cataract surgery and age related macular degeneration, recent advances, gp and optometist update...
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RecentRecent
a arac surgery ana arac surgery an
DegeDege
Vau han
ReadingReading
Consultant Oph
Dunedin HospitalDunedin Hospital
www.tanwww.tan
dvances :dvances :
ge re a e acu arge re a e acu ar
erationeration
Tanner
WindsorWindsor
halmic Surgeon
Princess Margaret HospitalPrincess Margaret Hospital
erer--eyes.co.ukeyes.co.uk
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A eA e--relarelaNuclear sclerosis
Cortic
ed cataracted cataract
l lens opacity
Posterior sub-capsular
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Small incision phacoerevolutionised catarac
1.8 mm Micro-incis
Less astigmatism
Day case
Local anaesthetic
ulsification hassurgery
ion
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Topical ATopical A
Topical anaesthesia - my preProxymetacaine and amethoca
o n ec on
No orbital bruising
Faster visual recovery
General anaesthetic if very
Sub-tenons anaesthesia if b
naestheticnaesthetic
ferred techniqueine
ervous / young
inker
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Asti matismAsti matism
m a re ax ng nc s ons
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Limbal RelaLimbal RelaPartial thickness incisions i
of tissue and decrease in asAim make cornea closer t
are u no o overcorrec
in Incisionsin Incisionsthe cornea result in relaxation
igmatisma perfect sphere
550 um
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Acrysof NaturaAcrysof Natura
Recently released Currentl use hi h risk
May start using as rout
e es with si ns of ARMD
ne in all eyes if continued
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Modern CataracModern Catarac
Predictable lens power
Day case oc e g t
Blocked harmful blue
Decreased astigmatis
Surgery so far :Surgery so far :
ight
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near and reverse pres
with standard distant
yopia ?
ocus lens implants
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Try and use different partsto focus for near and dista
Introduce optical problem
Compromise both near an
But lenses improving
of lensce
distant
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Alcon RestorAlcon Restor -- MultifMultif calcal
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AccommoAccommo ating IOLating IOL
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anterioranterior ovementovement
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AccommodatingAccommodating
Post op fibrosisPost op fibrosis
Posterior CapsulePosterior Capsule
IOLIOL
pacitypacity
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A e Related MaA e Related Ma
AMD is the major cause of bl
ular De enerationular De eneration
ndness in western world
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Age and AMDAge and AMD
1/3 ARMD to some degre
1/3 of them will have wetsevere visual loss
% of people
25
30
10
15
Wet AMDDry AMD
0
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-80
Age
form assoc. with
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Impact of AMImpact of AM on the Patienton the Patient:
Reading
DrivingSevere visual loss
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on rme
-- AMD in one eye- Nutrition- Smoking
n er nves ga on
-- Cardiovascular disease
- Race-
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Anatom of theAnatom of theand retinaand retina
P
Chor
e ee eRetina
ChoroidSclera
Macula(fovea)
Lens
Iris
hotoreceptors
Cilliary body
RPE
oid
ruc s em rane
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Ageing RetiAgeing Reti
Small well-defined spots
aa -- DrusenDrusen
Larger, ill-defined spots
Ma enlar e and coalesce
Increased risk of AMD
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Main formsMain forms DRY - NonNon--neovascularneovascular
Drusen and atrophy of RDrusen and atrophy of R
UntreatableUntreatable
WETWET -- Neovascular AMNeovascular AM
New vessel from the chorNew vessel from the chor Rapid and severe drop inRapid and severe drop in
TreatableTreatable
of AMDof AMDMDMD
EE
idal layeridal layervisionvision
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Dry or AtrDry or Atr
Initially drusen and non-
Late RPE (geogra
phic AMDphic AMD
pecific RPE changes
hic) atrophy
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WET or Choroidal neWET or Choroidal ne
Metamorpho
Man lesions
Pinkish-yellow subretinal lesionwith fluid
vascularization (CNV)vascularization (CNV)
sia is initial symptom
re not visible clinicall
Subretinal blood or lipid
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s ss s
Patient presentation
sua acu y es s
- Distortion = urgent referral
Fundoscopy
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Norma
Photoreceptors
RPE
Choroid
Retina
Copyright protected
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Formation of
New abnormal blooand penetrate Br
New Vessels
vessels proliferate
y
uchs membrane
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Fa
VEGFVEGF
tor
VEGFVEGF
VEGFVEGF
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New vessels enetrateNew vessels enetrateBruchs membraneBruchs membrane
Disciform scarDisciform scar
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Possible subsequePossible subsequent course of CNVnt course of CNV
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Bri ht area offluorescence fromabnormal leaking
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ass c orass c or ccuccu
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O ticalO tical CoherenceCoherence
OCT of stage 4 macular hole
(vision 6/60)
omo ra h OCTomo ra h OCTOCT of normal macula
PhotoreceptorsFovea
RPE / Choroid 100um
OCT of Wet ARMD
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Current tCurrent t
for Afor A
I
reatmentsreatments
RMDRMD
etary upp ements
hotodynamic therapyteroid Injection
nti Growth Factor
ect ons
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Dietary SDietary S
Large study USA (AREDLarge study USA (ARED 5000 atients 5 r follow5000 atients 5 r follow
High dose antioxidants anHigh dose antioxidants an
VitVit E,E, VitVit CC Selenium, Zinc,Selenium, Zinc,bb CaroteCarote
Current trialsCurrent trials
luteinlutein and ome a 3and ome a 3
pplementspplements
)) -- published 2001published 2001
d vitamin supplementationd vitamin supplementation
ee
