CashTransfersinEmergenciesTheLostMoneyofTurkana

Author:JonasAnderssonSupervisor:JonasEwaldExaminer:HeikoFritzDate:2019-08-30Subject:PeaceandDevelopmentWorkLevel:MastersprogramCoursecode:4FU42E

Master’sThesis

II

ABSTRACTToday, millions of people are living in poverty and in emergency situations with lack ofbasicneeds.This thesiswill look intocashtransfers inemergencies inKenyaandKenya’scash transfer program; Hunger Safety Net Program. Cash transfers are money transfers

fromorganizations/donorstohouseholdsthat intent toprovidethebeneficiarieswiththeopportunity topurchasebasicneeds, inorder to assist them to get out of poverty and toaddressSustainableDevelopmentGoal1;Nopoverty.

Theaimof the thesis is togeta largerunderstandingofwhencash transfers interventionareappropriateduringemergenciesandtogetaviewofthecurrentimageofcashtransfers

inKenya.Thethesiswillhavethefollowingresearchquestions;

Whenitisappropriatetodelivercashtransferinemergencies?

What is the imageofHungerSafetyNetProgramandcash transfers inemergencies

perceivedbydifferentactors?

Tobeabletoanswertheresearchquestioninthisthesis,informationwasgatheredthroughsemi-structured interviews and focus groups from four different actor groups; fundingsources, implementing agencies, local chief in Lodwar and beneficiaries in two different

location in Turkana county. The thesis provides information that cash transfers has apositiveimpactonthebeneficiariesandthelocalcommunities.Moreoverthefindingsfromthethesissuggeststhatthecashtransfersshouldbetransferredinpreventionstagealongwith other intervention steps, in line with the theoretical frameworks of sustainable

livelihoodandWHOconceptualframeworkfortheroleofcashtransfer.

The thesis also provides findings that the image is diverse, however the findings frombeneficiaries are that they do not receive theirmoney they are entitling to. The fundingsourceandtheimplementingagenciesclaimtheoppositeandpraisethemonitoringsystemthatisinplace.Thethesisfindingsandconclusionsarebasedonperceptionsandtherefore

nophysicalevidenceisproven,itisuptofurtherresearchandorganizationstoinvestigatewhere themoney is andwho is benefitting from the program. The thesis contribution toknowledgeare;thecashisappropriatetodeliverinpreventionstageandatthemomentthecashfromtheHungerSafetyNetProgramappearstonotreachthebeneficiaries,thereforethefindingsarehighlyimportantforknowledgetovariousstakeholdersandforthepublic.

Keywords:Cashtransfersinemergencies;Kenya;HungerSafetyNetProgram;Moneydisappearing.

III

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are several people that have assistedmewith the process of writing this thesis, I

wouldliketothanktheallrespondentsfromLodwar,KakumaandorganizationsinNairobi

that took the time tomeetmeandgavemevaluable information.Withoutyou this thesis

wouldneverbeabletotakeplace!Asante!

ThankyouHellen forprovidingrespondents,aplace tostayandshowingmeLodwarand

Kakuma.Iwillneverforgettherespondent’sstoriesorthedinnersunderthestars.Iwould

alsoliketothankRobertmytranslatorandMiller,mydriver.Asante!

Thank you to my supervisor Jonas, for giving me input and encouraging me to keep

searchingformoreinformationthatintheendgavethethesisitsfindingsandalwaysbeing

supportiveindifferentsituations.Tack!

ThankyouSIDAforthefinancialrecoursesthatgavemetheopportunitytowritemythesis

inKenyaforeightweeksand“MFSKenya”foragreattimeinKenya.Tack!

ThankyoumyfellowclassmatesinPeace&DevelopmentatLinnaeusUniversityinVäxjö.It

hasbeenahighlightofmylifetobeapartofthePDFfriendship!Thankyou!

FinallyIwouldliketothankmyfamily,friendsandmypartnerthathavesupportedmeto

change track in life, start studyingagainandduringmy time inKenya. Itwouldnothave

beenpossiblewithoutyou!Tack!Dankjewel!

IV

ACRONYMS

CCT ConditionalCashTransfer

CSO CivilSocietyOrganisation

CT CashTransfer

CT-OVC CashTransferforOrphansandVulnerableChildren

CTP CashTransferProgram

DFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment

GoK GovernmentofKenya

HSNP HungerSafetyNetProgram

IDP InternalDisplacedPerson

INGO InternationalNon-GovernmentalOrganization

NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization

NSNP NationalSafetyNetProgram

SIDA SwedishInternationalCooperationDevelopmentAgency

SLA SustainableLivelihoodApproach

UCT UnconditionalCashTransfer

UN UnitedNations

UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionsforRefugees

UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sFund

WFP WorldFoodProgramme

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

V

INTERVIEWACRONYMS

FGK FocusgroupBeneficiariesKakuma

FGL FocusgroupBeneficiariesLodwar

INTW Interview

INTWDFID InterviewDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment

INTWK InterviewBeneficiaryKakuma

INTWL InterviewBeneficiaryLodwar

INTWLC InterviewLodwarChief

INTWRC InterviewKenyanRedCrossSociety

INTWSIDA InterviewSwedishInternationalCooperationDevelopmentAgency

INTWUNICEF InterviewUnitedNationsChildren’sFund

INTWWB InterviewTheWorldBank

INTWWFP InterviewWorldFoodProgramme

LISTOFFIGUERES

Figure1 MapofKenya 7

Figure2 SustainableLivelihoodApproach 18

VI

TABLEOFCONTENTS

1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................................11.1Background 11.1.1Emergencies............................................................................................................................................11.1.2Humancapital........................................................................................................................................11.1.3Humancapitalinemergenciesandcashtransfer...................................................................2

1.2Cashtransferprogramsinemergencies 21.2.1Cashtransfer...........................................................................................................................................21.2.2Historyofcashtransfer......................................................................................................................31.2.3Cashtransfersappropriateness......................................................................................................41.2.4CashtransferandemergenciesinSub-SaharanAfrica.........................................................41.2.5Unconditionalcashtransfer.............................................................................................................5

1.3Countrycontext 51.3.1Kenya..........................................................................................................................................................61.3.2Kenya’scashtransferprograms.....................................................................................................71.3.3HungerSafetyNetProgram..............................................................................................................8

1.4Structure 9

2.Literatureoverview.......................................................................................................................102.1Currentdebateoncashtransferprogramsinemergencies 102.1.2Argumentsforcashtransfers.......................................................................................................102.1.2Argumentsagainstcashtransfer................................................................................................122.1.3Appropriatenessofdeliveringcashtransfers.......................................................................132.1.4Focus........................................................................................................................................................14

2.2Researchobjectiveandresearchquestions 15

3.Theoretical/AnalyticalFramework.........................................................................................163.1SustainableLivelihoodApproach 163.2WHOconceptualframeworkfortherolesofcashtransfer 19

4.Methodology.....................................................................................................................................224.1Selection 224.1.1Beneficiaries.........................................................................................................................................224.1.2Localchief.............................................................................................................................................23

VII

4.1.3Fundingsource...................................................................................................................................244.1.4Implementationagencies...............................................................................................................24

4.2Qualitativestudy 244.3Semi-structuredinterviews 254.4Focusgroups 254.5Limitations&Delimitations 264.5.1Limitations............................................................................................................................................265.4.2Delimitations........................................................................................................................................28

4.6Ethics 29

5.Findings..............................................................................................................................................315.1Beneficiaries 315.1.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................315.1.2Currentimageofcashtransfer....................................................................................................325.1.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................335.1.4Beneficiariessuggestions...............................................................................................................345.1.5Wherearethelostmoney..............................................................................................................34

5.2Localchief 355.3Fundingsource 365.3.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................365.3.2Currentimageofcashtransfers..................................................................................................375.3.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................385.3.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfer.............................................................................38

5.4Implementationagencies 395.4.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................395.4.2Currentimageofcashtransfer....................................................................................................405.4.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................415.4.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfers...........................................................................42

6.Analysis..............................................................................................................................................446.1Beneficiaries 446.1.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................446.1.2Currentimageofcashtransfer....................................................................................................456.1.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................456.1.4Beneficiariessuggestionsandwherethemoneyare.........................................................46

VIII6.2Localchief 476.3Fundingsource 476.3.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................476.3.2Currentimageofcashtransfer....................................................................................................476.3.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................48

6.4Implementationagencies 496.4.1Thelostmoney....................................................................................................................................496.4.2Currentimageofcashtransfers..................................................................................................496.4.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies...............................................506.4.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfers...........................................................................50

7.Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................52

Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................55

Appendix–Listofinterviews..........................................................................................................62

1

1.INTRODUCTIONTheintroductionpartwillcontainbackgroundinformationofthemillionsofpeoplelivingin

povertyandareaffectedbyemergencies.Oneway toreducepovertyand toassistpeople

during emergencies is through unconditional cash transfer intervention. The chapterwill

include information on cash transfers in emergencies with the connection to increase

humancapitalandKenya’scashtransferprograms.

1.1 BackgroundThe background is divided in three parts, the first two parts, emergencies and human

capitalareseparatedtoeachotherandinthethirdparttheywillbecombined.

1.1.1Emergencies

Theworldtodayfaceseveralchallenges,onebeingthat10%oftheworld’spopulationlives

underthepovertylineof1.90USDandarealsopartoftheworld’s65,4millionrefugeesor

the 40millions that are internally displaced (World Bank Group, 2019a; UNHCR, 2019a;

UNHCR,2019b).Morethanhalfoftheworld’spoorpopulationliveinSub-SaharanAfrica;it

ishometomorethan413millionpeoplethatarelivingunderthepovertyline(WorldBank

Group,2019a).Moreover, there isalsoon-goingemergencycrises indifferentpartsof the

world, forexample:warinSyriaandYemen,Rohingyacrisis inBangladeshandMyanmar,

thedroughtinEastAfricaandcycloneinMozambique(OCHA,2019;OXFAM,2019).There

are all humanitarian crises that affect millions of people. Humanitarian crises can be of

differentkinds,anditisdefinedinthreedifferentcategories;naturaldisaster(earthquake,

drought, typhoon), technological disaster (nuclear accidents, chemical explosions) and

conflict-related emergencies (civil war, international war) (Doocy & Tappis, 2017).

Emergencies often lead to people leaving their country. Some of the main causes are

conflicts, environmental changeormembership in specificpolitical/social group (UNHCR,

2019a;UNHCR,2019b).

