catia some solved questions by raag

8/12/2019 catia some solved Questions by raag

1/39

\MM@HMTJM W;- ][KXTJEFX & MFXPK\X

=. Kxpmfd HMTJMW;5Heaputkr Mjdkd Tbrkk Djakfsjefmc Jftkrmhtjvk Mppcjhmtjef.

=.

Pbmt js tbk smvk kxtkfsjef eg sokthbkr gjck5

HMT ^mrt

=. Deks HMTJM W; wero ef [FJR ^cmtgera5Zks

=. Js jt pessjlck te jfhrkmsk tbk sjzk eg pcmfk leufdmry rkprkskftmtjef & bew5 Zks, è ger Teecs-Eptjefs- Jfgrmstruhturk-^mrt struhturk-Djspcmy

=. Js Jt êssjlck te djrkhtcy kftkr jf te Xokthbkr Perolkfhb5Fe, jt js fet pessjlck te kftkr jf te sokthbkr werolkfhb djrkhtcy. Pk bmvk te è ger mfy

werolkfhb &gera tbkrk wk hmf kftkr tbk sokthbkr werolkfhb..

=. Pbjhb js tbk teec uskd te kxjt grea sokthbkr werolkfhb te pmrt dksj`fPerolkfhb5 Kxjt Xokthbkr.

Pbmtjsusk eg hefstruhtjef kckakfts5

Hefstruhtjef kckakfts mssjst jf sokthbjf` tbk rkqujrkd pregjck jf sokthbkr.

=. Pbmt mrk tbk dkgmuct ufjts eg CAT (Ckf`tb, Amss mfd Tjak)aa, O`, Xkhefd.

=. Pbmt js XOKTHB TEECX jf sokthbkr wero lkfhb & Kxpcmjf tbk Japertmftmfhk egjt5

XOKTHB TEECX jf sokthbkr werolkfhb mrk tbk heaamfds, wbjhb gjfd vkry usk jf hrkmtjf`

kthbks. XOKTHB TEECX mrk fmakcy `keaktrjh mfd djakfsjefmc hefstrmjfts, hefstruhtjefkakfts/stmfdmrd kckakfts mfd @rjd eptjef. Tbky pcmy vkry japertmft reck jf sokthbjf`, wbkfkvkr wk

mft te hefstrmjf m sokthb wk usk tbksk eptjefs mfd jg wk wmft te hefvkrt mfy kckakft jfte m

fstruhtjef kckakft efhk m`mjf tbksk eptjefs heak jfte pjhturk.

=. Js jt pessjlck te bjdk spkhjgjhmtjef trkk5Zks, wjtb bkcp eg G8 luttef, lut tbk eptjef jf Teecs heaamfd aust lk hbkhokd temccew tbjs.


2/39

\MM@.;, Kccjpsk bms \BE vmcuk lktwkkf > & >.; mfd Bypkrlecm bms

\BE vmcuk l/w >.; & =.>.


3/39

\MM@=. Pbmt js F[\LX5Furls mrk tbk typk eg hurvks

=. Bew amfy typks eg He-erdjfmtk systkas mrk tbkrk5Tbrkk fmakcy Hmrtksjmf, ^ecmr mfd Xpbkrjhmc he-erdjfmtk systka.

=. Pbmt mrk preikht 8D sjcbeukttk kd`ks5^reikht 8D sjcbeukttk kd`ks jf sokthbkr wjcc sbews bew te hrkmtk sjcbeukttk kd`ks te lk uskd jf ms

`keaktry er rkgkrkfhk kckakfts.

=. Pbmt js usk eg sokthb mfmcysjs5Te hbkho wbktbkr tbk sokthb js guccy hceskd er fet se tbmt tbk sokthb hmf lk uskd er fet se

tbmt tbk sokthb hmf lk uskd ger gurtbkr epkrmtjefs jf pmrt dksj`f.

=. Pbkrk de wk usk mxjs5Mxjs js uskd jf hrkmtjf` sbmgt (rkvecvkd) gkmturk.

=. Hmf wk rkdkgjfk tbk sokthbks5 Zks.=. Hmf mxjs lk hefvkrtkd jfte cjfk er vjhk vkrsm5Pk hmf hefvkrt cjfk jfte mxjs lut mxjs hmffet hefvkrt jfte cjfk.

=. Bew amfy mxjs hmf lk hrkmtkd jf m sjf`ck sokthb5Efcy efk mxjs hmf lk hrkmtkd jf m sokthb, jg aerk tbmf efk mxjs mrk drmwf tbkf efcy efk eg tbka,

tbk cmtkst efk, wjcc lk mxjs mfd etbkrs wjcc lk hefvkrtkd jfte rkgkrkfhk kckakfts.

=. Bew de wk hbmf`k, sokthb's rkgkrkfhk pcmfk5\j`bt hcjho ef tbk sokthb wbesk rkgkrkfhk pcmfk js te lk hbmf`kd mfd skckht tbk hbmf`k rkgkrkfhk

pcmfk mfd tbkf skckht fkw rkgkrkfhk.

=. Pbmt js tbk gufhtjef eg ajrrer heaamfd jf sokthb5Ajrrer heaamfd jf sokthb wjcc hrkmtk m hepy eg tbk sokthb mleut m rkgkrkfhk pcmfk.

=. Jg J defer wmft tbk rkcmtjef l/w erj`jfmc mfd ajrrerkd kckakfts wbmt sbeucd J de5 Kxpcerk mfd tbk rkcmtjef l/w tbk erj`jfmc mfd ajrrer kckakft deksf't kxjt.

=. Pbmt js tbk usk eg jsecmtk jf sokthbkr werolkfhb5


4/39

\MM@Jsecmtkd js uskd wbkf 8D `keaktry js preikhtkd ef te m sokthb jf erdkr te lk aedjgjkd mfd uskd ms

pmrt eg tbk sokthb's pregjck.

=. Hmf wk skckht fef-pcmfkr surg mhk ms sokthb pcmfk5Fe, wk hmffet skckht m fef-pcmfmr surgmhk ms sokthb.

=. Pbmt mrk tbk djggkrkft eptjefs mvmjcmlck jf qujho trja heaamfd5L\KMO & \[LLK\ jf rkaevks pmrt eg tbk kckakft, wbjhb js hcjhokd.

L\KMO & \[LLK\ eut rkaevks pmrt eg tbk kckakft, wbjhb js fet hcjhokd.

L\KMO & OKK^ okkps letb pmrts eg kckakfts mgtkr lrkmojf`.

=. Pbmt de HMTJM ^=, HMTJM ^< MFD HMTJM ^8 akmf5^=, ^< mfd ^8 wjcc jfdjhmtk tbk djggkrkft typks eg pcmtgeras eg HMTJM. Bj`bkr tbk fualkr

sepbjstjhmtkd wjcc lk tbk segtwmrk.

=. Pbmt js okrfkc5Tbk okrfkc js tbk lmsjh jfdjspkfsmlck pmrt eg mf epkrmtjf` systka tbmt mccehmtks rkseurhks suhb ms

cew-ckvkc bmrdwmrk jftkrgmhks & skhurjty.