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Vitamin C 500
Beta Carotene 15
Smokers version No beta
Increasin evidence for Lut
mg
g
arotene
inwww.tanner-eyes.co.uk
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Risk of visual los
patients with high
s from ARMD in
isk characteristics
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supplementsupplement
Visual loss from ARM
Bilateral soft drusen In these high risk grou
Not all those with early
in one eye
s 25% reduction in
ARMD
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supplementsupplement
Cost 10 per month
Skin tint - mild Gastric upset
B Carotene and smokin
g
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Laser beam aimed
at CNV
Damage caused to RPE and
photoreceptors
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PhotodynaPhotodyna
ic therapyic therapy
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PhotodynaPhotodyna
Step 2
ic Therapyic Therapy
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Surgical removalSurgical removal
Wet ARMDWet ARMD
of subof sub--foveal CNVfoveal CNV
Type 2Type 2 -- ChorioretinitisChorioretinitis
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RemovalRemoval f SRNVMf SRNVM
Lucentis (ranibizuma ) Antibody Therapy
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Lucentis (ranibizuma
- Lucentis bindi
) Antibody Therapy
g to VEGF-A
Wet RMD
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Wet
oro a neo
Inflammator mediators
Oxidative stress
and angiogenic cytokines
nappropr a e vesse grow
RMD
ascu ar sa on
Inhibit rowth of abnormal
oc e neovascu ar s mu us
blood vessels
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-dimeric VE
VEGFR
binding
site
F receptors
VEGFRbinding
site
VEGF A: Ke
mediator of
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VEGF-A: Ke
angio
VEGF-A
ProliferatiSurvival
P
P
Endothelial cellactivation
VASCULAR
PERMEABILITY
mediator of
enesis
Binding and activation of
VEGF receptor
n Migration
P
P
Ferrara et al, Nat Med 2003; 9: 669
R ibi b
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Ranibi
Ranibizumab binds all
isoforms including 110, a
plasmin-cleaved form of
1
165 121189206 145 110
umab
VEGF
165121 189 206145110
1Chen et al, J Mol Biol 1999; 293: 86
Dvora et a , Am J Patho 1995; 146: 102
Das et al, Prog Retinal Eye Res 2003; 22: 72
Ferrara et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commu1989; 161: 85
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-of A
Oxidative stress
n amma ory me a ors
and angiogenic cytokines
nappropr a e vesse
growth
xu a on an emorr age
Discoid scar formation
MD
oc e neovascu ar s mu us
Eliminate edema and
n grow o a norma
blood vessels
hemorrhage
Repair retinal scarring
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SecondarMean change in
Mean change fro
ANCHOR
4
8
-8
-4
01 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122
-12
Ranibizumab 0.3 mg
Ranibizumab 0.5 mg
End oint:A from baseline
baseline (VA)
MARINA
4
8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121
-8
-4
0
-12
Sham (n=238)
PDT (n=143)
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IntraIntra--vitrevitre l injectionl injection
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Lucentis treaLucentis trea
All sub types wet
Some useful vision be
n ect ons one mont
Then review VA and O
inject
ment regimement regime
ter than 3/60
part
T if further leak re-
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76 yr old male76 yr old male ViVision Count Fingerssion Count Fingers
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Post 3 Lucentis InjPost 3 Lucentis Inj ctionsctions Vision 6/12Vision 6/12
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About 40% si nificant im
If catch early and treat urge
I tend to do six and then re
Rest very variable but may
eye
ovement rest stabilise
tly = save vision
iew
equire prolonged treatment
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LucentiLucenti
Major problem econoon- oin risk
Radiation treatment off
Delivered via vitrectom
JunkiesJunkies
ics, patient convenience,
rs exit strategy
procedure
Epimacular Brac ytherapy for the
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p
rea men o
EPI
y py
ovascu ar
AD
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Radiation Dose to24.0 Gy
Center of Lesion
2.Op
6 Gy at edges of5.4mm lesion
Tissue Effect
Lens Cataract
Reference: Finger PT, Berson A, Ng T, Szechter A. Ophthalmic plaque radiotherapy for age-rneovascularization.Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Feb;127(2):170-7. Adapted from Bardenstein, Ch
e na a a on e nopa y
Optic Nerve Optic Neuropathy
Ocular Structures
Gy attic Nerve
0.6 mGyDelivered to Lens
Dose for Clinically
Observable Damageby NeoVista Strontium 90
Device
2 Gy .00056 Gy
elated macular degeneration associated with subretinalr and Rosenblatt
- y y
>55 Gy 2.4 Gy
h B
R i i
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h BIonizing Radiation Targeted
Inhibitory Effects
AMD
-(inhibits blood vesselgrowth)
Anti-inflammatory(inhibits
Anti-fibrotic (inhibits
R i i nRadiation Rapid Energy
Lesion
Less Exposure
lesion site, but littlepenetration to other
Whole-body exposure
that received from aroutine chest x-ray
Proport
on of Patients
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Proport
Losin
100%
85%
fSubjects
Percento
Month 3
N=34
Month 6
N=34
Mo
N
on of Patients
15 Letters
93%
th 9
31
Month 12
N=34
Month 18
N=30
Proport
ion of Patients
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Proport
Gaini
f
Subjects
53%
47%
3
Percento
Month 3
N=34
Month 6
N=34
Mo
N
ion of Patients
g 15 Letters
% 38% 37%
th 9
31
Month 12
N=34
Month 18
N=30
EPIRAD potenti l to dramatically
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p
decrease num
18 Months 73% of patients did not re
Mean gain of +6.6 ETDR
37% of patients gained 3-l
* Additional tx was administered per investigator discretion based upon evidence of lesion acti
y
er of lucentis
uire additional tx*
letters
nes or more
vity
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IOL VIP
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LMI implant
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retainedretained eripheraleripheral
Gene TGene T erapyerapy
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Lebers ongeLebers onge tal Amauros stal Amauros s
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an you