1.1.2Humancapital

Thereareseveralwaysofchangingthelivelihoodforthemillionsofpeoplethatliveunder

the poverty line and/or are internally displaced. One way is to increase human capital

(Todaro & Smith, 2015). According to Todaro & Smith (2015) human capital is the

“productive investments embodied in human persons, including skills, abilities, ideals,

health and locations, often resulting from expenditures on education, on-the-job training

2programs, andmedical care” (p. 383). TheWorld Bank Group (2019b) argues on human

capital that “the evidence is clear: Healthy, educated, skilled and resilient people drive

economies.Smartand timely investments innutrition,healthcare,qualityeducation, jobs

and skills will yield the highest returns” (first section). Human capital is imbedded in

everything that is connected to awell-being. For the people that lack human capital, the

increasehasneverbeenthisimportant(Todaro&Smith,2015).However,thereareseveral

circumstancesthatcancreatelowhumancapitalforpeople;oneofthemistheyareaffected

byanemergency.Anemergencycanbeassistedinthreedifferentways,andthusitisoften

described in threedifferent categories, face-to-facedistributionof goods, servicesor cash

provided to the people and relief facilitation (Doocy & Tappis, 2017). According to the

sustainablelivelihoodapproachincreaseofhumancapitalislong-termdevelopment,onthe

othersideemergenciesoftenoccurinshorttermperspective,howevertheintervenecanbe

combinedandthereiswaytoincreasethehumancapitalinemergencies.

1.1.3HumancapitalinemergenciesandcashtransferOnewaytoreducepoverty,toassistthepeopleinhumanitariancrisisandtoincreasethe

humancapital,istoimplementcashtransferprograms(CTPs)(Barrientos&DeJong,2006;

Fiszbein,Schady,Ferreira,Grosh,Kelleher,Olinto&Skoufias,2009;Todaro&Smith,2015;

Doocy&Tappis,2017).CTPshavebeenthemostpopularwayofreducingpovertysincethe

financial crisis of 2008. It has become the paradigm shift of poverty reduction (Hulme,

Hanlon&Barrientos,2012).AccordingtoCaLP(2018)“CTPiswidelyrecognisedasoneof

themostsignificantareasofinnovationinhumanitarianassistance,withhugepotentialto

meetmoreneeds,moreefficientlyandmoreeffectively”(p.3).Allpeoplehave,accordingto

thedeclarationofhumanrights,adoptedbyUNin1948,arighttoanadequatestandardof

living and cash transfer is oneway to get there (Hulme, Hanlon& Barrientos, 2012; UN,

2015).

1.2 CashtransferprogramsinemergenciesThis sectionwillprovide informationoncash transfer inemergencies, thehistoryof cash

transfer,cashtransferinSub-SaharanAfricaandunconditionalcashtransfer.

1.2.1Cashtransfer

Cash transfersarewelfarebenefitsprovided to the localpeople,whichcanassist themto

getoutofpoverty(Todaro&Smith,2015).CTPsspecializeinsectorslikeeducation,health

3and nutrition outcomes (Fiszbein et al, 2009). According to Creti & Jaspars (2006) cash-

transfers aimare “to increase thepurchasingpowerof disaster-affectedpeople to enable

themtomeettheirminimumneedsforfoodandnon-fooditems;ortoassistintherecovery

of people’s livelihoods” (p. 1). Baird, Chiwra, McIntosh & Ozler (2010) describe cash

transfers two main objectives: to reduce poverty in the short term (through cash to

households with minimum living expenses) and reduce poverty in the long-term (by

increasingindividualshumancapital). Today’sCTPsareusedbymultilateralorganizations,

INGO,NGO,statesandCSO(Gairdner,Mandelik&MoberginDoocy&Tappis,2017).

Itiswidelyaccepted,andtheliteratureshows,thatCCPhasimprovedlivelihood,healthand

educationforchildrenaroundtheglobewiththegoaltoreducepovertythroughinvestment

inhumancapitallikeeducationandhealth(Fiszbein et, al. 2009; Fernald,Gertler&Neufeld,

2009;Bryan2009;Evan,Hausladen,Kosec&Reese,2013).Fiszbeinetal (2009)describe

thatCCT investment inhealthhave spillovereffects tootherareasand stating that “CCTs

havehadpositiveeffectsonhouseholdsconsumptionandonpoverty”(p.12).CTPs&CCTs

are a newway of thinking andHulme,Hanloon&Barrientos (2012)mention “instead of

maintainingahugeaidindustrytofindwaysto‘helpthepoor’,itisbettertogivemoneyto

poorpeopledirectlysothattheycanfindeffectivewaystoescapepoverty”(p.1).

Cash transfer can be divided into three different types; conditional cash transfer (CCT),

unconditionalcashtransfer(UCT)andvouchers.CCTismoneytransferthatisconnectedto

a condition for the beneficiary. For example the recipient needs to pay school fees or

medical checks with the money to be able to be part of the program. UCT is money

transferredtothebeneficiarywithoutanyconditions,thebeneficiariescanspenditonwhat

theydecideismostimportant.Vouchersareapaper,tokenore-voucherthatistransferred

to the beneficiary and later can be exchanged for specific goods at specific stores (CaLP,

2017).

1.2.2Historyofcashtransfer

Today’sCTPsstarted inMexico1997anditbecamesosuccessful thatBrazilsooncreated

theirownprogram(Fiszbeinetal,2009).Transfercashandothergoodsinthedeveloping

world started already in 1948 by the British colonial administration in Sudan. In the

developedworld, cash transfer became regularwelfare transfers (Creti & Jaspars, 2006).

Thesuccessesof theCTPshavecreatedan interest fromothercountries tocreatesimilar

programs of their own. Today similar programs exist in every continent of the world.

4(Fiszbein et al, 2009; Garcia, Moore & World Bank, 2012; Hulme, Hanlon & Barrientos,

2012;Arriaga,2018;Handa,Daidone,Peterman,Davis,Pereir,Palermo&Yablonski,2018).

Becauseof the start ofCCT inLatinAmerica thedebates and literature ismostly focused

there, however theUCTdebate and literature ismostly focus onAfrica. In an emergency

response, the cash transfers areunconditional or connected to vouchers (Creti& Jaspars,

2006;Doocy&Tappis,2017).

1.2.3Cashtransfersappropriateness

Inemergencysituationstheneedsofbasicgoodsarehighandtheimportanceofdelivering

aidthroughcashtransfersinsteadofphysicallygoodshavebecomemorecommon(Doocy

&Tappis, 2017). Thebeneficiary can choosewhat they decide ismost important in their

situationtobeabletosurvivetheupcomingtimeandmakeinvestmentsthatcanimprove

their living standard in the long term (Doocy& Tappis, 2017; CaLP, 2019). According to

Creti& Jaspars (2006) it is important todistribute theCTP that ismost adequate in that

particularemergencycontext;conditional,unconditionalorvouchers.

1.2.4CashtransferandemergenciesinSub-SaharanAfrica

ThepartoftheworldthathasmostpeopleaffectedbyanemergencytodayisSub-Saharan

Africa.KenyaistheSub-SaharancountrywiththelongestrunningCTP.Weatherconditions

havecreateda limitationsof foodwhichhave leadtoanemergencysituation inKenya,as

wellasinotherEastAfricancountries,thisconnectsittohealthandnutrition(Fiszbeinet

al,2009;OCHA,2019).Healthisthecentralofwell-beingandistogetherwitheducationthe

centralcoreofincreasinghumandevelopment(Todaro&Smith,2015).Thecorefoundation

toincreasehumancapitalandbeabletoleavepovertyisbasedonindividual’shealthandin

emergenciespeoplesbasicneedsareimportanttofulfil(VanOmmeren,Saxena&Saraceno,

2005; Todaro & Smith, 2015). The focus of this research will be on cash transfers in

emergencies inKenya,where theon-goingemergencytakesplacewith the lackof food in

thenorthernparts.

InKenya,avastamountofpeopleareinternallydisplacedandareatthesametimeaffected

bythedrought,whichisconnectedtothecurrentfoodemergencyandthelowhealthstatus.

One of the areas that is affected themost by the on-going emergency is TurkanaCounty.

ThereforethefocuswillbeonTurkanaCountywiththecapitalLodwarandKakumatown.

Both towns are experiencing an on-going emergency and the unconditional CTP, Hungry

5SafetyNetProgramme(HSNP),isoperatinginthisregiontoincreasehumancapital(health

andeducation).

1.2.5Unconditionalcashtransfer

UCTistransferofcashtohouseholdswithoutanyconditionsonwhattheyshouldspendthe

moneyon,withnorequirementstorepaythemoney(Doocy&Tappis,2017;CaLP,2017).

Thedonorsareoftenorganizationslikeaidagenciesorthecountry’sgovernment.Whenthe

moneyisreceiveditisuptothehouseholdstodecideiffood,educationoranyotherareais

themost important to spend themoneyon. Themoney is, on first hand,mostly used for

immediateneeds,forexamplefoodormedicine,andonsecondhandthemoneyisusedfor

clothesorschoolfees(Hulme,Hanlon&Barrientos,2012;CaLP,2017).AccordingtoHumle,

Hanlon&Barrientos(2012),bygivingmoneywithoutanyconditionsthebeneficiariesare

assisted in both short and long term perspective, to help with the development of the

people.Doocy&Tappis(2017)mention,“althoughrecipientsareentitledtousethemoney

however theywish, unconditional cash transfer programmesmay be designed tomeet a

specificneed(sector-specificunconditionalcashtransferprogrammes)ortocoverarange

of needs (multi-sector unconditional cash-transfer programmes)” (p. 13). To give people

money without any conditions has a fourth fold positive impact. It is affordable for the

donor,therecipientsusethemoneyeffectively,itreducesimmediatehardshipandpoverty

effectively and it has, as mentioned, a long-term poverty reduction impact in both the

economicandsocial sector (Humle,Hanlon&Barrientos,2012).ResearchonUCTproves

thatbothschoolingandnutritionoutcomesincrease.UCThasthereforepositiveeffectson

the children and on the households (Baird, Ferreira, Özler &Woolcock, 2013). Themain

problemforthosewholiveunderthepovertylineisthattheylackcashforbasicpurchases

such as food, searching for work or sending their kids to school (Hulme, Hanlon &

Barrientos, 2012). According to Hulme, Hanlon & Barrientos (2012) it is not because of

theirlackofmotivationorknowledge,itisthelackofmoneythatputtheminthatposition

thattheywouldbeabletoleavepoverty.

1.3 CountrycontextTo get a deeper understanding of Kenya, the next part will provide information on the

country,thereasontheresearcherhavechosenKenyaasacasestudyandKenya’sCTPs.

6

1.3.1Kenya

TheRepublicofKenyaislocatedinEasternAfricawithboarderstoTanzania,Uganda,South

Sudan,EthiopiaandSomaliaalongwith536km long coastline to the IndianOcean.Kenya

consist of 580 367 square km with over 48 million inhabitants. With a 4.4 million

population, the capitalNairobi is the largest city of the country.Kenya is divided into 47

differentcounties.ThelargestoneisMarsabit inthenortheastpartofthecountry,closely

followed by Turkana in the northwest. Kenya, including several other neighbouring

countries, was a former British colony under the name of British East Africa and Kenya

becameindependentin1963.In2010Kenyaconductedanewconstitutionthatchangedthe

structureofthecountrywithnewministriesanddepartmentsthateffectedtheCTPs.Kenya

is theeconomic, financial and transporthub inEastAfricawithaGDPof163billionUSD

(2017)andisrankedasalow-middleincomecountry(CIAWorldFactbook,2019).