=. Pbmt js tbk okrfkc eg HMTJM5HFKRT

=. Js jt pessjlck te djrkhtcy kftkr tbk pmrt dksj`f werolkfhb, wbkf wk stmrt tbk HMTJMskssjef, jfstkmd eg msskalcy dksj`f werolkfhb5

Fe, wk hmffet kftkr djrkhtcy jfte tbk pmrt dksj`f.

=. Pbmt js tbk japertmfhk eg sokthb teecs5Tbjs teec lmr efcy mppkmrs wbkf yeu mrk jf sokthbkr werolkfhb. Tbk geur teecs geufd jf tbjs teec

lmr mrk te``ck teecs. Pbkf teec js bj`bcj`btkd tbk teec js ef. Tbjs pmrtjhucmr teec lmr hbmf`ks

dkpkfdjf` ef wbmt etbkr sokthbkr werolkfhb teec js hurrkftcy skckhtkd.

=. Bew amfy dk`rkks eg grkkdea mrk tbkrk ger pejfts, cjfks, hjrhcks & kccjpsk jf .>>=aa.

=. Bew deks tbk fkmrkst jf preikht heaamfd wjcc mggkht5Jt wjcc sbew jt's sj`fjgjhmfhk wbkf tbkrk mrk aerk tbmf efk pregjck jf m sjf`ck sokthb jg wk wmft te

preikhts mcc eg tbka ef m surgmhk tbkf wk bmvk te ufhbkho jt, etbkrwjsk tbk efcy pregjck, wbjhb js

fkmrkr te tbk surgmhk, wjcc `kt preikhtkd & etbkrs wjcc fet

=. Js jt pessjlck te pkrgera m sbkcc epkrmtjef ef m spbkrk5Zks, wk hmf sbkcc m spbkrk. Ger tbjs, wk fkkd te iust skckht XBKCC heaamfd & `jvk wmcc

tbjhofkss. Jg wk skckht tbk spbkrk ms elikht te lk sbkcckd tbkf jt wjcc sbew seak krrer & wk hmffet

sbkcc jt.


10/39

\MM@=. Pbmt js bkmcjf` eg `keaktry5Tbjs tmso sbews bew te bkmc surgmhks, tbmt js bew te gjcc mfy (scj`bt) `mp tbmt amy lk mppkmcjf`

l/w < surgmhks.

=. Pbmt mrk djstmfhk elikhtjvks (jf bkmcjf`)5Jt js tbk amxjaua `mp mccewkd l/w < bkmckd kckakfts.

=. Pbmt js 'Grkkzk kckakfts' jf bkmcjf`5Jg tbjs eptjef js hbkhokd, tbk bkmcjf` epkrmtjef wjcc fet mggkht tbk skckhtkd kckakfts ufdkr 'grkkzk

kckakfts'.

=. Pbmt js saeetbjf` eg hurvks5Tbjs tmso sbews bew te saeetb m hurvk, j.k., gjcc tbk `mps & saeetb tbk tmf`kfhy & hurvmturk

djsheftjfujtjks, jf erdkr te `kfkrmtk lkttkr qumcjty `keaktry wbkf usjf` tbjs hurvk te hrkmtk etbkr

kckakfts, suhb ms swkpt surgmhks kth.

=. Pbmt js 'Amxjaua dkvjmtjef' jf saeetbjf` hurvks heaamfd5Amxjaua dkvjmtjef (amy lk jf djstmfhk er mf`cks) js tbk mccewkd dkvjmtjef lktwkkf tbk jfjtjmc

hurvk mfd saeetbkd hurvk.

=. Pbmt js 'tepece`y sjapcjgjhmtjef' jf saeetbjf` hurvks heaamfd5Jg tbjs eptjef js hbkhokd tbkf jt muteamtjhmccy dkcktks tbk vkrtjhks, tbus rkduhjf` jts fualkrs eg

sk`akfts.

=. Cjst tbk djggkrkft heaamfds mvmjcmlck te hrkmtk surgmhks5Kxtrusjef, rkvecvk, swkkp, gjcc & auctj-skhtjef.

=. Pbmt js 'sjapcjgy rksuct' jf iejf5Hbkhojf` tbjs luttef mccews tbk systka te muteamtjhmccy rkduhk tbk fualkr eg kckakfts (gmhks er

kd`ks) jf tbk rksuctjf` iejf wbkfkvkr pessjlck.

=. Pbmt js 'J`ferk krrefkeus kckakfts' jf iejf5Hbkhojf` tbjs luttef ckts tbk systka te j`ferk tbk surgmhk & kd`ks tbmt etbkrwjsk weucd fet

mccew tbk iejf te lk hrkmtkd.

=. Pbmt mrk @> & @= prepm`mtk jf iejf5@> prepm`mtk9 - Tbk teckrmfhk herrkspefds te tbk akr`jf` djstmfhk vmcuk.

@= prepm`mtk9 - Tbk teckrmfhk vmcuk herrkspefds te tbk mf`ucmr tbrksbecd vmcuk.


11/39

\MM@=. Pbmt js tbk gjck smvk kxtkfsjef eg surgmhk5. HMT pmrt js tbk gjck smvk kxtkfsjef eg m surgmhk.

MXXKALCZ DKXJ@F PE\O LKFHB

=. Pbmt js ^CA5^reduht Cjgk Hyhck Amfm`kakft9 ^reduht Cjgk Hyhck Amfm`kakft js tbk suhhkssjef eg strmtk`jks

uskd ly amfm`kakft ms m preduht `eks tbreu`b jts cjgkhyhck.

=. Pbmt js djggkrkfhk lktwkkf ^reduht & Heapefkft5^reduht js m hecckhtjef eg heapefkfts. Pbkrkms heapefkft js m hecckhtjef eg gkmturks.

=. Pbmt js vjsumcjzmtjef aedk5Jf tbjs aedk, efcy pmrtjmc dmtm js cemdkd te tbk akaery eg tbk bmrd djso. Tbk dmtm wjcc lk jf tbk

skccmtkd gera wk hmffet `jvk hefstrmjfts te tbk heapefkfts jf tbjs aedk.

=. Pbmt js smvk kxtkfsjef eg msskalcy gjck5. HMT ^reduht

=. Pbmt js dksj`f aedk5Jf tbjs aedk tbk dmtm js guccy cemdkd te tbk akaery & wk hmf wero ef tbk heapefkfts. Tbk

heapefkfts jf vjsumcjzmtjef aedk hmf lk lreu`bt jfte dksj`f aedk ly iust deulck hcjhojf` ef tbk

heapefkfts lut vjhk vkrsm js fet pessjlck ly iust deulck hcjhojf`.

