cassava and the environment: inputs, outputs and externalities

Cassava and the environment: inputs, outputs

and externalities

Presented by: Thierry Tran

Cassava Value Chains workshop, CIAT, Cali

24-26 / 08 / 2016

[email protected] / [email protected]

• CIAT• IITA, ILRI• CIRAD• NRI• Univalle (Colombia)• Kasetsart University, KMUTT (Thailand)• Clayuca

Partnership for RTB post-harvest project

Started 2013:Complementary funding RTB Post-harvest project

1

RTBs are processed at large and small scales

Thailand 200t starch/day

Nigeria 2t HQCF/day

Nigeria 0.3t gari/day

A. de la Giraudière

Colombia 2-3t starch/day

Vietnam 3- 11t starch/day

Paraguay 25-100t starch/day

Tanzania 2t HQCF /day 2

Thailand produces 2-3 million tons cassava

starch/year

25-30 million tons cassava roots / year (3rd producer)

10-12 millions tons roots processed into starch

Factories use:

Electricity: 900 - 1000 MJ/t starch

Thermal energy: 1600 - 2500 MJ/t starch

Since 2004, 90% of factories switched from

fuel oil to biogas for starch drying

3

4

Typical factory 200t starch/24 hours,

9-12 months/year

5

Cassava starch production

Washing and

peeling

Cassava roots 600-800 t/day

Rasping

Photos: G. Da, T. Tran

6

Extraction - centrifugation

Drying

Dry starch

150-200 t/day

Photos: G. Da, T. Tran

Cassava starch production

7

By-products

Peels

Fibres (50% fibre / 50%

starch db)

Sun-drying

Compost

Fuel

Drying

Animal feed

Photos: T. Tran

8

Wastewater Biogas

Open lagoon

Open

lagoon

Photos: T. Tran

Covered lagoon for Biogas

Roots: 63% of costs279 USD/t starch

Energy: 20%89 USD/t starch

Total c osts:443 USD/t HQCF

Demand to improve processing (1)

39%

7%

44%

6% 4%

Peak 1FD Black oil 2013

Raw material

Power

Energy (drying)

Labour

Packaging

63%11%

9%

10%7%

Peak 1FD + Nobex HEPalm Kernel Shells 2013

Raw material

Power

Energy (drying)

Labour

PackagingRoots: 39% of costs282 USD/t starch

Energy: 5 1%368 USD/t starch

Total cost s:722 USD/t HQCF

Market price:

650 USD/t HQCF

NRI, 2012

Nigeria

Centrifuge456 kg/hour

Electricity: 36 kWh/t starch / 70

Water: 22 m3/t starch / 35

Colladora135 kg/hour

Electricity: 20 kWh/t starch / 55

Water: 34 m3/t starch / 48

Colombia

CIAT, Univalle, CIRAD, 2013


x 3

x 1.5

x 0.7

Flash dryer – Targets:4 t/day

Energy: < 2500 MJ/t starch

Surface: < 20 m 2

Sun drying2 t/day

Energy: 0 MJ

Surface: 300-400 m 2

Colombia

CIAT, Univalle, CIRAD, 2013-2015


Diagnostic: Drying uses most energy

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle

1.2 5.8 8.015.48.3

29.2164.2

164.2

79.649.0

181.0

181.0

119.4 124.9

118.8

118.8

102.2

102.2

1 945.0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

VLTElectricity +

thermalenergy;

2527.8MJ/t

VLTElectricity

only;582.8MJ/t

ST1;213.1MJ/t

ST2;211.1MJ/t

Drying - ThermalDrying - ElecSeparationExtractionRaspingRoot washingWater pump

Rasping, extraction use most electricity

Cassava starch processing

TH, VN, COL

Diagnostic: Roots are the main cost of production

81,24%

3,34%

7,48%

1,41%

4,13%0,45%

1,95%

Factory A

92.5%

1.5%

1.2%4.8%

PA1

73%

7%

6%

6%

8% Roots

Electricity

Natural gas

Labour

Other costs

63%11%

9%10%

7%

Rawmaterial

Power

66%1%

15%

3%

15% Roots

Electricity

Labour

Consumabes,

packaging, etc.

Office &

Marketing

Thailand Vietnam Colombia

Nigeria

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, NRI, 2013-2014

126 126

367 367

110114

267106

62

389

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Biogas NO Biogas

CO

2e

q (

kg

/t s

tarc

h 1

2.5

% m

c)

Wastewater

treatment

Biogas production

Electricity - biogas

Electricity - grid

Fuel oil

Chemicals

Transportation

Diesel - farming

N2O emissions

Fertilizer-organic

Fertilizer-mineral

127 127

372 372

219107

107

7044

569

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Biogas NO Biogas

CO

2e

q (

kg

/t s

tarc

h 1

2.5

% m

c)

Wastewater

treatment

Biogas production


Electricity - grid

Fuel oil

Chemicals and

packaging

Transportation

cassava roots

Diesel - agric

N2O emissions

Fertilizer-organic

Fertilizer-mineral71 71

247 247

121116

1423221

346

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Biogas NO Biogas

CO

2e

q (

kg

/t s

tarc

h 1

2.5

% m

c)