Even thoughKenya is oneof themostdeveloped countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica it faces

several challenges and emergencies. In 2015 36.8% of the population lived under the

povertylineandbasicservicesaseducation,cleanwater,healthcareetceteraareluxuries

thatcreatesocialcleavagesbetweenrichandpoor(UNICEF,2009;WorldBankGroupData,

2019). Todays Kenya is facing the challenge of drought with links to the lack of food,

togetherwiththerestofeasternAfrica.Floodsareaffectingsomepartsofthecountryand

millionsofpeoplearestarving (OXFAM,2019).Thepeoples thatareaffected themostby

theon-goingemergencyarethepoorestandmostvulnerableonesanddiseasescomewith

theflood(IDMC,2019a).

Kenyaishosttorefugeesandalsohas159000internallydisplacedpersons(IDP)because

of drought, floods and conflicts in especially Turkana and Mandera. Two of the largest

refugee camps in theworld are located in Kenya; Dadaab Refugee Complex in the north

easternpartofthecountryandthesecondlargestislocatedinKakuma,inTurkanaCounty

(UNHCR,2019c;IDMC,2019b;UNHCR,2019d).

ThereasonKenyaischosenasacasestudyis; it isthefirstcountryinSub-SaharanAfrica

that startedwithCTP andhas therefore the longest experiencewith it. Kenyahas an on-

going emergency in the northern part related to drought, which can connect the cash

transfertopicwithemergencies.NorthernKenyaisalsohometooneofthelargestrefugee

7camp inAfricaandhasa largenumberof IDPand theHSNP isoperating in thearea. It is

thereforeagoodchoice foracasestudyandtheresults fromKenyacancontribute to the

broadercontextoncashtransfersinemergencies.

Figure1.MapofKenya(NationsOnlineProject,2019)

1.3.2Kenya’scashtransferprogramsInKenyathereareseveralCTPs.ThegovernmentalonesareundertheNationalSafetyNet

Program(NSNP).ThereisalsoNGO-ledCTP,forexampletheKenyanRedCrossSociety.The

CTPthisthesiswillfocusonandwheretherespondentsareenrolledinistheHungerSafety

NetProgramwithin theNSNP.Today’sversionofCTPs inKenyawasestablished in2013

and the different programs are Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-

OVC), Person with Servere Disabilities Cash Transfer (PWSD-CT), Older Persons Cash

Transfer(OPT)whichislocatedundertheMinistryofLabor,SocialSecurity&Services.The

Hunger Safety Net Program (HSNP) is located under the National Drought Management

8Authority(SocialProtectionKenya,2019a).TheCTPs,isaccordingtotheSocialProtection

Kenya (2019a), transferringmoney to over 500 000 households on a regular basis. Cash

transfer inKenyastarted in2004with theCT-OVCprogram,with fundingbyUNICEFand

SIDA and today’s CTPs in Kenya is funded by theWorld Bank, DFID, the Government of

Kenyaandmore.

1.3.3HungerSafetyNetProgram

TheHunger SafetyNet Program is a CTPwith a community-based targeting that aims to

reducepoverty,extremehungerandvulnerabilityinKenya’saridandsemi-aridlandinthe

four counties, Turkana, Marsabit, Wajir and Mandera, with the transfer of KES 5400

(approx.53USD)every secondmonth to100000householdsand60%of thehouseholds

areheadedbyawoman(Taylor,Thome,Filipski,Merttens,Binci&Barberis,2018;HSNP,

2018; Social Protection Kenya, 2019b; Merttens, Hurell, Marzi, Attah, Farhat, Kardan &

MacAuslan,2013).TheSocialProtectionKenya(2019b)describesthetwocoreobjectivesof

HSNP.Thefirstobjectiveistoensureaneffective,financiallysecureandwell-targetedCTP

that istargetingthepoorestandmostvulnerablehouseholds, forthosewhocannotafford

the basic expenses of food, adequate housing and sanitation. The second objective is to

invest in the human capital in the counties of Turkana, Marsabit, Mandera and Wajir

(northernpart ofKenya). TheHSNPhas been conducted in twodifferent phases, Phase I

andPhaseII.PhaseIstarted2008andphaseIIstarted2013whentoday’sversionofCTwas

establishedwithinthesocialprotection(HSNP,2018).

HSNP has an emergency alert, which indicates when environmental emergencies have

happened. An emergency payment is then transferred, which is on top of the regular

payment.HSNPcanexpandbothverticallyandhorizontally.Verticallyitcanexpandforthe

regularbeneficiariessotheyreceivemoremoneythantheregular5400KES.Horizontallyit

canexpandfromtheregular100000householdsto300000householdswhenemergencies

occur,dependingonthedifferentemergencylevels.TheHSNPhasemergencysystems,that

decidewhat households should receive the emergency payment, use satellite images and

decides if the emergency is 25%, 50% or 75% level of emergency and thereafter the

transferisconducted.Thenumberofbeneficiariesisdecidedbyaninformationsystemthat

alreadyhasidentifiedthehouseholdslivinginemergencywithanactivebankaccountand

then the emergency transfer is possible to proceed (Taylor et al, 2018). The HSNP have

severalsystemforfeedbacktothebeneficiaries,itcanbethroughoffline/onlineCMS,SMS

9orHSNPHelpline.Thistollfreehelplineisalsoopenforthebeneficiary,oranyindividualon

behalf of thebeneficiary to call in for information about their household registration and

the transfer (HSNP, 2019). Taylor et al (2018) mentions that DFID have funded the

emergencypaymentwithKES2.214.027.650(approx.18.295.502USD)and theEuropean

CommissionhasfundedadditionalKES638.941.500(approx.5.279.859USD)untilJanuary

2018.

1.4StructureThethesisisstructuredinsevendifferentparts;afterthisintroductionasthefirstpartthe

thesiswillconsistof the followingparts.Thesecondpart is the literatureoverviewwhere

thecurrentdebateaboutCTPsandUCTinemergency,connectedtoKenya,willtakeplace.

In the second part the research objective is also presented with the research questions,

whichthisthesisaimstoanswerandtofulfilthegappresentedintheliteratureoverview.

Thethirdpartiswherethetheoreticalframeworkwillbepresented.Thethesiswillusethe

sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) together withWHO conceptual framework for the

role of cash transfer. They are chosen for the ability to understand the context and to

provide theoretical knowledge to the main research questions. In the fourth part the

methodology will be presented, the methodology is the way the thesis have chosen to

gather information to be able to answer the research questions. The thesis will use a

qualitativestudywithsemi-structuredinterviewsandfocusgroups.Theyarechosentogive

the respondentavoiceandhave theability to changeandgetmore in-depth information

and discussions from the respondent. The fifthpart iswhere the findings from the semi-

structuredinterviewsandfocusgroupsareplaced.ItisplacedafterDoocy&Tappis(2017)

actorselectionwithbeneficiaries,thelocalchief,fundingsourceandimplementingagency,

thiswillalsoguidetheanalysis.Thefindingswillbeanalysedtogetherwiththetheoretical

frameworks,SLA&WHOconceptualframeworkfortheroleofcashtransferinthesixthpart

andthelastandseventhpartconsistoftheconclusions.

10

2.LITERATUREOVERVIEWThe literature overview will give the reader a better understanding about the current

debatesoncashtransfersinemergencies,boththepositiveandnegativecritique.Thethesis

argues, based on tis literature overview, that UCT in emergencies mostly have positive

impacts and there is a gap to fulfill when it is appropriate to deliver cash transfers in

emergencies. In the end the main research questions will be provided; When it is

appropriate todelivercash transfers inemergencies?What is the imageofHungerSafety

NetProgramandcashtransfersinemergenciesperceivedbydifferentactors?

2.1Currentdebateoncashtransferprogramsinemergencies

2.1.2Argumentsforcashtransfers

TheCTPshassincethestart,year2000,adopteddifferentstrategies,howeverthefocuson

theevaluationhasbeenonthechallengesofcashdelivery,thetargetingandtheretention

bythebeneficiary(Creti&Jaspars,2006).Thescholarlyarticlesthesedaysmostlyfocuson

thepositiveimpactofcashtransfersinemergencies(Doocy&Tappis,2017).Fenn,Noura,

Dolan&Shoham(2015)arguesthatthelivingstandardincreasesforfamilieswhoreceive

cash during an emergency compared to not receive cash at al. The evaluation of cash

transferprogram in emergencies inZambia2006 could show that “theOxfamemergency

cash transfer programme can be seen as an appropriate and effective response to a

potential food security crisis” (Harvey&Marongwe, 2006, p. 43).Moreover, results from

several studies show a positive impact within the context of food security and lower

transferringcosts thanfood in-kinddistributionorvouchers. Itcanalsohavemultipliable

effects on the local market (Haushofer & Shapiro, 2016; Doocy & Tappis, 2017). Poorer

peoplealsotendtospendmoremoneyonthelocalmarketandarebettertoincreasetheir

livingstandardbyinvestment,thatinthelongtermbenefitsnotonlythebeneficiaryofthe

CTPs (Hulme, Hanlon and Barrientos, 2012; Haushofer & Shapiro, 2016). According to

Jacobsen&Fratzke(2016)“accesstocashforexample,increasesthepurchasingpowerofa

householdandmaytherebyallowthemtoprotectassets,particularlyproductiveassetsthat

van be crucial to their means of earning a living (such as vehicle or property)” (p. 8).

Jacobsen & Fratzke (2016) also mentions “extra cash may further allow households to

investorrecovertheirlivelihoodsbypurchasingneededgoodsortools,orenablingaccess

to training or capital” (p. 8). However, arguments have beenmade that give people free

11money is creating initiative for the beneficiaries the need of notwork. Hulme, Hanlon &

Barrientos(2012)claimstheopposite,astheyarguethattogivepeoplemoneyitdoesnot

make them lazy to work, rather the opposite happens. It also reduces child labour, and

increase school attendance for children regardless of the type of cash transfer (Hulme,

Hanlon & Barrientos, 2012). Cash transfer has increased the school enrolment in

Bangladeshwith9%,inColombiawith30%andinMexicogirlsschoolenrolmentincreased

with9%.Ithasalsoapositiveeffectonnutritionandhealth,forexample;reduceofillness

inMexico and increase of children’s height anddecrease of stunting (Adato&Hoddinott,

2007).

TheconnectionoftheCCTswavementionedbyFizbeinetal(2009)andFennetal(2015)

with thedevelopment and importanceof cash transfers in emergencies is shownbywith

thisstatement:

cashtransfers(CT)arebecomingapopular interventionofchoicebyagenciesand

non-governmental organisations as a complementary or alternative approach to

food-basedassistance,aspartofanemergencyresponse.There isstrongevidence

thatCTprogrammesleadtoanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandprotecthousehold

assets from being sold, resulting in an increase in food quantity and improved

dietary diversitywhich in turn are thought to protect children frommalnutrition.

(Fennetal,p.343).