=. Pbkf wk usk prepm`mtk djrkhtery5Jf smvk amfm`kakft, wbkf wk wmft te smvk tbk heapefkft gjcks jf tbk smak gjck jf wbjhb

preduht js smvkd tbkf wk usk ^\E^M@MTK DJ\KHTE\Z. Tbkf muteamtjhmccy tbk kftjrk hbjcd

gjcks wjcc lk prepm`mtkd te tbmt pmrtjhucmr djrkhtery.

=. Pbmt js m shkfk5 Pbkrk wk usk jt `jvk mfy efk kxmapck5Xhkfks kfmlck hmpturjf` & rksterjf` tbk stmtk eg heapefkfts jf mf msskalcy jf m smvkd

vjkwpejft.

=. Bew amfy dk`rkks eg grkkdea wjcc lk tbkrk ger mfy heapefkft jf mf msskalcy5Xjx dk`rkks eg grkkdea wjcc lk tbkrk ger mfy hefstrmjfkd heapefkft jf mf msskalcy.

=. Jf mf msskalcy bew de J akmsurk dk`rkk eg grkkdea eg heapefkft5Mhtjvmtk tbk heapefkft & tbkf `e ger MFMCZYK Dk`rkks eg grkkdea.


12/39

\MM@=. Pbmt js usk eg step amfjpucmtkd ef hcmsb heaamfd5Jt wjcc step tbk aevkakft eg heapefkft wbkf hcmsbkd, jf heapmss mssjstkd aevkakft.

=. Pbmt js tbk gufhtjef eg 'evkrcemd prepkrtjks' jf heftkxtumc akfu5Jt `jvks mwmy us tbk eptjef fet te hepy m pmrtjhucmr heapefkft jfte tbk drmgtjf` grea msskalcy

ly iust skckhtjf` jt (tbk pmrtjhucmr heapefkft) usjf` tbk heftkxtumc akfu wjtb evkrcemd prepkrtjks'.

=. Pbmt js DKXO heaamfd5Tbjs heaamfd sbews us bew te vjkw tbk rkcmtjefsbjp lktwkkf djggkrkft dehuakfts & te eltmjf

jfgeramtjef mleut tbkjr prepkrtjks. ([fhbkho teecs6eptjefs

PBJTK-cemdkd.

LCMHO-fet cemdkd jf tbk hurrkft skssjef.

\KD-fet lkkf geufd.

=. Djggkrkft typks eg HMHBK5CEHMC HMHBK9 M rkmd er wrjtks djrkhtery cehmtkd cehmccy ef yeur amhbjfk & uskd te sterk

@\ gjcks. Tbk gjrst tjak m heapefkft js jfskrtkd jt js tksskccmtkd. Tbjs akmfs tbmt tbk herrkspefdjf`

@\ gjck js heaputkd & smvkd jf tbk cehmc hmhbk ms wkcc ms djspcmykd jf tbk dehuakft wjfdew. Tbkkxt tjak tbjs heapefkfts js rkqujrkd, tbk H@\ gjck wbjhb mcrkmdy kxjsts (& fet tbk erj`jfmc

ehuakft) js muteamtjhmccy cemdkd grea tbk cehmc HMHBK. Tbk uskr js feramccy rkspefsjlck ger tbk

hmc hmhbk.

\KCKMXKD HMHBK9 - M rkmd efcy hmhbk tbmt hmf lk cehmtkd mfy wbkrk ef yeur fktwero, skvkrmc

rkhterjks hmf lk dkgjfkd ger \KCKMXKD HMHBK. Jg m H@\ gjck hmffet lk geufd jf tbk cehmc

MHBK, tbk segtwmrk lrewsks tbk rkckmskd hmhbk djrkhterjks jf tbkjr cjstkd erdkr te skk jg tbk H@\ gjckcehmtkd jf mfy eg tbka. Jg tbk H@\ gjck js stjcc fet geufd, tbk heapefkft js tksskccmtkd & tbk rksuctjf`

@\ gjck js smvkd jf tbk cehmc HMHBK. Tbk sjtk 'mdajfjstrmter' js feramccy rkspefsjlck ger tbk rkckmskd

MHBK. Tbk dkgmuct amxjaua HMHBK sjzk js ;>>AL. Pbkf tbk amxjaua sjzk js kxhkkdkd, tbk

teamtjh dkcktjef eg H@\ gjcks (ef gjrst jf/gjrst eut lmsjs) js trj``krkd.

=. Mleut KDJT CJFOX5Tbjs tmso sbews bew te djspcmy tbk dehuakft cjfos. Efcy djrkht cjfos j.k., Kxtkrfmc dehuakfts

djrkhtcy pejftkd te ly tbk mhtjvk dehuakft hmf lk djspcmykd usjf` tbk KDJT-CJFOX heaamfd. Tbjs

mhtjvmtkd jfmhtjvk dehuakft aust lk mhtjvmtjf` lkgerk djspcmyjf` tbkjr cjfos. Fetk tbmt yeu hmf mcse

mf kckakft grea tbk `rmpb te djspcmy jts cjfos.

=. Pbmt js HX@ trkk5HX@ 1 Hefstruhtjvk Xecjd @keaktry jt js kqujvmckft te spkhjgjhmtjef trkk jf HMTJM W;.

=. Pbmt H@\ stmfds ger5


13/39

\MM@H@\ 1 Hmtjm @rmpbjh \kprkskftmtjef.

MDAJFJXT\MTJEF EG HMTJM W;

=. Bew de J heak te ofew mleut tbk rkckmsk eg HMTJM W;5@e te BKC^ Mleut HMTJMW;.


14/39

\MM@@keaktrjh hefstrmjft js m rkcmtjefsbjp tbmt gerhks m cjajtmtjef lktwkkf efk er aerk @keaktrjh

kckakfts. Djakfsjefmc hefstrmjft js m hefstrmjft, wbesk vmcuk dktkrajfks tbk `keaktrjh elikht

akmsurkakft.

=. Djggkrkfhk lktwkkf stmhokd djakfsjef & hbmjfkd djakfsjef aedk wbjck usjf` muteHefstrmjft eptjef5

Jf stmhokd djakfsjef mcc tbk djakfsjefs wjcc lk akmsurkd wjtb rkspkht te tbk rkgkrkfhk. Jf hbmjfkd

djakfsjef tbk djakfsjefs wjcc lk akmsurkd efk wjtb rkspkht te etbkr.

=. Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk lktwkkf syaaktry heaamfd mfd ajrrer heaamfd5Jf Xyaaktry heaamfd, tbk erj`jfmc sokthb js dkcktkd mfd tbk fkw efk js hrkmtkd

Mleut tbk rkgkrkfhk pcmfk lut wjtb tbk bkcp eg ajrrer heaamfd wk hmf rktmjf letb tbk fkw efk

mfd tbk erj`jfmc sokthb mleut tbk rkgkrkfhk pcmfk.

=. Djggkrkfhk lktwkkf trja mfd qujho trja5Jf trja eptjef, wk hmf kxtkfdkd m cjfk mcef` wjtb trjaajf` eg etbkr ufwmftkd kckakfts, jf qujho

trja wk hmf efcy trja m cjfk er hurvk mfd wk hmffet kxtkfd er sbertkf jt.