Wastewater

treatment

Biogas production


Electricity - grid

Fuel oil

Chemicals and

packaging

Transportation

cassava roots

Diesel - agric

N2O emissions

Fertilizer-organic

Fertilizer-mineral

Biogas reduces GHG emissions

Factory 1 Factory 2

- Less fuel oil

- Less grid electricity

- Much less CH4 emissions

966

1410

910

1574

599

1028

Units: kg CO2eq/t starch

Savings:

430 - 660 kg CO2eq/t starch

26000 - 40000 t CO2eq/year/factory

Factory 3

14

Improvements: Flash drying

• Demand for small scale cassava starch/flour production

process in many countries : Nigeria, Tanzania, Colombia,

Peru …

• Traditional processes (solar) are limited in capacity

• Down-scaling flash drying process is one of the main barriers

• � Model to help understanding the influence of several

parameters, including:

• Design: pipe length, diameter…

• Control and regulation : air speed, temperature, starch feed rate…

15

Diversity of dryers - Thailand

CIRAD, Kasetsart

Diversity of dryers - Thailand

Paraguay (Brazil EBS technology )

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT

Diversity of dryers Paraguay (Larsson )


Diversity of dryers Argentina (Montecarlo )


Diversity of dryers Argentina (San Alberto 1)


Diversity of dryers Argentina (San Alberto 2)

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca,

KMUTT

Diversity of flash dryers

Capacity Energy use Energy type

t/day MJ/t

Thailand 200 1500 - 2000 Biogas

Vietnam 2 5000 Coal

Nigeria 1 - 2 3000 - 10000 Oil / Biomass

Paraguay 25 - 100 2000 - 3400 Wood

Colombia (AdS) 50 2600 Natural gas

Colombia (Cauca) 2 - Sun drying

Can we make dryers at small scale with same

energy efficiency as large scale?


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 403000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

Pipe length [m]

Spe

cific

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

[kJ.

kg−1

]

Ua0 = 10 m.s−1

Ua0 = 15 m.s−1

Ua0 = 20 m.s−1

Predictions of the model

Higher air flow rate (e.g. 10, 15, 20 m/s) requires a longer pipe for good energy efficiency. Min 20 m.

Sp

eci

fic

en

erg

yu

se

CIRAD

Large scale dryerslength: 30-40m

�EFFICIENT

Small scale dryerslength: 10-12m

�NOT EFFICIENT

� Use long pipes

even for small

dryers

� Adjust

capacity with

pipe diameter

Downscaling is not proportional

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT, IITA

2-4 t starch/day

50 t starch/day

Prototype: Energy efficient, small-scaleflash dryer

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle

Capacity:

100 kg/hr

Adjustable length:

15 – 35m

Adjustable air velocity

Consumer preferences

To match varieties, processing and expectations of users &

consumers

� Interviews, focus groups, sensory analysis to understand

expectations

� Making sure varieties and processing deliver products

that meet these expectations

On-going work on:

- Effect of rasping on texture, starch recovery

- Effects of process on the quality of garis (Benin, Cameroon)

- Cooking ability

- Fermentation ability

- Etc.

Matière première

Epluchage

Lavage

Râpage

Pressage / fermentation

Emottage par 2nd râpage

Cuisson poussée

Tamisage

Gari Ahaoye

Broyage

Tamisage

Gari Ahaoye

Matière première

Epluchage

Lavage

Râpage


Emottage / Tamisage

Cuisson / séchage en 2 temps

Gari Sohui

Tamisage

Gari Sohui

Matière première

Epluchage

Lavage

Râpage

Pressage / fermentation + Preséchage

solaire

Emottage / Tamisage

Cuisson

Séchage solaire

Gari Sohia

Tamisage

Gari Sohia

Matière première

Epluchage

Lavage

Râpage


Emottage / Tamisage

Cuisson et séchage en 2

temps

Gari Missé

Tamisage

Gari Missé

Quality criteria when buying - Gari in Benin

Processing and cassava value chains

Scenario 1: Current low-

efficiency processing

technologies (small-scale)

expand to meet demand.

Next 20-30 years:

- Cassava production increases

- Demand for processed products increases

Scenario 2: More efficient

technologies are available for

expansion

� Lower production costs,

lower environmental impacts.

Needed: Links with value chains approaches to improve adoption

Technologies for:

- Starch, flour

- Gari, fufu; ready-to-use products (fresh, waxed, frozen, etc.)

Nanthiya Hansupalak

Klanarong Sriroth

Arnaud Chapuis

Palotai Piromkraipak

Pakhamas Tamthirat

Sudarat Lee

Apisit Manitsorasak

Martin Moreno

Dominique Dufour

Andrès Escobar

Timothée Gally

Arthur de la Giraudière

Equipment manufacturers and cassava

starch factories

Contributors and donors

Adebayo Abass

Marcelo Precoppe

Keith Fahrney

Cu Thi Le Thuy

Andy Graffham

Diego Naziri

Uli Kleih

Warinthorn Songkasiri

Kanchana Saengchan

Patrick Sébastian

Gracias!

cassava and the environment: inputs, outputs and externalities

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