Moreover,todistinguishtothecontextofKenyaandtheHSNP,Merttensetal(2013)shows

thepositiveimpactoftheHSNPwithinthecorrelationtoCTPsaroundtheglobe.Themain

results up to 2012 was that it had a significant impact on increasing expenditure and

reducingextremepovertyeventhoughitwasanon-goingdroughtemergency.Tayloretal

(2018)showsthattheHSNPhaveaspillovereffecttothelocalmarket,whichindicatesthat

not only the beneficiary got positive impact of the cash transfers. The evaluation from

Merttensetal(2013)alsoshowedthatthebeneficiariespreferredcashinsteadoffoodaid

andin-kindtransfers.Itisalsoprovedtobemorecost-efficiencytodelivercashthanfood

aid (Venton, Bailey & Pongracz, 2015). It is more cost-efficiency because the beneficiary

couldspendtheircashonwhattheydeemmostimportant.Ontheotherhand,cashcannot

fully replace food aid, themoney value is not enough (Merttens et al, 2013). Taylor et al

(2018)describe their findings, in theevaluationof theHSNPthatemergencypaymentsof

theHSNPbenefitthepooresthouseholds.

12

2.1.2Argumentsagainstcashtransfer

Hondaetal.(2018)arguesthatadebateintheliteraturehasbeenifthemoneyfromCTPsis

being spent on the actual cause or not. For example; if themoney is consumed in other

areasinsteadofhealthandeducation,(e.g.alcohol,tobaccoetc),ifitsincreasefertilityandif

it leadstonegativecommunity-leveleconomicimpact.Seferis(2014)andBailey&Harvey

(2015) argue that CTPs could push inflation on the local market and tension can rise

between people in families and in villages. According to Handa et al. (2018) there is no

correlationbetweenCTPsandmoreconsumptionofalcoholandtobaccoandnoimpactof

CTPsinincreaseoffertility.Haushofer&Shapiro(2016)studyinwesternKenya,oneofthe

areas being Turkana, show that some money is going to consumption of tobacco and

alcohol,butonlylittleandhasaninsignificantrole.Itisalsomentionsthatitistheeconomic

growth thatwill reducepovertywith the lackofbasic infrastructureas themain issueof

enrollingchildrenintoschool(Fiszbeinetal,2009).

It has been mentioned above that CTPs, CCTs and CTPs in emergencies contributes to

povertyreduction(Barrientos&DeJong,2006;Fiszbeinetal,2009;Doocy&Tappis,2017).

On the otherhand it is also argued that CTPs results inpoverty containment rather than

poverty reduction (Adato & Hoddinott, 2007; Focus on The Global South, 2010; Hughes,

2015).Doocy&Tappis(2017)mentionthattherearenostudiesonUCTthatreportonthe

beneficiaries’ needsorwhat thebeneficiaries’ suggestions are to create abetterUCTand

CTPs.Cashtransfersarenotabletosolvethepovertyandthereasonsbehindpeoplebeing

poor.Itisnotareplacementforinvestmentsinhealthoreducation,ratheracomplementto

existing institutions (WHO, 2011). Adato & Hoddinott (2007) argue that “other

complementary strategiesneeded,however, forpeopleatother stagesof the life” and “of

course, poverty reduction also requires other approaches to promote economic

developmentand jobcreation” (p.305).Along sidewithpreviousmentionarticles in this

part, theresearcheralsoarguesthatcashtransfercanonlybepovertycontainmentandit

doesnotchangetheunderlyingcausesofpoverty.

More arguments against cash transfer are that it is expensive to operate. Even though

countriescanaffordcashtransferprogramit ishighadministrationcost.Thestartofcash

transfer program costs are related to identifying beneficiaries and set up the program

structure, therefore it takes times before the administration costs is low (Adato &

Hoddinott,2007).

13Thedebateonthepositive/negativeimpactsofcashtransfersiswidelydebatedandthere

are several scholarly articles that describe this. However it is important to get the

informationfromthecurrentdebateandgobeyondthefocusonpositive/negativeimpact.

With the literaturepresentedabove, this thesisargues thatcash transfers inemergencies

havewidelypositiveimpacts.Cashtransferhaspositiveimpactsforthebeneficiaryandthe

local market, and the beneficiary prefers cash instead of in-kind aid or vouchers. The

previousstudiesdonot reporton thebeneficiariesneedsand the long term impactscash

transfershason thebeneficiary’shuman capital. To contribute to furtherknowledge it is

importantto look intootherareas incashtransfer.Already in2006Creti&Jaspar(2006)

presented that more research needs to be done if cash transfers are appropriate in

emergencies.

2.1.3Appropriatenessofdeliveringcashtransfers

Bailey&Harvey (2015)mention that it is a challenge on “howpeople are affected by an

emergency and effectiveway to assist them” (p. 1). Austin (2013)writes that areas for

furtheractionsaretheappropriatesofcashinemergencyandrefugeecontextandtotake

intoaccountthedifferentcircumstancesintheseareas.Thefocusofpreviousliteratureand

the conclusion that cash transfer has widely positive impact in emergencies makes it

interestingtogobeyondtheappropriatenessofcashinemergencyandtolookintowhenis

it appropriate to deliver cash in emergencies: before (prevention, protection), during

(promotion) or after (transformation) the emergency occur that is in linewith theWHO

conceptualframeworkfortheroleofcashtransfer.

Withallofthis inmind,accordingtoBailey&Harvey(2015)andAustin(2013)thereisa

current gap in the field about the delivering of cash transfers in emergency and refugee

context. Since 2013 the debate still continued with the focus on the positive/negative

impacts of cash transfers and therefore it will be this thesis aim to contribute into the

existing literature in this field. The thesis will look into the different stakeholders

perspectives,tolistentobeneficiariesthatDoocyandTappis(2017)mentionwasnotdone

inthefieldandfollowthefourdifferentactorgroupsthatDoocy&Tappis(2017)present

are the cash transfer stakeholders. To be able to analyse information from the different

actors,itisnecessarytounderstandthecurrentimageofcashtransfersinKenyafromtheir

pointofview.Tobeabletofindtheansweronthecurrentimage,thethesisneedstotake

under consideration several different aspects, especially the appropriateness of cash in

14emergencies, the challenges, the security and the predictions from various different

stakeholders. In combinationwith the researchdone in the field there is a gapwhenand

whereitisappropriatetodelivercash,beforeanemergency,duringanemergencyorafter

anemergencyandalsotogiveavoicetothebeneficiaries.

2.1.4Focus

Thegeographicalchoiceandfocus,asmentioned,isTurkana,thepoorestcountyinKenya,

and the specific CTP is theHSNP (Merttens, 2018). Turkana is chosenbecause of several

reasons;ithostthesecondlargestrefugeecampinKenyaalongwithmanyIDP,itisoneof

fourcountieswheretheHSNPisoperating,oneoftwocountiesthatHSNPisoperatingthat

the researcher can travel to and it is an on-going emergency with the drought. The

beneficiaryrespondents to thethesisare fromLodwar&Kakumaandarebeneficiariesof

theHSNP. The evidence shown from the evaluation of the program,made by the former

holder of the program, OXFAM in 2013, that “HSNP is having a significant impact on

increasing consumption expenditure and reducing extreme poverty in northern Kenya”

(Merttens et al, 2013, p. ii). It also has an impact on food security and benefitting the

pooresthouseholds(Merttensetal,2013;Tayloretal,2018).Tayloretal (2018)provide

valuable information about the effects on emergency cash transfer in theHSNP, however

they do not discuss when it is appropriate to deliver the money. It is also important to

understand the current image from different stakeholders to be able to research cash

transfers inemergencies.Withtheresearchquestions, this thesisaimstogetabetterand

broaderunderstandingofwhen it isappropriate todelivercash inemergencycontext,by

focusingspecificallyonHSNPinTurkana.

15

2.2ResearchobjectiveandresearchquestionsThe literature overview has shown that there is a need of more research on when it is

appropriate to deliver cash transfers in emergencies. The thesis will contribute to

informationabouttheimageofHSNPbydifferentstakeholdersandalsoprovideimportant

informationfromthebeneficiaries, togivethemavoiceabouttheprogramtheyareapart

of.ItisimportanttounderstandtheimageoftheCTPandtheemergencycontexttobeable

tolinkitintothefirstresearchquestion.Thereforethethesiswillhavetwomainresearch

questionsandseveralsubquestionsthatwillguidetheresearchertowardstheansweron

themainquestionsbyprovidingimportantinformation.

Themainresearchquestionsthethesisaimstoansweronare:

1a)Whenisitappropriatetodelivercashtransfersinemergencies?

1b)WhatistheimageofHungerSafetyNetProgramandcashtransfersin

emergenciesperceivedbydifferentactors?

Thethesiswillhavethefollowingsubquestions:

2a)Whatistheappropriateness&limitationsofCTinemergencycontext?

2b)Howcancashchangetheemergencysituation?

2c)WhatarethemainchallengeswithCTinemergencies?

2d)WhatarethemainadvantageswithCTinemergencies?

16

3.THEORETICAL/ANALYTICALFRAMEWORKThethesiswillcombinethe largertheorySustainableLivelihoodApproach(SLA)withthe

World Health Organization (WHO) conceptual framework for the role of cash transfers,

inspired by the work of Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler from 2004. The theoretical

frameworks are chosen for their ability to achieve poverty reduction with the input of

differentkeycapitalsthataffectsthevulnerabilityforthepoorandcombinedwithdifferent

stepsoftransferringcash.

3.1SustainableLivelihoodApproachTheanalyticalframeworkthatguidestheanalysisistheSLA.TheSLAframeworkpresented

byScoones(1998)ischosenforitsabilitytounderstandthelivelihoodaroundtheresearch.

SLA isnot linkedtoanyspecificorganization type.Differentkindofstakeholders,donors,

INGOand research institutionshave adopted their ownversionof SLA (Ashley&Carney,

1999).ThesixkeyindicatorsinSLAare;creationofworkingdays,povertyreduction,well-

being & capabilities, livelihood adaption, vulnerability & resilience and natural resource

basesustainability(Scoones,1998).Thefocuswillbeonthesecondkeyindicator;poverty

reduction, forthecashtransfers linkagestoreducepoverty.Ashley&Carney(1999)state

“Sustainablelivelihoods(SL)isawayofthinkingabouttheobjectives,scopeandpriorities

for development, in order to enhanceprogress in poverty elimination” (p. 1).Onpoverty

reductionScoones(1998)mentionstheimportanceofhumancapital.

ThecoreprinciplesofSLAarethatitcanonlybeachievedifitispeople-centeredwithfocus

andunderstandingofdifferentgroups,theirsocialenvironmentandtheirabilitytoadapt.It

also needs to be responsive and participatory; the people themselves need to be the key

actor to identify and address the livelihood problems and priorities. The SLA should be

adopted onmulti-level, to address the poverty reduction there needs to be policies and

structuresonmacro level thatareadoptedonmicro-levelactivities. SLAalsoneeds tobe

conductedinpartnershipbetweentheprivateandpublicsectorandstakeholders.Overallit

isimportantthatSLAissustainableanddynamic forthefutureofthepovertyreductionin

the community (Ashley & Carney, 1999). Therefore the thesis respondents will be

stakeholdersonvariousdifferentlevelstobeabletogetthemacro/microlevelview.