=. Djggkrkfhk lktwkkf mxjs mfd hefstruhtjef kckakfts5Mxjs js vjsjlck jf pmrt dksj`f aedk mfd hmf lk skckhtkd lut hefstruhtjef kckakfts mrk jfvjsjlck jf

pmrt dksj`f aedk mfd mrk fet skckhtmlck.

=. Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk lktwkkf spjfk mfd spcjfk5X^JFK9-hrkmtks m hurvk pmssjf` tbreu`b m pejft ef m pcmfk &feramc te efk er aerk etbkr

pcmfks. X^CJFK9 -Hrkmtks M Hurvk pmssjf` tbreu`b skvkrmc pejfts bmvjf` tmf`kftjmc hurvmturk

heftjfujty.

=. Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk lktwkkf JXECMTK &XK^M\MTK5JXECMTK9 dkcktks ce`jhmc cjfo lktwkkf tbk kckakfts

XK^M\MTK9 skpmrmtk cjfks, hurvks &gmhks grea tbkjr cjfos wjtb etbkrs.

Kckakfts9 KR9- M hurvk js hefsjdkrkd ms skpmrmtk wbkf jt js cjfokd te efcy efk surgmhk.

=. Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk lktwkkf ^M\MAKT\JH XECJDX &FEF-^M\MAKT\JHXECJDX5

^M\MAKT\JH XECJD9-\kcmtjefmc aedkc js pmrmaktrjh j.k. Efk te efk rkcmtjef jg mfy hbmf`k jf

djakfsjef tbmt amy rkgckhts ef etbkr djakfsjefs.

FEF-^M\MAKT\JH XECJDX9- dkvkcepjf` m secjd ly usjf` surgmhk ,gmhk, secjd prjajtjvk kth,

tbkrk js fe efk te efk rkcmtjef.


15/39

\MM@


16/39

\MM@Xmvk9 - usjf` tbjs eptjef wk smvk mcc tbk hurrkftcy epkfkd / aedjgjkd gjcks ly ecd fmak. Xmvk ms9 -

usjf` tbjs eptjef usjf` tbjs eptjef wbjhb mrk hurrkftcy epkfkd/ aedjgjkd ly djggkrkft fmak etbkr tbmf

tbk kmrcjkr efk.

Xmvk mcc9 - usjf` tbjs eptjef wk hmf smvk mcc tbk gjcks, kvkf tbeu`b wbjhb mrk fet epkfkd.

Xmvk amfm`kakft9 - tbk gckxjljcjty eg tbk eptjef 'smvk amfm`kakft' cjks jf tbk smvjf` eg tbk mcc gjcks

ufdkr djggkrkft fmaks & jf djggkrkft djrkhterjks sjauctmfkeuscy.

=. Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk l/w hejfhjdkfhk & heftmht hefstrmjf5Hejfhjdk typk hefstrmjft mrk uskd te mcj`f kckakfts, dkpkfdjf` upef skckhtkd kckakfts yeu amy

eltmjf HEFHKFT\JHJTZ, HEMRJMCJTZ er HE^CMF\JTZte hrkmtk hejfhjdkfhk hefstrmjf l/w mwbeck systka tbkjr aust bmvk tbk smak djrkhtjef & smak erjkftmtjef jf preduht .Heftmht typk

hefstrmjft hmf lk hrkmtkd l/w twe pcmfks, gmhks (djrkhtkd pcmfks)Tbk heaaef mrkm l/w twe pcmfmr

gmhks hmf lk pcmfk (pcmfk heftmht), m cjfk (cjfk heftmht) er m pejft (pejft heftmht)


17/39

\MM@HMTJM ][KXTJEFX MFD MFXPK\X

Pbmt js HMTJM5 Pbmt mrk tbk djggkrkft aeducks eg HMTJM5 Pbmt mrk tbk amjf Gkmturks eg

HMTJM5

HMTJM9 Heaputkr Mjdkd Tbrkk Djakfsjefmc Jftkrmhtjvk Mppcjhmtjefs.

Jt js uskd te hrkmtk tbrkk-djakfsjefmc `keaktrjh aedkcs usjf` wjrk grmak, surgmhk mfd secjd

aedkcjf` hefstruhtjefs.

Mddjtjefmc mppcjhmtjef aeducks jfherpermtkd wjtb HMTJM prevjdk Hmpmljcjtjks ger9

Ojfkamtjhs \eletjhs GKA aksb `kfkrmtjef GKA Xecutjefs FH Ajcc

FH Cmtbk ^re`rmaajf` ^jpjf` Dksj`f Xtruhturmc Akalkr Dksj`f mfd Jam`k @kfkrmtjefMddjtjefmc Aeduck mccews dmtm kxhbmf`k lktwkkf HMTJM mfd etbkr mppcjhmtjef mfd prevjdk mf

jftkrfmc HMTJM amtbkamtjhmc reutjfks mfd uskr jftkrgmhk.

Amjf Gkmturks eg HMTJM mrk9

Amjftmjfs m gucc tbrkk-djakfsjefmc dmtm lmsk Mccews djrkht hefstruhtjef eg 8D Pjrk grmak mfd Xecjd Aeduck 8D spmhk kckakfts mfd


18/39

\MM@ Gmhk js m hbjcd eg surgmhkXOJF9

M sojf js m skt eg iejfkd gmhks, surgmhks, sojfs, er vecuaks, sjajcmr te tbk vecuak, lut wjtb msjf`ck deamjf mfd wjtbeut hcesurk hefdjtjef.

Jf mddjtjef, mf eggskt hmf lk mssehjmtkd wjtb kmhb eg tbk gmhks.

WEC[AK9

M Wecuak js m skt eg iejfkd gmhks er surgmhk er sojfs er vecuak, wjtb tetmc hceskd deamjfs. Pbjck hrkmtjf` Wecuak tbk erdkr eg skckhtjf` tbk gmhks js japertmft. Mcse m Wecuak hmf

bmvk mf jffkr deamjf.

Pbmt js tbk djggkrkfhk lktwkkf XECJD KRMHT mfd XECJD AEHO-[^5XC.

E. XECJD KRMHT XECJD AEHO-[^

=Kxmht secjds amfjpucmtk mf kxmht typk,

mt js, m fef-mpprexjamtkd leufdmry

prkskftmtjef.

Aeho-up secjds amfjpucmtk mf

prexjamtkd typk L-\kp, tbmt js, m

prkskftmtjef rksuctjf` grea mfprexjamtjef eg tbk fef-pcmfmr geras ly

mfmr gmhkts.

.>=aa

.>=aa


25/39

\MM@

HMTJM

Mlsecutk Heerdjfmtks9 Heerdjfmtks tbmt spkhjgy m cehmtjef jf rkcmtjef te tbk hurrkft heerdjfmtk

systka (>, >, >)

Mhtjvk Wjkw9 M vjkw grea wbjhb yeu hrkmtk mfy kckakft mfetbkr vjkw er


26/39

\MM@Ljcc eg Amtkrjmc9 M pjkhk eg jfgeramtjef jfskrtkd jfte tbk mhtjvk vjkw eg m HMT Drmwjf`

dehuakft. Ger tbjs yeu hmf lk kjtbkr jf tbk werojf` vjkw er jf tbk lmho`reufd vjkw.

