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Cassava bioethanol: The Thai experience and
South-South Technology Transfer to LMV
Renewable Energy Asia 2017
7 June 2017, BITEC Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Kuakoon Piyachomkwan
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
Overcoming Policy, Market and Technological Barriers to Support
Technological Innovation and South-South Technology Transfer:
GEF / UNIDO / KMUTT
The Global Environment Facility (GEF)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT)
OVERCOMING POLICY, MARKET AND TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIER S TO SUPPORT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND SOUTH-SOUTH TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER:
THE PILOT CASE OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CASSAVA
Location: Thailand, Viet Nam and Laos PDR (South-South Cooperation)
Project partner(s): - National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
- Liquor Distillery Organization Excise Department, Thailand
- Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), Vietnam
- Food Industries Research Intitute (FIRI), Vietnam
- Interested ethanol producers in Thailand and CLMV
Project Objective: Removing barriers, and creating conducive environment, to promote
ethanol technology and South-South technology transfer
COMPONENTS Component 1 Technology improvement and institutional capacity strengthening - one institution and one package of improved technology developed for ethanol production processes from cassava - A hub established to be cassava-ethanol information clearing house and support south - south TT - Database on ethanol technology developed, maintained and disseminated by Thailand hub
Component 2 South-South technology transfer: Capacity building and policy dialogue with participants from LMV - Trainings organized for local farmers, technicians, entrepreneurs from LMV in Thailand - Improved Pricing Practices and Policy Environment
Component 3 Technology transfer, Commercialization of improved technologies and private sector development - One pilot plant established to implement improved technologies and to be a training facility to support South-South TT -Technical training/learning centre established in Vietnam to disseminate and provide trainings of the technology package in Viet Nam - Financing opportunities improved to support TT - At least one production line in plant established in Vietnam
Cassava bioethanol: The Thai experience
- National policy
Fuel ethanol in Thailand
H(C6H10O5)nOHStarch
901 lbs
(162)2 MWmonomers
nC6H12O6Glucose
(901x180/162) = 1000 lbs
180 MW
2nCH3CH2OHEthanol
511 lbs
2 x 46 MW
+ 2nCO2Carbon dioxide
489 lbs
2 x 44 MW
amylolyticenzymes
water
yeast
Ethanol (Anhydrous,
99.5%)
+ Gasoline Gasohol
(E number)
Sugar Anhydrous
ethanol
Fermentation
Ethanol mash
Distillation &
dehydration
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2012 2023
(million liter/day)
Sugar cane (89%)
Cassava (11%)
Sugar cane (60%)
Cassava (40%)
Current Ethanol production and projection in 2023
1.8 M liter/day
9 million liter/day
Availability
3.6 M liter/day (300 days)
Ethanol 1 L: roots 6 kg
Cassava bioethanol: The Thai experience
- National policy
- Bioethanol from cassava
Ethanol Production Cost in Thailand
Source:
WeerapatSessomboon, 2012
Raw material cost: Cassava roots
Production cost: Technology
Raw materials: Increasing Root Productivity
Improved varieties + Cost-effective agricultural practices = High productivity
Increase yields / Lower production cost of roots
Cassava feedstocks
Root Chip
Starch Pulp
Sun drying
Mechanical
extraction
Residue waste
Cassava bioethanol: multi-form of feedstock
Raw materials Advantages Disadvantages
Starch - Easy to stock and transport - Easy to adjust total solid content in fermenter
- High feedstock cost - Less nutrients
Chip - Extended shelf-life - Can be stored - Easy to transport
- Higher cost than fresh roots - Must be dried before stored - High soil & sand contamination - Limit to high solid content for HG/ VHG*
Root - Low cost during harvest - Easy to remove soil & sand - Contain some nutrients