SLA is a work by Robert Chambers from the 1980s and the framework is described by

Scoones(1998)as

17

givenaparticularcontext(ofpolicysetting,politics,history,agroecologyandsocio-

economic conditions), what combination of livelihood resources (different type of

‘capital’) result in the ability to follow what combination of livelihood strategies

(agricultural intensifications/extensifications, livelihood diversification and

migration)withwhatoutcome?(p.3).

SLA is built on the idea that people need assistance to get a positive livelihood outcome,

whereoneof the assets is human capital.With this the SLA shows thatnot onlynational

economicgrowthisimportantforreducingpoverty(Kappel,Michelle&Pederson,2010).

AccordingtoAshley&Carney(1999)SLAisdescribed in fivedifferentelements, financial

capital,humancapital,physicalcapital,naturalcapitalandsocialcapital.Thefiveelements

are named the livelihood assets. Financial capitals are the economic resources of the

individual, often provided by labor, to get access to cash and are described as the most

important assets.Physical capitals are the capital ofbuildings, tools, public infrastructure

that the people have access to and other physical resources in the community. Natural

capitalsarethecapitalofnaturalresourceslikeagricultureland,wateretcetera,whichthe

community and the individual have access to. The social capitals are the capital of the

individual’s social network, e.g. family, friends, and community fromwhich the poor can

receiveassistanceintimesofemergencyorintheirdailylivelihood.Humancapitalsarethe

capital of the individual’s capital and health (Farrington, Ramasut &Walker, 2002). The

livelihoodassetsareaffectedbythevulnerabilitycontextthatisbasedonshocks,trendsand

seasonality. This can be external vulnerability that influences the five elements on an

individual level. The five elements can be both owned individually or by other

organizations/governmentetc.Apossibleconsequenceof that is that the individualmight

nothaveaccesstoallelementsandthereforecanbeleftout.Theissuesrelatedtothefive

elementsare thecoreassets to changea livelihoodand reducepoverty (Ashley&Carney,

1999). The cash transfer influences all of these five elements. Financial capitals are the

moneythebeneficiariesget.Thehumancapitalfortheinvestmentineducationandhealth

iscorrelatedwith thephysicalandsocialcapital.Thenaturalcapitalsare the investments

thebeneficiariesdo inagriculture,however it is theelement that is leastaffectedbycash

transfersbecauseofthealreadyexistingnaturalcapitalinthelivelihoodarea.

Thenextpart in theSLA is thePIP.ThePolicies,InstitutionsandProcesses. It is the social,

economic,politicalandenvironmentalfactorsthatdecidetheindividual’sabilitytocreatea

sustainable livelihood. It is related to both ground level and top level and it is the

18accessibilitytothestrategiesthatdeterminethesustainablelivelihood.Thefourthandfinal

part of the SLA is the livelihood outcome. The livelihood outcomes are described as the

outcomeoftheassetsandvulnerabilitycontextonindividuallevelthatcreatesanincrease

in capital for vulnerability and therefore creates a more sustainable livelihood. Some

examplesof theseoutcomesaremore income, increasedwell-being,reducedvulnerability

andimprovedfoodsecurity.Thelivelihoodoutcomesaffectthelivelihoodassetsandinthe

long term affect the vulnerability context. In all the SLA provide a positive lifecycle

approachthatpreventsapovertylivelihood(Ashley&Carney,1999).HoweverSLAisonly

onetoolfortheanalysisoflivelihoodandreductionofpoverty.

Figure2,SLA(Ashley&Carney,1999,p.47).

Becauseof its close connection topoverty reduction the SLAwill be themain theoretical

frameworkinthisthesis.ItisalsocloselyconnectedtotheresearchobjectiveandtheHSNP

andwill guide themethodology choices. There are several different versions of the SLA.

Ashley&Carney(1999)describetheDFIDsustainablelivelihoodframeworkandthethesis

willadoptthisframework,asitisthemostusedversionoftheSLA.Thereasonforthisis,as

Ashley&Carney(1999)write,“DFID’sSLwork…canbeappliedtoanytypeofdevelopment

activity”(p.7).HoweverSLAisaframeworkthatismostlyfocusedonlong-termaspectsto

reducepovertyandincreasethekeycapitals.Togetadeeperunderstandingofthefindings,

19and connect it even more to cash transfer, the thesis will also use a cash transfer

framework.

3.2WHOconceptualframeworkfortherolesofcashtransferWHO (2011) describes its framework, WHO conceptual framework for the role of cash

transfer,thatitis“basedonanassumptionthatindividualscanbetrustedandempowered

tomakeeffectiveuseofresourcesavailabletothemtoimprovetheirlivingstandards(p.3).

TheWHO(2011)mentionsthatpovertyismultidimensional,howeveritislowandvariable

incomethatisthecentralofthepovertyproblem.AccordingtoWHO(2011)“cashtransfer

help households to smooth consumption, enabling them to sustain spending on food,

schoolingandhealthcareinleanperiods,withouttheneedtosellassetsortakeondebt”(p.

3). The WHO (2011) describes the framework on cash transfers and focuses on four

different stages in the transfer of the cash transfer. It also shows the impact of cash

transferswithdifferentoutputswiththebaselineofhigherandormorepredictableincome.

Thiswill later give the recipients of the cash transfersbetter food security andnutrition,

healthstatusandeducation, i.e. increasethehumancapital,thateffectsthelivelihoodthat

provide higher andmore predictable income.Along comedifferent extra outputs such as

financialcapital insavingstopreventshocksandvulnerabilityandalsophysicalcapital in

betterhousingthatpreventsemergencies.Theimportanceisofwhenthecashisdelivered

indifferentstagesandthereforetheWHO(2011)presentsfourdifferentstages.

Thepathwayof cash transfers “canbe conceptualized (alongwithother social protection

instruments) in terms of prevention, protection, promotion and transformation” (WHO,

2011,p.4).Theframeworkdescribesthedifferentobjectivesandkeyconceptsinthefour

stagesofwhencashtransferscanbedelivered.Thefourstagesareprevention,protection,

promotion and transformation. The framework is based on assumptions that beneficiary

can be trusted and empowered to make their own choices according to their need. The

frameworkpresentsthatincomeisthekey,centraltoindividuals’povertyandthatmoney

can assist householdswith the provision of basic andnecessaryneeds. It is connected to

buildhumancapital inbothshortand long term(WHO,2011).Thecash transfer rolehas

increasedoverthelastdecadeandasmentionedabove,cashtransfersarecomplementary

toeducationorhealthservicesprovidedbythegovernment.Thepathwayofcashtransfers

“can be conceptualized (along with other social protection instruments) in terms of

prevention,protection,promotionandtransformation”(WHO,2011,p.4).

20Thepreventionstagehastheobjectiveto“preventshocksfromcausingirreversibledamage

to the productive capacities and human development of vulnerable households” (WHO,

2011, p. 6). The prevention stage focuses on the vulnerability and the prevention for

vulnerabilityisincashtransfersthataretransferredforprevention.Thekeyconceptsinthe

prevention stage are social risk management (SRM), safety nets and the way the

beneficiaries manage shocks. In the second stage, the protection has the objectives of

increasing the living standard to an acceptable level. It focuses on the chronic poor and

therefore thecash transfers shouldbe transferredasprotection for thebeneficiaries.The

keyconceptsinthisstageforthebeneficiariesincashtransfersarethepovertyreduction,

social contract, welfare and equity. The third stage, the promotion, has the objective to

“improvecapabilitiesandopportunitiesforpoorandvulnerablehouseholds”(WHO,2011,

p.6).The focusof thisstage isontheactiveeconomicallypoorandnearpoor,vulnerable

peoplewith the key concepts in this stage to break the poverty cycle and sustaining and

buildinghumancapital.Thefourthandlaststageisthetransformationstage.Theobjectives

of this stage are to change the power relations formarginalized groups. In this stage the

cash transfers are transferred to achieve transformation of the society, with the key

concepts of empowerment, giving citizens a voice and the creation of social and political

constructionofvulnerability(WHO,2011).

In the long-term, the conceptual framework from WHO is creating output that has

similaritieswith the SLA outputs. Themodel is based on the two first stages of the SLA,

howeverthedifferenceisthatthelivelihoodassetsinhumancapitalisdependentonhigher

and/ormorepredictable income,whichbring thepositive impactsof cash transfers, food

security,healthandeducation.

In summary theSLAhas fourdifferent stages: it startswith thevulnerability context that

thepoor isdependingonshocks, trendsor seasonality,whichaffect the livelihoodassets.

The livelihood assets depend on human-, natural-, financial-, social- and physical capital.

Thefocusofthisthesiswillmostlybeonhumancapital.AllofthisinfluencesthePIP;policy,

institutions and processes that in the long term create livelihood outputs. Itwill all later

affectthehuman-andfinancialcapitalwherethecashtransfersisaninstrumenttoprevent,

protect, promote and transform the livelihood of the beneficiaries through the WHO

conceptualframeworkfortherolesofcashtransfer.Theframeworkswillbeusedtogether,

mostlythekeycapitalsconnectedtothedifferentstages.Thetwodifferentframeworksare

differentinsomeways.Itislong-termagainstshort-termframeworks,andSLAisageneral

21framework and WHO is a direct framework towards cash transfers. Therefore the

frameworkscancontributeindifferentaspectsintheanalysiseventhoughtheframeworks

havetheoreticaldiscourses.

22

4.METHODOLOGYThis chapter provides information on how the research was conducted and data was

collected. This thesis isbasedonaqualitativestudywithsemi-structured interviewsand

focusgroups.ForthisthesisfourdifferentactorshavebeenselectedaccordingtoDoocy&

Tappis (2017) choice of important cash transfer actors. The different actors are: funding

sources, implementation agencies, the local chief in Lodwar and beneficiaries in Turkana

CountyofHSNP.Thischapterwillalsodiscussthelimitationsandde-limitations.

4.1SelectionThe thesis aim is to triangulate information from four different actors, which can give a

deeperunderstandingoftheCTPsinKenya.AccordingtoDoocy&Tappis(2017),thereare

typicallyfourdifferentkindsofactorsincashtransfers:1)Thefundingsource,forexample;

multilateral organizations, national governments and donor agencies. 2) Implementing

agencies,forexample;INGO,NGO,nationalgovernmentsorprivateinstitutions.3)Service

provider as fooddistributors and financial institutes. 4)The recipients/beneficiary to the

CTP.Thereforethecollectionofthedatawillbedonewithinthesefourdifferentactorswith

a change of the third actor because of limitations of access. The third actor, the service

provider/food distributer is replacedwith the local chief based in Lodwar, Turkana. The

datawill alsocome fromsecondarysources, this inorder todrawconclusions.Thisgives

theresearcheranin-depthunderstandingtoanswertheresearchquestions.Theselection

madeofrespondentswasthattheyneededtobeapartofcashtransferprograminKenya.

All organizations thatwere contacted for interviews accepted the request and interviews

wereheld.Theorganizationswerealsoselectedbecausetheycouldgiveabroadercontext

and the findings are suitable for the organizations around the globe. The next part will

describethedifferentactorgroups, theorderofactors ischangedtosuit the findingsand

analysispart.