Lckfd Hurvk9 M

hurvk hrkmtkd te heffkht twe prk-kxjstjf` hurvks.

Lckfd Xurgmhk9 M surgmhk hrkmtkd te heffkht twe prk-kxjstjf` surgmhk.

Ledy9 M `reup vecuaks mfd gkmturks healjfkd te rkprkskft m secjd pmrt er preduht. Mfy fualkr egledjks hmf lk jf m sjf`ck aedkc er gjck lut efcy efk hmf lk mhtjvk mt m tjak. Wecuaks mfd gkmturks mrk

muteamtjhmccy mddkd te tbk mhtjvk ledy.

Leufdmry9 M Tepece`jhmc cjajt eg mf kckakft.

Lrkmoeut9 M lrkmoeut js m pmrtjmccy rkaevkd skhtjef wbjhb mccews vjsumcjzmtjef eg pmrtjhucmr

kckakft jf tbk vjkw. M lrkmoeut vjkw js efk lut jf djrkht preikhtjef grea tbk vjkw heftmjfjf` tbk

huttjf` pregjck Jf etbkr werds jt js fet pesjtjefkd jf m`rkkakft wjtb tbk stmfdmrd mrrmf`kakft eg vjkws.

M lrkmoeut vjkw js pmrtjmc skhtjef.

Lreokf Wjkw9 M vjkw tbmt mccews sbertkfjf` mf kcef`mtkd elikht usjf` twe ùjdks herrkspefdjf`

te tbk pmrt te lk lreokf grea tbk vjkw kxtrkajtjks.

L-Xpcjfk9 M L-Xpcjfk js m hurvk jf tbk 8D spmhk (x, y, z spmhk) wbjhb heftmjfs aerk tbmf efk

skàkft. Kmhb skàkft hmf lk hefsjdkrkd ms m Lkzjkr hurvk. Tbksk Lkzjkr hurvks mrk akr`kd vkrywkcc te mvejd heftrec pejfts mfd ofets mt tbk skàkft leufdmrjks. Tbk pmrmaktkr vmcuks mt tbk skàkft

leufdmrjks mrk hmcckd ofets. Tbksk ofets hmf lk djstrjlutkd kqumc spmhks [fjgera L-spcjfk ([LX) er

mrljtrmry djstrjlutkd Fef [fjgera L-Xpcjfks (F[LX)

Hmcceut9 M `rmpbjhmc rkprkskftmtjef eg m huttjf` pregjck.

Hmrtksjmf Heerdjfmtk9Tbk heerdjfmtks eg mf kckakft dkgjfkd mhherdjf` te tbk berjzeftmc mfd

vkrtjhmc pesjtjef eg tbjs kckakft.

H@\ Aedk9 Efk eg tbk vmrjeus aedks tbmt hmf lk uskd te `kfkrmtk vjkws. H@\ (HMTJM

@rmpbjhmc \kprkskftmtjef) herrkspefds te m dmtm gerakd heftmjfjf` m `rmpbjhmc rkprkskftmtjef eg tbk`keaktry efcy wbjhb mvmjcmlck wjtb tbk vjsumcjzmtjef aedk (`keaktry wbjhb js mvmjcmlck wjtb dksj`f

aedk). H@\ vjkws mrk fet ms bj`b jf qumcjty ms kxmht vjkws lut tbky heftmjf auhb ckss akaery durjf`tbk `kfkrmtjef. Tbjs amy lk uskguc wbkf dkmcjf` wjtb sepbjstjhmtkd preduhts er msskalcjks durjf`

cmr`k maeuft eg dmtm.

Hbjcd vjkw9 M vjkw `kfkrmtkd grea m pmrkft vjkw.

Hcjppjf` Wjkw9 M vjkw aedjgjkd vjm m hcjppjf` pregjck.

Hcjppjf` ^regjck9 M zefk te lk okpt mfd vjsumcjzkd jf m vjkw.

Hefstruhtjef Kckakft9M hefstruhtjef Kckakft js mf kckakft tbmt js jftkrfmc te, mfd efcy

vjsumcjzkd ly, sokthbks. Tbjs kckakft js uskd ms pesjtjefjf` rkgkrkfhk. Jt js fet uskd ger hrkmtjf` secjd

prjajtjvks


27/39

\MM@Heftrec pejft9M heftrec pejft js m pejft wbjhb m spcjfk (tmf`kft) pmssks tbreu`b.

Huttjf` pregjck9 M skt eg pcmfks uskd te dkgjfk m skhtjef vjkw skhtjef hut.

Dmtua Gkmturk9 Mf kckakft dkgjfjf` m heftmhtjf` surgmhk ef m pmrt.

Dmtua Tmr`kt9 Mf kckakft dkgjfjf` m heftmjfjf` surgmhk ef m pmrt mfd rkprkskftkd ly spbkrjhmc er

pejftkd cehmtjf` pejfts.

Dksj`f Trkk9Mrkm eg tbk dehuakft wjfdew rkskrvkd ger tbk vjkwjf` tbk dksj`f spkhjgjhmtjefs eg m drmwjf`

prkskftkd jf tbk gera eg m trkk struhturk.

Dktmjc Wjkw9 M vjkw herrkspefdjf` te m zeeakd pmrtjhucmr mrkm te lk vjsumcjzkd js dkgjfkd ly m

hjrhck er m `jvkf pecy`ef. Tbjs vjkw js heaputkd usjf` m Leeckmf epkrmter grea tbk 8D.

Drmwjf`9 Tbk reet gkmturk. Xbkkts mrk m``rk`mtkd jf tbk drmwjf`. Wjkws mrk m``rk`mtkd jf tbk

sbkkts.

Drkss up9 M `rmpbjhmc mttrjlutk eg m


28/39

\MM@Gkmturk eg sjzk9 @keaktrjh sbmpk dkgjfkd ly m cjfkmr er mf`ucmr djakfsjef wbjhb js m sjzk (JXE

=477>)

Gjctkr9 M rkstrjhtjef ef kckakfts te lk hut jf m skhtjef vjkw er skhtjef hut er kckakfts te lk skkf jf

m preikhtjef vjkw.

Gjrst Mf`ck ^reikhtjef aktbed9Mf ertbe`rmpbjh rkprkskftmtjef eg tbk vjkws heaprjsjf` tbk

mrrmf`kakft mreufd tbk prjfhjpmc vjkw eg mf elikht eg seak mcc tbk etbkr gjvk vjkws eg tbmt elikht.