- Not available for whole year - Cannot stock / short shelf-life - Difficult to adjust total dry solid content in fermenter - Limit to high solid content for HG/ VHG
*High Gravity and Very High Gravity with Total soluble solids 230 – 280 g/L and > 300g/L, respectively
Ethanol Production from cassava by SSF process
Cassava
Simultaneous Saccharification & Fermentation (SSF)
Distillation / Dehydration
Liquefaction
Milling / Mixing / Cooking
Ethanol
(100oC, 2 hr)
(30oC, 36-48 hr)
18-20% DS
VHG (Very High Gravity) technology in fuel alcohol production
1. Increased plant capacity
2. Reduction in energy costs - less heating/cooling of mash, less water
to process in the still, efficient distillation
3. Reduction in inputs - decreased water usage
4. Reduction in production cost
Normal Gravity : 18-22g dissolved solids/100g mash ���� 8-10% ethanol (v/v)
High Gravity : 23-28g dissolved solids/100g mash ���� 13-15% ethanol (v/v)
Very High Gravity : > 30g dissolved solids/100g mash ���� 16-20% ethanol (v/v)
Characteristic of cassava feedstock
Root (32%) Chip (32%) Starch (32%)
Water holding capacity
Flow ability/ Mixing efficiency
Available free water (gelatinization/dissolution)
Pulp (10%)
Heat transfer efficiency
VHG technology for cassava feed stocks
Pulp Roots Chips
Mash viscosity reduction by Viscosity reduction enzymes (VRE)
Ethanol production from cassava roots
Ethanol Fermentation
HG/VHG
Process water 99 tons
Mixing (total solid 25%,
140 tons)
Milling
Water 59 tons
Fresh roots (moisture content 60-70%,
100 tons)
Cassava chips (moisture content
14%, 41 tons)
Sun Drying
VHG-SSF process for cassava roots
Ground fresh roots (≈≈≈≈32% DS)
Liquefaction
Fermented mash with 16-18% (v/v) ethanol
Mash viscosity reduction by viscosity reduction enzymes (VRE)
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
SSF and VHG-SSF process
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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16
18
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Eth
an
ol c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(%
v/v
)
Fermentation time (hr)
VHG - SSF process
SSF process
Ethanol concentration during fermentation of cassava fresh roots by SSF and VHG-SSF process
Raw material: moisture content = 65%, starch and sugar contents = 85 and 6.25% dry basis, respectively
Condition: SSF: 20% dry solid, VHG-SSF: 35% dry solid
VHG-SSF
SSF
Conventional Process by SSF of Cassava to Bio-Ethanol
Cassava roots Cassava roots
Cassava chips Cassava chips
Milling and Mixing Milling and Mixing
Distillation Distillation
Effluent treatment Effluent treatment
Heat Heat
Heat
CO2
HO2 Vapor
Solid Waste Liquid waste
Yeast
H2O
Heat Dilute acid Enzymes
Liquefaction (100oC, 2 hr)
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation, SSF (32oC, 48-60 hr)
Ethanol Electricity
8-10% v/v
20-25% solid
18-20% solid
Innovative Process of Transformation of Cassava to Bio-Ethanol using HG/ VHG-SSF
Cassava roots Cassava roots
Milling and Mixing Milling and Mixing
VRE Pretreatmet
Distillation Distillation
Effluent treatment Effluent treatment
Heat Heat
Heat
CO2
HO2 Vapor
Solid Waste Liquid waste
Yeast
H2O
Heat Dilute acid Enzymes
Liquefaction (100oC, 2 hr)
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation, SSF (32oC, 48-60 hr)
Ethanol Electricity
Root : NG 18%, HG 25%, VHG >32% solid
Ethanol : NG 8-10%, HG 13-15%, VHG 16-20% v/v
Ethanol fermentation by VRE pretreatment
Cassava Root
Root Peeler
Mixing tank
Liquefaction
Root Washer
Fermentation
Distillation& Dehydration
Ethanol
Root Chopper & Rasper
VRE Pretreatment
25%solid - VRE enzyme - condition 50oC 2 hr
Cassava bioethanol: The Thai experience
- National policy
- Bioethanol production technology
- South-South Technology Transfer to LMV
Demonstration, Commercialization of the technology and
private sector development
A demonstration plant established in Vietnam with ethanol production capacity of 50 l/d capacity
Discuss on design of plant blueprint at Food Industries Research Insitute (FIRI), Vietnam (50 l/d)
-Continuous R &D-
H2O
Energy Energy
H2O
Energy
H2O
Energy
Energy Less by using
fresh roots
Energy Energy
Less by using VHG process
Water Less by using
fresh roots
Technology Development for Cassava Bioethanol Production
