors visited
* Clinics include district & commercial ** Doctors include private & family doctors
14-29
30-44
45-59
60 & over
Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)
Do you suffer any illness?Frequency of Doctor Visit
Less than 3 months ago
Over 12 months ago
3-6 months ago
6-12 months ago
Type of doctors visited in the last month
Graph 23
0 20 40 60 80 100
Central Gas
Refrigrador
Running Water
WC or Bathroom
percent of respective households
Available
Not available
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cen
tral
Gas
Ref
rigra
dor
Run
ning
Wat
er
WC
or
Bat
hroo
m
perc
ent
of r
espe
ctiv
e ho
useh
olds
HHs with Elderly
Younger households
Household Access to Basic Utilities in Estonia
Source: Estonia Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis)
General Availability of Utilities Availability of Utilities by Household Type
Graph 39
Ownership of Agricultural Assets in Azerbaijan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
perc
ent o
f res
pect
ive
hous
ehol
ds
owni
ng a
sset
s
Cattle
Sheep
Horses
Poultry
Vehicles*
household type
* Vehicles include trucks, tractors, carts and trailers Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
pe
rce
nt o
f re
sp
ective
in
div
idu
als
b
y h
ou
se
ho
lds
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Waiting to start
No suitable job
Studying
Retired
Not want to work
Caring family / child
household type
Reasons for not looking for worklast year - Azerbaijan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
perc
ent of re
spectiv
e in
div
iduals
by h
ousehold
s
HHs with Elderly Younger households
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Construction
Logistics
Services
household type
Sectors in which a job is sought in Azerbaijan
Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Seeking Work in Azerbaijan
Graph 38
Ownership of Household Durables in Azerbaijan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
perc
ent o
f res
pect
ive
hous
ehol
ds
Oven
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Television
Radio
Car
household type
Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Familype
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e in
div
idu
als
by
ho
use
ho
lds
Ill
Chronically ill
Healthy
household type
Health status in the past 4 weeks
Health consultations received in the past 4 weeks
Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Not received (29%)
Received (71%)
Health Consultations and Health Status in Azerbaijan
Graph 41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
perc
ent
of
respective indiv
iduals
by h
ousehold
s
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Patients home
Dispensary
State clinic
Emergency
household type
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
perc
ent
of
respective indiv
iduals
by h
ousehold
s
Old Single Old Couple Multi-generational Younger Family
Not examined
Private doctor
State doctor
Quasi-doctor
household type
Health care facility preferences
Physician preferences by households
Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)
Health Care in Azerbaijan
Income of Urban Pensioner and Non-Pensioner Households in KyrgyzstanGraph 42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pe
nsi
on
er
ho
use
ho
lds
No
n-p
en
sio
ne
rh
ou
seh
old
s
Pe
nsi
on
er
ho
use
ho
lds
No
n-p
en
sio
ne
rh
ou
seh
old
s
Pe
nsi
on
er
ho
use
ho
lds
No
n-p
en
sio
ne
rh
ou
seh
old
s
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e h
ou
seh
old
s
High Income
Middle Income
Low income
Hig
h In
com
e
Lo
w In
com
e
Mid
dle
Inco
me
Jalal-AbadBishkek Osh
Source: Kyrgyz Republic Urban Transport Project Social Assessment, The World Bank, 1998.
Sources of Income -- Estonia, Kyrgyzstan and Hungary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Kyrgyzstan Estonia Hungary
pe
rce
nt o
f re
spe
ctiv
e p
op
ula
tion
s
Wages
Self-Employment
Pensions
Other Income
Source: Household Budget and Poverty Surveys. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis).
Graph 43
Sources of Income by Household Type -- Estonia, Kyrgyzstan and Hungary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HHs with Elderly Younger households
perc
ent o
f tot
al h
ouse
hold
inco
me
household type
KYRGYZSTAN
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HHs with Elderly Younger households
perc
ent o
f tot
al h
ouse
hold
inco
me
household type
ESTONIA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HHs with Elderly Younger households
perc
ent o
f tot
al h
ouse
hold
inco
me
household type
HUNGARYWages
Self - employment
Pensions
Other Income
Source: Household Budget and Poverty Surveys. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis)
Graph 22
Graph 44
0 20 40 60 80 100
Central Gas
Running Water
Telephone
WC or Bathroom
Refrigrador
percent of respective households
Available
Not available
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cen
tral
Gas
Run
ning
Wat
er
Tel
epho
ne
WC
or
Bat
hroo
m
perc
ent
of r
espe
ctiv
e ho
useh
olds
HHs with Elderly
Younger households
Household Access to Basic Utilities in Kyrgyzstan
Source: The Kyrgyz Republic Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis)
General Availability of Utilities Availability of Utilities by Household Type