Pjtb rkgkrkfhk te tbk prjfhjpmc vjkw tbk etbkr vjkws mrk mrrmf`kd ms geccews tbk vjkw grea mlevk jspcmhkd ufdkrfkmtb tbk vjkw grea tbk lkcew js pcmhkd mlevk. Tbk vjkw grea tbk ckgt js pcmhkd ef tbk

rj`bt mfd tbkf tbk vjkw grea tbk rkmr js pcmhkd ef tbk ckgt er ef tbk rj`bt ms hefvkfjkft.

Gcmf`k9 M gkmturk js hrkmtkd ly swkkpjf` m pregjck mcef` m spjfk. Tbk djggkrkft gcmf`ks er swkpt

wmccs mvmjcmlck mrk sjapck mfd swkpt gcmf`k bka mfd tkmr drep.

Gckkd heapefkft9 M heapefkft ger wbjhb mcc dk`rkks eg grkkdea mrk cehokd jf rkcmtjef te tbk

pmrkft heapefkft.

Greft vjkw9 M preikhtjef vjkw eltmjfkd ly drmwjf` pkrpkfdjhucmrs grea mcc pejfts ef tbk kd`ks eg

tbk pmrt te tbk pcmfk eg tbk preikhtjef. Tbk pcmfk eg preikhtjef upef wbjhb tbk greft vjkw js preikhtkd

js hmcckd tbk greftmc pcmfk.

Greft pcmfk9 M pcmfk eg preikhtjef upef wbjhb tbk greft vjkw js preikhtkd.

Gufhtjefmc aedkcjf`9 \kgkrs te dksj`fjf` m 8D dj`jtmc aedkc ly usjf` teecs wjtb jfbkrkft

lkbmvjers suhb ms gkmturks mfd vecuaks tbmt jftkrmht jf spkhjgjh wmys.

@>9 Jg tbk kfd pejft eg hurvk o= akkts tbk kfd pejft eg hurvk o< tbkf wk smy9 mt tbjs pejft letb

hurvks mrk heffkhtkd wjtb erdkr eg heftjfujty @>.

Jg efk kd`k eg tbk surgmhk s= akkts mf kd`k eg tbk surgmhk s< tbkf wk smy mcef` tbjs kd`k letb

surgmhks mrk heffkhtkd wjtb tbk erdkr eg heftjfujty @>

Jg tbk @> heftjfujty js ajsskd tbkf wk bmvk m se-hmcckd @> krrer. Tbjs krrer js mf mlsecutk krrer, m

djstmfhk mfd jt js akmsurkd jf aa er jfhbks.

@=9 Tbk hurvk o= mfd hurvk o< mrk heffkhtkd wjtb tbk erdkr eg heftjfujty @> jf tbk pejft ^. Jg

letb hurvks jf tbk pejft ^ ruf jfte tbk smak djrkhtjef, tbjs akmfs tbk mf`ck lktwkkf tbk tmf`kfts eg

letb hurvks js >, mfd tbkf wk smy tbk erdkr eg heftjfujty js @=

Tbk surgmhk X= mfd surgmhk X< mrk heffkhtkd wjtb tbk erdkr eg heftjfujty @> mcef` tbk hurvk H wktmok tbk feramc eg X= jf m pejft fkmr tbk hurvk H mfd ruf wjtb tbjs feramc evkr tbk lerdkr te X


29/39

\MM@@


30/39

\MM@Pk bmvk mf Mlsecutk @rjd, sbert @rjd. Tbk Mlsecutk @rjd bms m @rjd pejft mt tbk erj`jf eg tbk

aedkc Heerdjfmtk Xystka. Jt hmf lk swjthbkd ef wjtb Trmfscmtjef, @rjd.

Tbk etbkr @rjd js tbk \kcmtjvk @rjd. Tbk \kcmtjvk @rjd bms m @rjd pejft mt jts stmrtjf` pejft eg

aedjgjhmtjef. Tbk \kcmtjvk @rjd hmf lk swjthbkd ef wjtb Trmfscmtk Djshrktk.

Bkmcjf`9 -Tbk mhtjef eg gjccjf` m `mp tbmt amy kxjst lktwkkf twe mdimhkft surgmhks.

Jse-Hurvk9 -Mf Jse-Hurvk js m hurvk ef m surgmhk. Efk pmrmaktkr, u er v, rufs grea > te = mfd tbk

etbkr pmrmaktkr js hefstmft. Jse js tbk prkgjx ger hefstmft. Ger kxmapck jselmr.

Jse-pbetk9 -mf Jse-pbetk js hurvk ef m surgmhk. Mcc pejfts eg tbjs hurvk eg tbk jse-pbetk bmvk tbksmak jccuajfmtjef grea m `jvkf cj`bt seurhk. Tbk jccuajfmtjef eg mcc pejfts eg tbjs hurvk js hefstmft. Jse

js tbk prkgjx ger tbk hefstmft. Ger kxmapck Jselmr.

Tbk tepece`jhmc epkrmtjef jf wbjhb mdimhkft surgmhks hmf lk msskalckd te amok up efk kckakft.

Cmst Heapefkft9 -Tbk cmst heapefkft mt tbk kfd eg kmhb lrmfhb eg tbk spkhjgjhmtjef trkk.

Cehokd Wjkw9 -M cehokd vjkw js m vjkw jf wbjhb mfy `rmpbjhmc aedjgjhmtjef eg tbk `kfkrmtkd


31/39

\MM@Eggskt Xkhtjef vjkw/Hut9 - M skhtjef vjkw hrkmtkd grea m huttjf` pregjck dkgjfkd wjtb skvkrmc

pmrmcckc pcmfks. Jf skhtjefjf` tbreu`b mfùcmr elikhts. Jt js dksjrmlck te sbew skvkrmc gkmturks tbmt de

fet cjk jf m strmj`bt cjfk ly eggskttjf` er lkfdjf` tbk huttjf` pcmfk.

Evkrcmy9 -Jf m auctj-aedkc heftkxt mcc pmssjvk kckakfts mrk hmcckd evkr cmykd kckakfts.

Evkrruf9 -M pmrt eg m djakfsjef js herrkspefdjf` te tbk kxtkfdkd kxtkfsjef cjfk.

^mrkft9 -M stmtus dkgjfjf` tbk `kfkmce`jhmc rkcmtjefsbjp lktwkkf m gkmturk er kckakft mfd mfetbkr

gkmturk er kckakft ger jfstmft tbk pmd js pmrkft eg m drmgt.

^mrt9 -M 8D kftjty eltmjfkd ly healjfjf` djggkrkft gkmturks.

^mrt Ledy9 - M heapefkft eg m pmrt amdk eg m healjfmtjef eg skvkrmc gkmturks.

^mttkrf9 - M skt eg sjajcmr gkmturks rkpkmtkd jf tbk smak gkmturk er pmrt.

êhokt9 - M gkmturk herrkspefdjf` te mf epkfjf` tbreu`b m gkmturk. Tbk sbmpk eg tbk epkfjf`

herrkspefds te tbk kxtrusjef eg m pregjck.

êcmr heerdjfmtk9-Tbk heerdjfmtks eg mf kckakft dkgjfkd mhherdjf` te tbk rmdjus mfd tbk mf`ck eg

tbjs kckakft.