4.1.1Beneficiaries

The beneficiarieswere located in two towns inTurkanaCounty, Lodwar andKakuma. In

total13interviewswereholdwiththebeneficiariesandthreefocusgroups.

Lodwar

For this thesis ten semi-structured interviews were conducted in Lodwar area and two

focus groups. The interviews and the first focus groupwere conducted in three different

23places around Lodwar and the second focus group on a fourth one. Respondents 9& 10

were IDP. Lodwar is the capital of Turkana County with a population of 48 000 people

(CommissiononRevenueAllocation,2017).TurkanaandespeciallyLodwar, isaffectedby

thedrought,itisdesertclimateandhashightemperatures,around29-31degrees,allyear

round(YR,2019). InLodwartheHSNPisoperatingandatthetimetheresearchervisited

Lodwar therewas an on-going emergencywith thedrought inTurkana. Lodwar citywas

chosenfortheabilitytogetaccesstorespondentsoftheHSNPandit’sflightlogisticalability

fortheresearch(VisitTurkanaland,2019).Combiningtheon-goingdroughtemergency,the

HSNPandtheaccesstorespondents,Lodwaristhemostsuitablechoiceforthethesis.

Kakuma

Thethesisconductedthreesemi-structuredinterviewsandonefocusgroupinKakuma.The

interviewswereconductedontwodifferentplacesandthefocusgrouponathirdlocation.

Itwas conducted inKakuma town, not the refugee camp that is located close toKakuma

town.KakumaisSwahili for“nowhere”and ismost famous forhostingthesecond largest

refugeecampinKenya(UNHCR,2019d).Kakumaislocated120kmfromLodwar,andisthe

majorcityinthewesternpartofTurkana.KakumaisalsoonelocationwheretheHSNPis

operating.Themajormulti-internationalorganizations, forexampleWFPandUNHCR,are

mostly focused on Kakuma refugee camp and Kalobeyei integrates settlement. The

infrastructurebetweenLodwarandKakumamade itpossible to travelbyroad.Alongside

withthesamedroughtas inLodwarthethesiscouldget informationfrommorethanone

place in Turkana County. Therefore the researcher is able to combine and compare the

informationfromthetwodifferentlocationsandrespondents.

4.1.2LocalchiefThe interviewwith the Local chief took place in Napetet, Lodwar. The respondent is the

chief of Lodwarand thereforehis answers canonly relate to thebeneficiariesofLodwar.

ThechiefisapersonthatworksonbehalfoftheGoKwiththeirworkinthecommunity.The

localchiefwaschosenasarespondentbecauseoftheworkhedowithintheHSNP.Thelocal

chiefworksasamiddlemanfortheemergencycash,issupposedtoholdmeetingswiththe

locals about the HSNP and also collects information about beneficiaries and provides

informationtotheHSNP.

24

4.1.3Fundingsource

ThefundingsourceisSIDA(SwedishInternationalCooperationDevelopmentAgency),The

World Bank andDFID (Department for International Development). The respondentwas

chosenbecauseof theircloserelation tocash transfers inKenyaand that theypreviously

(SIDA)andcurrently (DFID)present funding to theHSNP. It is important tomention that

SIDA, TheWorld bank and DFID focus is on the implementation of the system rather as

funders of the system. They are in the funding source category because of their close

relationsto fundingcashtransfers,previouslyandcurrently.SIDAandDFIDarealsoboth

aid agencies. TheWorld Bank is funder and an implementation agency of HSNP. DFID is

currently funding the HSNP, however they will now give to support the Government of

Kenya(GoK)withtheimplementationstructureinstead.Thethreerespondentscouldgive

thethesisinputabouttheirimageoftheprogramandhowtheywereworkingwithdifferent

aspectswithinthecashtransfersinemergenciesingeneralandHSNPinspecific.

4.1.4Implementationagencies

TheimplementationagenciesareorganizationsthatimplementtheirownCTP(KenyanRed

Cross Society) and assist the government with the NSNP (TheWorld Bank, UNICEF and

WFP).TheWorldBank,UNICEFandWFPdonotdistributecashthemselveshoweverthey

are part of the implementing process The implementation agencies are chosen for two

reasons: theywillgiveanoverviewof thecashtransfer image inKenyaandtheyalsowill

providesignificantinformationwiththeirconnectiontoHSNP.

4.2QualitativestudyThe thesis has an abductive research design where the combination of theory and data

gathering from the field will be tested simultaneously. The research is therefore not

inductiveordeductive (Danemark,Ekström, Jakobsen&Karlsson, 2002).The thesisused

qualitativeresearchmethod.Thequalitativeresearchmethodwaschosenfortheabilityto

collect information from interviews and for the ability to understand the underlying

dimensionoftheresearchquestions.Moreover,itisalsochosentobeabletoapproachthe

empiricalworldandtogivethedeviantaforumfortheirviews(Taylor,Bogdan&DeVault,

2015).AsTayloretal.(2015)mentionsinCorbin&Strauss(2015),qualitativeresearchis

tounderstandpeoplefromtheirownframesofreferenceandexperiencingrealityasthey

experienceit.Theselectionhasbeendonethroughstrategicselection.

Transcribing

25Thesemi-structuredinterviewsandthefocusgroupswererecordedandtranscribedintoa

special document. There is recording of 17 interviews and two focus groups, there is

missingrecordingson interviewswiththeKenyanRedCrossSociety, the localchief,DFID

andfocusgroupLodwar1.Thenextstepinthetranscribingwastocombinetheinformation

into the different parts of the findings. The interviews followed the same structure so it

could be easier for the researcher to combine the different information from different

organizations.

Secondarymaterial

Secondarymaterialshaveinfluencedthethesis.Secondarymaterialsareevaluationsreport

onHSNPprovidedbydifferentorganizationsandannualreports. Ithasbeenused for the

researchertogetadeeperunderstandingoftheHSNP.

4.3Semi-structuredinterviewsThe interviewswere conducted in a semi-structuredwaywhere the interviewer and the

respondent had a constructive conversation. A semi-structured interview has topics

decidedfromthebeginningthatstaysthesameoverthecourseofthedifferentinterviews.

Therespondentisthereforeabletoaddanythingtheyfeel isrelevant.Disadvantageswith

semi-structuredinterviewsarethattherespondentcouldleaveoutinformationthatheor

shedoesn’t think isnecessarytomention.Moreover, the interviewercan(intentionallyor

unintentionally)affecttheresponsesoitsuitstheagendaoftheresearch(Corbin&Strauss,

2015).Semi-structuredinterviewswaschosenfortheabilitytoconnecttheinformationto

theresearchquestionsandtherespondentcouldaddinformationinadditiontotheset-up

questions and themes. To be able to understand the image of cash transfers among the

differentactorgroupsthiswasthebestchoice.

4.4FocusgroupsFocusgroupsareinterviews,howeveritincludesmorethanonerespondent,mostlyfouror

more (Bryman, 2016). Focus groups and interviews are similar but with significant

differences. Bryman (2016) describes three main differences between the two methods.

Firstly,focusgroupshaveathemethatisdiscussedin-depth.Secondly,focusgroupsarenot

carriedout tobe timeandmoneysavings ifcomparedtogroup interviews.Thirdly,when

choosing focus groups, the researcher is interested in the group view rather than the

individual view (Bryman, 2016). The positive impact with focus groups is that the

26researcher has the opportunity to study if the different respondents make sense of a

phenomenonandgettheircollectiveviewofthetopics.

4.5Limitations&DelimitationsThe respondents provided all information in the thesis, whichmeans that it is based on

people’sperception.Thereisnophysicalevidenceoftheinformationthattherespondents

have provided to the researcher. Thenceforth the researcher has interpreted all

information.Thelimitationsandthedelimitationsoftheresearchareprovidedinthispart,

wheretheresearcheracknowledgesthedisadvantageswiththemethodology.

4.5.1Limitations

Language

Oneof the limitationsof the thesis is that theresearcherdidnotspeakthe local language

(Kiswahili)orknowthesocialcontext.InorderfortheinterviewstotakeplaceinLodwar

andKakuma itwasnecessary tohavean interpreter.According toSQA (2018)apossible

limitationwith an interpreter can be that the interviews take longer and theremight be

mistranslation.Astheinterpreterisnotasfamiliarwiththetopicastheresearcheris,itcan

haveaneffectonthetranslation.Beforethe first interviewtookplace, theresearcherand

theinterpreterdiscussedthetopicandthequestions,inordertounderstandthecapacityof

thetranslator.Althoughtherewerenodifficultieswiththeinterpreterfromtheresearchers

pointofview,itisdifficulttoestablishifthetranslatormighthavebeeninfluencedorgiven

the researcher answers hewanted to hear. However, the last two interviews in Kakuma

were conducted in English and the respondents gave similar answers to the questions,

therefore the researcher argues that there were no difficulties with the interpreter. The

interviews with the three other actor groups were all conducted in English. In order to

improve the readability of quotes, minor changes were made. It has not affected the

information.

Time

Another limitation is the timeframe in Lodwar and Kakuma. The researcher only spent

threedaysonsite,duetotimerestrictionsfromtheguide,andthereforeconductedseveral

interviewsinashortlimitoftime.Itispossiblethattheresearcherwasnegativelyaffected

by the stress of conducting the interviews in a short time. The weather conditions of

Turkana Countywith the heat in the end of Aprilmade it necessary that interviews and

27focus groupswere kept short. Initially the aimwas to havemore interviews in Kakuma,

however,therainmadeitnecessarytoleaveearlierthanplanned.Suggestionstothenext

researcheristogotoTurkanawhentheweatherconditionswouldmadeitpossibletohave

longerinterviewsandstaylongeronsite.Despitethetimelimitationstheresearcherargues

that the informationwouldnotbesignificantlydifferent.Therespondentsgot the time to

answer all of the researcherspreparedquestions and also the ability in the end to speak

freelyaboutHSNPandtheirsituationwithoutanytimepressure.Therespondentswerenot

awareoftheresearcherstimeplan.IftheresearcherhadarrivedinLodwarwhenthelocal

chiefwouldnothavebeenbusywiththenewIDcardregistration,orbookedaninterview

timeinadvance,perhapstheinformationwouldbedifferentandmorein-depth.

Ifthebeneficiariesprovidedtruthfulanswersoriftheysawtheopportunitytotellanother

answerbecauseofthedynamicbetweentheresearcherandtherespondentsisdifficultfor

the researcher to know. After all the researcher comes to beneficiaries home, highly

educated,culturedifferences(Sweden–Kenya)andareastudentfromanuniversitywhen

somerespondentsneverhaveattendedprimaryschoolandareilliterate.Withthisinmind

theresearchermay,intheeyeoftherespondentsinLodwarandKakumahaverepresented

anelitegroupandthebeneficiariescouldseetheopportunitytotakeadvantagesofthisand

provideinformationthatsuitsthemandtheresearcher.