^reduht9 -M 8D kftjty, wbjhb heftmjfs skvkrmc heapefkfts.

^regjck9 -Mf epkf er hceskd sbmpk jfhcudjf` mrhs mfd cjfks hrkmtkd ly tbk pregjck heaamfd jf tbk

sokthbkr werolkfhb.

êwkr hepy9 -Jt hrkmtks skt eg gkmturks (`keaktrjh kckakfts, geraucms, hefstrmjfts, mfd se ef ) tbmt

mrk `reupkd jf erdkr te lk uskd jf m djggkrkft heftkxt. Zeu hmf heapcktkcy rkdkgjfk tbksk kftjtjks wbkfyeu pmstk tbka. Ms jt hmpturk tbk dksj`f jftkft mfd ofew bew eg tbk dksj`fkr, jt kfmlcks `rkmtkr

rkusmljcjty mfd kggjhjkfhy. Pk rkheaakfd yeu te usk tbjs heaamfd ger ledjks, gkmturks, mfd sokthbkrs

mfd dksj`f tmlcks tbmt rkqujrk fkw spkhjgjhmtjefs.

Te lkfkgjt grea tbk lkst ckvkc eg pkrgeramfhk jf tbk cef` tkra, usk tbjs hmpmljcjty te kfrjhb yeur

gkmturk hmtmce`s.

[fskt lrkmoeut9 -Mf ufspkh lrkmoeut epkrmtjef rkaevks cehmccy m 8D pmrt. Jt mccews vjsumcjzjf`

tbk jfsjdk eg m 8D pmrt. Jt hmf efcy lk mppcjkd te mf kxtrmhtkd vjkw.

Wjkw Grmak9 -M squmrk er rkhtmfùcmr grmak tbmt heftmjfs tbk `keaktry mfd djakfsjefs eg tbk

vjkw.

Wecuak9 -Tbk secjd amtkrjmc jf m hmtpmrt dehuakft. Jt hmf mcse lk tbk jfsjdk eg m sbkcckd secjd

vecuak.

Pmcc9 - M gkmturk hrkmtkd ly mddjf` tbjhofkss te m pregjck.


32/39

\MM@Pjrkgrmak kcakft9 -Kckakfts suhb ms pejfts, cjfks er hurvks tbmt hmf lk uskd te te rkprkskft tbk

eutcjfk eg m 8D elikht.

Tbk pmrts lujcdjf` tbk syaaktrjhmc sul-msskalcy mrk9

Kjtbkr m syaaktrjhmc pmrt grea tbk seurhk pmrt. Tbjs jfvecvks hrkmtjf` m fkw pmrt, eutsjdkmfy msskalcy heftkxt, wjtb m ^mrt Fualkr. M typjhmc kxmapck js tbk ckgt deer jf m hmr, rkcmtjvkcy te tbk

rj`bt deer.

Kjtbkr m fkw jfstmfhk eg tbk seurhk pmrt. Jf m pesjtjef syaaktrjh te tbk erj`jfmc pmrt. Mtypjhmc kxmapck js m hmr's greft ckgt wbkkc rkcmtjvkcy te tbk greft rj`bt wbkkc

GE\A 66 mssehjmtjvkcy9 M hbmf`k jf `keaktrjhmc sbmpk eg tbk seurhk pmrt ckmds te updmtktbk syaaktrjhmc pmrt.

^EXJTJEF66mssehjmtjvkcy9 M hbmf`k eg rkcmtjvk pesjtjef eg m heapefkft eg tbk seurhksul-msskalcy ckmds te updmtk pesjtjef eg tbk syaaktrjhmc heapefkft jf tbk syaaktrjhmc sul-msskalcy.

XT\[HT[\K66mssehjmtjvjty9 M hbmf`k jf struhturk eg tbk seurhk sul-msskalcy(Mddjf`/rkaevjf` heapefkfts) ckmd grea tbk struhturk eg tbk syaaktrjhmc sul-msskalcy.

Tmf`kfhy aedk9 ufheupckd tmf`kfhy djsheftjfujty pejfts mrk rkprkskftkd ly m squmrk.

Tmf`kfhy tbk hurvmturk aedk9 ufheupckd tmf`kfhy djsheftjfujty pejfts mrk rkprkskftkd ly m

squmrk. [fheupckd hurvmturk

Jftkrskhtjf`9 tbk rksuctjf` amtkrjmc js tbk jftkrskhtjef lktwkkf tbk twe ledjks

[fjef Trja9Tbk [fjef Trja js lmsjhmccy m [fjef wjtb mf eptjef te rkaevk er okkp efk sjdk er

tbk etbkr. Jf tbk pjhturk ef tbk rj`bt, tbk purpck gmhk js skckhtkd te rkaevk tbk rj`bt sjdk mfd tbk lcuk

gmhk js skckhtkd te okkp efcy tbk tepsjdk. Ger tbk ufjefs trja te wero, tbk `keaktry aust bmvk sjdks

tbmt mrk hckmrcy dkgjfkd.

\kaevk Cuap9Mcc tbk mlevk eptjefs wero lktwkkf twe ledjks. Tbk rkaevk cuap weros ef

`keaktry wjtbjf m spkhjgjh ledy. Jg m sjf`ck ledy bms amtkrjmc tbmt js heapcktkcy djsheffkhtkd, kmhb

pjkhk eg djsheffkhtkd amtkrjmc js dkgjfkd ms m "Cuap". Tbk uskr hmf dkcktk mfy cuap ms m sjf`ck kftjty

kvkf jg tbk cuap js m healjfmtjef eg fuakreus gkmturks.

Mgtkr hkrtmjf epkrmtjefs, jt amy bmppkf tbmt seak cuaps er hmvjtjks mppkmr jf tbk pmrt. Pk fkkd te

rkaevk tbka. Tbk rkamjfjf` cuap heaamfd mccews yeu te rkaevk cuaps mfd hmvjtjks.

Zeu hmf hepy m sokthb jf m dehuakft tbkf pmstk jt jfte mfetbkr dehuakft okkpjf` tbk cjfo wjtb tbkgjrst efk. Zeu hmf usk tbk hepjkd sokthb mfd jt hmsk eg aedjgjhmtjef eg tbk erj`jfmc sokthb tbk dehuakft

jf wbjhb tbk hepy js uskd wjcc lk mcse aedjgjkd.

M heapefkft js tbk `kfkrmc tkrajfece`y. Jt hmf lk m pmrt er mf msskalcy (jfsjdk mf msskalcy jt js

hmcckd m sul-msskalcy).

Mf Msskalcy er preduht js m hecckhtjef eg heapefkfts mfd hefstrmjfts tbka. Msskalcy dehuakfts

bmvk tbk gjck kxtkfsjef.

HMT ^reduht

^mrts mfd msskalcjks bmvk m ^mrt Fualkr (tbk fmak eg tbk heapefkft).