Localguide

The researcherwasprovidedwith a local guide in Lodwar andKakuma.Thismighthave

hadanimpactontheresult,asthelocalguidewaspresentonseveralinterviews(INTWL1-

5,INTWL9-10&INTWK1)andfocusgroups(FGL2&FGK1).Theguidewasnotpresentat

all interviews or focus groups and the information provided when the guide was not

present was no difference from when the guide was present. Therefore the researcher

arguesthattheguidedidnothaveanimpactontherespondent’sanswers.Thelimitations

with time with the local chief created that there was little information provided for the

researcher.

Findings

Thelevelsofrepressiveonthefindingsaredifferentfordifferentactors.Thebeneficiaries

haveahighlevelofrepressiveinLodwarandKakuma.Intheotheractorgroupsonlyone

person discussed the entire organisations view, therefore the view can be different from

different persons. Even though the researcher argues that the main findings would be

28similar regardlessofperson. Inabroadercontext the findingsare theview fromLodwar,

Kakuma and Kenya. Therefore the findings is not repressive for the entire cash transfer

field,howeveritisareflectiontoabroadercontextoncashtransfersinemergencies.

5.4.2Delimitations Beneficiaries

Thedelimitationswereseveral.Thethesiswasnotabletolookattheemergencytransferof

the HSNP because of no access to the beneficiaries, therefore the researcher talkedwith

beneficiariesoftheregularHSNPtransfer.Severalrespondentsshowedtheresearchertheir

HSNP debit card alongside with their ID. They also presented information of howmuch

money andwhen theywere supposed to arrive before the researchermentioned it. The

respondentswereawareofthestructureoftheHSNP.Thereforetheresearcherarguesthat

the respondents were enrolled in the HSNP regular transfer and no more control was

conducted.Iftheresearcherwouldhavehadknowledge,atthetimeinTurkana,ofthefree

informationhelplinetheresearchercouldhavedoneanextracontrol.Thisknowledgewas

something the researcher got when interviews took place later on in Nairobi. The HSNP

datawebsite,thattheresearchergotaccesstoaftertheinterviewsinLodwarandKakuma,

couldnotprovide information thatgave theresearchera solidanswer if thebeneficiaries

wereenrolled in the regularoremergency transfer.The researcher conducted interviews

andfocusgroupswith50respondents,bothsemi-structuredinterviewsandfocusgroups,

intwodifferentmajorlocationsandinsevendifferentsub-locations.Eventhoughthereare

several delimitations when it comes to the beneficiaries the respondents gave similar

answerwithoutknowingeachotherorthattheresearcherwasgoingtoshowup.Therefore

the researcher argues that, even though the information is based on perceptions, it is

truthfulinformationprovidedbytherespondents.

Delimitationsofnon-access

Anotherdelimitationwas thenon-access to theHSNPofficers, as of practical reasons the

researcher was not able to interview HSNP officers. Therefore the thesis needed to find

otherstakeholderstotheprogramandthethesisfindingshavenotbeendiscussedwiththe

HSNPandthereforetheHSNPcouldnotgivetheirviewofthefindings.Thefindingsandthe

analysis couldhavebeendifferentwith the information fromHSNP.Only onebeneficiary

respondentdidnotwanttoparticipate,itwasbecauseofculturereasons.Thegeographical

delimitationswereTurkanaCountyandthetownsofLodwarandKakuma.Asmentionedit

29was the townswhere itwaspossible to travel to because of transportation and contacts.

TwooftheotherthreecountieswhereHSNPisoperating,ManderaandWajirareprohibit

from visiting from the SwedishMinistry for Foreign Affairs and the Swedish embassy in

Kenya.Anotherfindings inthebeneficiariesactorgroupcouldbefoundintheotherthree

countieswereHSNPhave implementedcashtransfer.Thechangeofactorgroupfromthe

Doocy&Tappis(2017)thirdactorgroup,serviceproviderasfooddistributorsandfinancial

institutes, to the local chief in Lodwar affected the findings. It was not possible to get a

meetingwiththeoriginalthirdactorgroupandthereforetheresearcherchangeditintothe

localchief.Theresearcher isawareofoneshortmeetingwiththe localchiefmightnotbe

representative for theentireactorgroup,however itwas important toget the localchiefs

view.Thereforethefindingsandanalysisforthethirdactorgroupwillbeshorterandmore

comparetotheotheractorgroups.

Academicallydelimitations

Academically delimitations are the analytical framework with the sustainable livelihood

approach andWHO conceptual framework for the role of cash transfer. The focus is on

whenitisappropriatetodelivercashtransfersinemergency.Alltheotherareasofimpact

onlocalmarketandtheimpactonhumancapitalarenotpartofthefindings,howeveritis

importanttogivethereaderaviewofthecurrentfieldofcashtransfersintheintroduction

and literature overview. It would be interesting for next researcher, withmore financial

resources and times, to do amixed study, most of the cash transfer study that focus on

impacthavebeenquantitative.

4.6EthicsBryman (2016) discusses four different ethic points for the researchers to not harm the

participant.Firstly,harmtoparticipants, itisimportanttounderstandthatharmcancome

indifferentways.Itcanbephysicalorlossofself-esteem.Itisimportanttounderstandthat

the respondent and the researcher can see harm in different ways because of social

structure, context, religion etc. Secondly, the lack of informed consent is important to

understand.Iftherespondentdidn’twanttoparticipateinmyresearchtheanswerscould

havebeenmisleading.Thepersonshouldhavetheopportunitytorefusetobearespondent.

Thereforepeoplewereable to leave thedifferent focusgroups if theywanted to.Thirdly,

theinvasionofprivacyneedstobeunderstoodbytheresearcher.Whentheinterviewswill

behelditisimportanttounderstandtheirprivacylimits.Theinterviewswithlocalsstarted

30withgeneralinformationabouttheresearchbeinganonymousandvoluntarytoparticipate.

Thelastpointisondeception,“deceptionoccurswhenresearchersrepresenttheirworkas

somethingotherthanwhatitis”(Bryman,2016,p.133).Inthiscaseitwasimportanttotalk

andbehonestwiththerespondentsabouttheresearchandtheresearcher.

31

5.FINDINGSIn thischapter the thesiswillprovide thereader the findings thatweregathered through

themethodology.Itwillbedividedinthefourdifferentactorgroupsandinthenextchapter

theanalysisofthefindingswilltakeplace.Themainfindingsarethatthebeneficiariesclaim

they don’t get their money, however the funders and implementation sources claim the

opposite.Another finding is that thebeneficiariespreferthemoneybeforetheemergency

situationsoccur.Inthefindingscodeswillbeused,thecodedescriptionisfoundinthelist

ofcodesinthebeginningofthethesis.

5.1Beneficiaries

Therespondentsgotseveralquestions,divided in fivedifferentparts: the lostmoney, the

beneficiaries image of cash transfer, when it is appropriate too of deliver money in

emergencies, suggestions, and follow up questions on their claims of not receiving their

money.

5.1.1Thelostmoney

ThebeneficiariesintheregularHSNPareprovidedwith5400KES(approx.53USD)every

secondmonth and themoney is transferred through the Equity Bank and their agencies

(INTWSIDA, INTWWB). The beneficiaries get a debit card andwithdrawn them from the

closestATM.

ThemainfindingsfromthebeneficiariesoftheHSNParethattheyhaveneverreceivedcash

(INTWL1-3, INTWL5, INTWL10,FGL1-2&FGK1)or receivedcashonceora few timebut

nottheentireperiodtheyareentitledto(INTWL4,INTWL6-9,FGL1-2, INTWK1-3,FGK1).

Ofallapproximated50respondentthatparticipatedininterviewsorfocusgroups,onlytwo

receivedmoneyeverysecondmonthfromHSNP(FGL2&FGK1).Arespondentsaid,“sinceI

wasenrolledintheprogramIhavegotnothingatall”(INTWL2).Anotherrespondentgotan

HSNPcard,howevertherespondenthasneverreceivedanymoney(INTWL3).INTWL5told

thatshehasbeenenrolled in theprogramfor fiveyearsandreceivednothing.This isnot

only related to the city of Lodwar, the pattern is also similar in sub-locations outside of

Lodwar city and in the town of Kakuma (INTWL10, FGL2, FGK1). For example: two

respondents in Kakuma stated, “we have never received any money” (FGK1). Several

respondentsalsodescribedthat theyhavereceivedmoneyonceora fewtimes,notevery

second month like the HSNP beneficiaries are entitled to. These respondents were also

32located on different sites, in sub-locations in Lodwar town, in locations close to Lodwar

town and in sub-locations ofKakuma town.Respondent in FGL2 said, “I’ve only received

moneyonce,2500KES”.Anotherrespondentsaid“Igotmoneyforoneyear,thenitwentoff

andthenIhavenevergotanymoremoney”(INTWL4).

HSNP isanUCTprogramand therefore thebeneficiaries couldspend themoneyonwhat

theydeemmostimportanteventhoughthenameoftheprogramentitlethemtospenditon

food.Therespondentthatreceivedmoneyhasseenalargeimpactofthemoney.Themoney

is spend on goats, school fees, food, starting a business, transportation and for shelter

(INTWL4, INTWL9, FGL1-2, INTWK1-3, FGK1). The main item the respondent spent the

money on was food or school fees for their children. For those that did not receive any

money,theymentionthatitwasalsofood,cookingitemsandschoolfeestheywouldspend

themoneyon(INTWL1,INTWL10,FGL1,FGK1).Theamounttherespondentreceivedwas

also questionable, “I sendmy kids to school but it was not even enough” (INTWL6). All

respondents in the beneficiaries actor group highlight the importance of the money

(INTWL1-10,FGL1-2,INTWK1-3,FGK1).INTWL10mentioned“Icouldbelivingagoodlife,

sendmykidstoschoolandhaveastomachfull”.Othermentionedthatthemoneyisagreat

help for thosewho received it every secondmonth and it has raised the living standard

(INTWL3-5).INTWL5say“butitdoesn’twork”whenshetalksaboutthecashtransfer.

5.1.2Currentimageofcashtransfer

Thesecondpartistheimageofcashtransfers,boththerespondents’ownimageandamong

other locals in the community. The beneficiaries’ image of the program is diverse, even

though some beneficiaries do not receive money they have a positive view of the HSNP

(INTWL5, INTWL10, FGL2). For example INTWL9mention “the image is good because it

helps”,eventhoughhestatedearlierhehasonlyreceivedmoney(2500KES)once.Oneof

the respondents that receivedmoney every secondmonth described the image as; “it is

good,becausewhenIgotthemoneyIcangetkidstoschoolandpayhospitalbills”(FGK1).

However,noteveryrespondentshares thisviewof theHSNP, INTWL6mentions “initially

whentheycamewiththeassistanceitwasgoodbutlatelyIhavenotseenanygoodimageof

it”. INTWL7described thediverse imageof theHSNP“those thatarebenefitting fromthe

programhaveagoodimage,apartfromthemnoonegetsmoney,ithelpsthembutforthose

thatdonotgetmoneyitdoesn’thelp”.