33/39

\MM@Mcc jfstmfhks eg m pmrt er msskalcy bmvk tbk smak pmrt fualkr. Kmhb jfstmfhk hmf bmvk jts ewf

jfstmfhk fmak tbmt

tbk jfstmfhk.Tbk mhtjvk jtka js tbk jtka hurrkftcy lkjf` kdjtkd. Zeu amok jt mhtjvk ly deulck-hcjhojf`

ef jt.

Lcmfo sbkkt lkbjfd tbk heapefkft jhef akmfs tbmt tbk heapefkft js cjfokd wjtb mf kxtkrfmc gjck.

Gjx js cjok gjx jf spmhk, lut wbkf hefstrmjfts mrk updmtkd, jt wjcc efcy stmy mt jts hurrkft pcmhk mfd

wjcc fet `e lmho te m "gjxkd spmhk" pesjtjef.

^revjdks geur hefvkftjefmc stmfdmrds ger teckrmfhk9

MXAK9 Makrjhmf Xehjkty ger Akhbmfjhmc Kf`jfkkrs MFXJ9 Makrjhmf Fmtjefmc Xtmfdmrds Jfstjtutk JXE9 Jftkrfmtjefmc Er`mfjzmtjef ger Xtmfdmrdjzmtjef IJX9 Impmfksk Jfdustrjmc Xtmfdmrd.Mcse prevjdks tbrkk HMTJM-HMDMA stmfdmrds9

HHDMFXJ9 HMTJM-HMDMA Makrjhmf Fmtjefmc Xtmfdmrds Jfstjtutk HHDJXE9 HMTJM-HMDMA Jftkrfmtjefmc Er`mfjzmtjef ger stmfdmrdjzmtjef HHDIJX9 HMTJM-HMDMA Impmfksk jfdustrjmc stmfdmrdGkmturks9

Mccews te hrkmtk mppcjhmtjvk gkmturks Mccews te bjdk dksj`f spkhjgjhmtjefs mfd prkskrvk hefgjdkftjmcjty (ger jfstmfhk te sul-

heftrmhters)

Hrkmtk Dmtua 9

Xbews bew te hrkmtk `keaktry wjtb tbk bjstery aedk dkmhtjvmtkd.

Jf tbjs hmsk, wbkf yeu hrkmtk mf kckakft, tbkrk

Tbk stjggkfkr dkgjfjtjef djmce` lex js djspcmykd

Twe hrkmtjef aedks mrk mvmjcmlck9

Grea sjdk9tbk kxtrusjef js pkrgerakd jf tbk pregjck's pcmfk mfd tbk tbjhofkss js mddkd feramc te tbk

pcmfk.

Grea tep9tbk kxtrusjef js pkrgerakd feramc te tbk pregjck's pcmfk mfd tbk tbjhofkss js mddkd jf

tbk pregjck's pcmfk yeu hmffet skckht tbk vjkw heftmjfjf` tbk tmlck.

Tbk vjkw aust lk jf tbk smak drmwjf`

Jg yeu aedjgy tbk 8D pmrt mfd updmtk tbk drmwjf`, tbk vjkw jf tbk tmlck wjcc lk updmtkd ms wkcc.


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\MM@MDDJTJEFMC ][KXTJEFX

=. Pbmt js spcjfk, djd yeu skk jt jf yeur studjks5. Pbmt mrk djggkrkft aedk cjhkfsks mvmjcmlck5==. Pbmt js HMTJM skssjef5=


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\MM@47. @reup & `reup gkmturk40. \kgkrkfhk & \kfdkr skts42. Xktlmho lckfd & hmcceut4:. Tbjho surgmhk & tbjhofkss;>. \kgrmak EF & Hkftrk @rmpb;=. \kaevk gmhk & \kpcmhk gmhk;. Xurgmhk, gmhk & Xojf7=. Aedkcs & Gjcks7. Xkhtjef vjkw & Xkhtjef hut0=. Cjajt


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\MM@:7. Dk`rkks eg grkkdea, JXE-hefstrmjf5:0. Bew amfy Mxks hmf lk hrkmtkd ger m sokthb5:2. Bew te mhtjvmtk Mcpbmfuakrjh wjfdew jf HMTJM5::. Bew de yeu mhhkss HX@5=>>. Perojf` AEDKX jf HMTJM5=>=. Aktbeds eg stmrtjf` HMTJM5=>8. @jvk tbk auctj-skhtjef eptjef ger m Gmhk, Wecuak & Xojf5=>4. Pbmt js m Amstkr werospmhk5 Bew de yeu hrkmtk mddjtjefmc werospmhks5=>;. Pbmt js gufhtjefmc surgmhk5=>7. Pbmt js Dyfmajh sokthbkr5 Pbkrk js jt uskd5=>0. [sk eg heapmss jf DX5=>2. Xokthbkr hecers hefvky m akmfjf` aerk tbmf tbk smak hecers Fmak & kxpcmjf5=>:. Pbmt js pcmfmr gmhk5 Bew dekrs jt djggkrs grea gmhk hrkmtkd grea surgmhk5==>. Bew deks surg< gufhtjef djggkr grea surg= gufhtjef5===. Bew js surgmhk kckakft rkprkskftkd jf v;5==


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\MM@=48. Pbmt dktkrajfks tbk sjzk eg gjcckt wbkf TTG js uskd5=44. Dkshrjlk tbk prehkss te sultrmht efk ledy grea mfetbkr5=4;. Pbmt aust lk skckhtkd lkgerk heapefkfts mrk jfskrtkd jfte tbk Msskalcy w/l5=47. Pbmt teec js uskd te aevk tbk pmrts jf Msskalcy w/l5=40. Bew de yeu spcjt tbk shrkkf se tbmt u hmf skk tbk hmt Drmwjf` & ^mrt dksj`f shrkkf mt m

tjak5

=42. Cjst < djggkrkft aktbeds eg aevjf` tbk pmrts jf Msskalcy5Amfjpucmtk & Heapmss=4:. Pbmt mrk tbk ; eptjefs mvmjcmlck te hrkmtk m cjfk5=;>. Pbmt teec aust lk skckhtkd te skk tbk bjddkf elikhts5=;=. Pbmt mrk tbk 7 eptjefs ger hrkmtjf` m pcmfk5=;. Djggkrkfhk l/w Gcy Aedk & Pmco Aedk5=7=. Lmsjh kqumtjefs mleut Xurg


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\MM@=24. Jfdjhmtk Berz/Wkrtjhmc djaa ger hjrhucmr elikht5=2;. Hepy & ^mstk5=27. Jfskrtjf` LEA, Lmho`reufd vjkw, H@A5=20. Jfskrt sokthb djakfsjefs5=22. Jfskrt Djm. syalec, Xul & mfd supkr shrjpt, Beck djakfsjef5=2:. Dkgjfk tbk geccewjf`9=:>. Drjvjf` djakfsjef5=:=. Xkckhtjef hmcceut5=:. Cjst mcc tbk `keaktrjh syalecs5=. Pbmt js skwjf`5


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\MM@

catia some solved questions by raag

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