33InrelationtotheirownimageoftheHSNPtherespondentsgotthequestionontheimage

byotherlocals.Mostlyoftherespondentgavetheanswerthattheydidn’tknowaboutthe

image from other locals (INTWL1 & FGK1). They also gave the same answer as on the

previousquestion,thatitisgoodforthosewhoreceivedbutnotwellforthoseareleftout

eventhoughtheyareenrolled(INTWL2-9&INTWK1).Onethingthatcanaffecttheimage

oftheprogramisthesecurityofreceivingmoney.Forthosethathavereceivedmoney,once

oronmonthlybasis, got thequestionwhatever they feel safeduring the collectingof the

money. All respondent that received money and got the question feel safe collecting it

(INTW9, FGL2, INTWK1, FGK1), however storieswere told about other beneficiaries that

gotrobbedorabusedwhentheywerecollectingtheirmoney(FGL2&INTWK2).

5.1.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies

Thethirdpartisaboutwhenitisappropriatetodelivermoneyinemergencies.InLodwar,

only twoof the respondentswant toget themoneyduringanemergency (INTW1-2), the

other respondents informed that it is most appropriate too get the money before an

emergency(INTWL3-10,FGL1-2,INTWK1-3).Norespondentwantedtogetthemoneyafter

anemergency,withthereasonitistolatetoreceivemoneyafteranemergency.InLodwar,

mainreasonbyreceivingmoneybeforeanemergencywasthattheclimatesituationcreates

emergencies in lackof food. InLodwara respondent stated “Iwant to receive themoney

before an emergency, because it is always starving going on, there is always drought in

Turkana” (FGL2) and “there is always drought” (INTWL4). One respondent in Kakuma

sharedthisview;shestatedthatshewantedtoreceivemoneybeforeanemergencybecause

“thereisalwaysaprobleminTurkana,atleastithelpswhenthereisneedforit”(INTWK1).

Anotherrespondentclaimedthatitwasbettertoreceivethemoneybeforeanemergencyso

shecouldsendherkidstohospitalwhentheyaresickandfeedthemsosheusesthemoney

forpreparationpurposes (INTWL5).Other respondents in Lodwarmention that they can

prepare their houses and stocked food before the emergency (INTWL6-7). In Kakuma,

respondent INTWK2 mentioned that there is almost always an emergency situation,

therefore it is better to receive money before it happens. The main image of receiving

moneybeforeanemergencywas summarizedby INTWL9 “Iwould like to receivemoney

beforetheemergency,becausebetterinhandsoitcanhelpwhenemergencycomes”.This

viewisalsosharedwithrespondentsinFGL1thatmention,“themoneyshouldcomebefore

or during, itmust be available in need”. For those thatwant to receivemoney during an

emergencytheirmainreasonsarethatitiswhentheyneeditthemost(INTWL1-2).

34Asmentioned,norespondentwanted to receivemoneyafteranemergency,however two

respondentsfromtheinterviewsandonefocusgroupgotaquestionofwhattheythought

about if theywould receivemoney after. Theymentioned it is too late to receivemoney

after an emergency (INTWL9-10, FGL2) and INTWL2 state it “if the money would come

after sixmonths it helpsnoone, it is too late, then themoney is endingup in someone’s

shop”.INTWL10statedthatif“themoneycomeswhenitisover,tellthemthatitistoolate,

theproblemisherenow”.

5.1.4Beneficiariessuggestions

In the fourth part the questions was related to the respondent own suggestions and

thoughts on cash transfers in emergencies and the HSNP. The respondents that did not

receive anymoneyor onlyhave receivedmoney for a limitedperiod suggested that they

would like to receive theirmoney theyareentitled to.However to lookmore in-depthof

otherareasforimprovementsofcashtransfersandHSNP,therespondentswantconstantly

flowofcash,sotheyknewthatmoneycomeeverymonthfortheirhelp(INTWL6-8,FGK1,

INTWK1&3). InFGK1onewomanstated“it isbetter if thecashtransferwouldbeflowing

everymonth” and INTWL7 stated: “I want the money to come in the end of the month.

When others get their salarywe also get our assistance. Nowwhen it comes in different

months I can have money and then next month I have nothing, to come monthly”. One

respondenthad thesuggestionofaddingsomethingelse to thecash, shestated:Also that

theprogramcanbringsomethingelseexceptthemoney(INTWL5).Howevershedidn’tgive

any examples of what that could be. Another respondent was talking in a similar way,

howevershewanted thecash flowto increaseso it couldbesaved forherchildrenwhen

shewillpassaway(INTWL5).

5.1.5WherearethelostmoneyThe fifth and final parts of the interviews and the focus group are the findings thatwere

broughtbytherespondentsthatdidn’tmatchtheotherfourparts.Thefollowupquestions

about themoneyare thereforealsopresented in thispart.Therespondentsdidnotknow

wherethemoneythattheyareentitleendup.Theypresentedsometheoriesofwhatthey

thoughthashappenedtothemoney.Onetheory,thatwasmentionbydifferentrespondents

on different sites in both Lodwar and Kakuma, was that the respondents had a poor

sponsor.Theyexplainedthateveryrespondenthasadifferentsponsorandthereforethey

did not receive any money, because their sponsor is poor or dead (FGL1-2, INTW10,

35INTWK2-3). INTWL10 stated a line that is similar to all the other respondents stories:

“maybeIlandedonapoorsponsor,somaybethesponsorispoorandmaybeonedayIwill

getmoney”. InFGL1 theyhadbeen told that theirsponsor ispoorandhavenotsendany

money. The explanation by other respondents was also that it depends on what kind of

phaseyouwereenrolledin,phase1orphase2.Differentrespondentsclaimthatpeoplein

phaseonegetmoneyandphasetwodidnot(FGL2,INTWK2-3),howeverwhenphaseone

beneficiarieswereaskedtheyclaimtheopposite(FGL1).Therespondentsdidn’tknowwhy

somewere gettingmoney and some didn’t (INTWL9-10, INTWK2-3). One explanation of

differentdonors todifferentphaseswasmentionedby INTWK1.Other explanations from

therespondentstowhathashappenedtothemoney,wasaboutcorruptionorattheHQin

Nairobi(INTWL3-4,INTWL6-7,FGL2,FGK1,INTWK2).InFGK1onerespondentsaid,“there

isnoproblemontheside, theproblemarises fromthetop”.Onerespondenttalkedabout

the cashand stated, “it comes fromaboveand it remains above” (INTWL3).Respondents

told different stories about the cash transfer, INTWL10, who never received anymoney,

said, “cash transfer has cost more money, to pay for transport and then to receive no

money”.AnotherwomaninFGL2mentionedthatshegotthe informationattheagencyto

comebacktomorrow,thenshepaidforfareanditbecomesexpensivetogobackandforth.

InFGL2onewoman told thestoryofwhenshegot to theagencyshegot the information

that themoney is inheraccount,butwhenshe laterwent to receive themoney, shewas

told there is nomoney in the account. INTWL8 stated that itwas embarrassing to try to

withdraw from the ATM and not receive any money. Their situation is the same as the

beneficiaries.Asmentioned,mostoftherespondentswantedtoknowwhathashappened

to theirmoney, inFGL1awomanasked, “What is therealproblemwith themoney?Why

don’twegetanymoney?”

Observationmadebytheresearcheristhatallrespondentwasvulnerableandhadapoor

livelihood,therespondentwaslivingfortheday,some(FGK1)wereilliterateandforsome

theknowledgeofupcomingfloodsandrainseasoncreatedadesperatefeeling.Mostofthe

respondentlivedinhutsorshacksalongsidewiththeirneighbors,tryingtogetfoodforthe

day.

5.2LocalchiefThe local chief got several questions about the beneficiaries’ position within the HSNP,

therefore the findings will be provided in one part. The Local Chief claims that all 250

36beneficiaries in Lodwar of phase I, “always receivesmoney every time”. Therewere also

750 people enrolled in phase II. According to the local chief there is delayed payment in

HSNPphaseII.ThelocalchiefclaimsthattheheadquarterinNairobihastosendthemoney

againandhesaythat“Idon’tknowwhytheydon’tgettheirmoney”.Thelocalchiefclaims

hehasdonehispartandwhentheHSNPsuggeststhingsheneedstodo,hedoesthem.The

local chiefgivesanexampleofwhen theHSNPneeded thebeneficiaries tohave IDcards,

andhowhesolvedit.Theimageoftheprogramiscurrentlynotgoodinthearea,thereisa

lackof trust towardstheHSNPbecauseof thenondeliveryofmoney.The localchiefsays

that“HungrySafetyNetProgramiswhereitfailed”whenhetalksabouthowitwasbetter

whenOXFAMhadasimilarprogramintheareabeforeHSNP.However,thelocalchiefcan

see the HSNP has highly supported the living conditions, as the beneficiaries spend the

money on food and for their children’s education. The local chief also say; “I don’t know

whathappentothemoney,perhapsthemanagementteam?”andcontinuesthatthehedoes

the facilitation at the local level, talk to the country level and no one knows where the

money are, “perhaps the people in Nairobi?” The local chief also wanted to state to the

researcherthat“ifit(thecashfromtheHSNP)comestothepeople,letitbeforthepeople”

(INTWLC).

5.3FundingsourceThestructureofthefindingsinfundingsourceactorgroupwillbedividedinfourdifferent

parts.Thefundingsourceresponsetothelostmoney,theircurrentimageofcashtransfers

inKenya,theiranswerstowhenit ismostappropriatetodelivercashinemergenciesand

theeffects/resultsandthefutureofcashtransfersinKenya.ThefundingsourcesareSIDA,

TheWorldBankandDFID.

5.3.1Thelostmoney

DFIDexplainedthemoneytransferandthesystemthatisconductedtotransferthemoney

to the beneficiaries, the discussion come up if the money reached the beneficiaries and

INTWDFIDstated,“Allworkisdonebytheministryinthemonitoringofthetransfer”.DFID,

alongwith other actors, have assisted the GoK to have a system in place. To ensure the

money reach the beneficiaries one of the criteria of the program is that the beneficiaries

need tohaveabankaccount.Byhaving thisbiometricsignatureandcardwithdrawal the

system can ensure that the money reach the beneficiaries. DFID also mentions that the

beneficiarycanfileacomplaint,throughafreehotline,totheministryiftheydonotreceive

37money or have any other questions.When asking the DFID how they would respond to

claims thebeneficiariesdonotreceive theirmoney. INTWDFIDstated“ofcourse theyare

saying they are not receiving theirmoney”. DFID says that it can be because of different

reasons, like the death of the receiver, the household moves or problem at the bank

(INTWDFID).

5.3.2Currentimageofcashtransfers

SIDAmentionthat, in2014,theywereaskedbytheGoKtohavemoreinvolvement inthe

technical assistance, therefore SIDA is not transferringmoremoney to the GoK for cash

transfers in Kenya (INTWSIDA). According to INTWSIDA “we haven’t been taking away

money,wehavebeenapproachedtodirectthemoneyelsewheretohelptheentiresystem”.

TheWorldBankwill from thenext financial termstop their transferring to theCTPsand

instead go to the finance treasury for budget support (INTWWB).DFID is presenting the

sameimage,astheyhavebeenworkingwiththemonitoring,themanagementsystemand

providingfunds.HoweverDFIDmentionedthattheGoKwouldsoonbeabletobefundedby

thenationaltaxsystem.SIDAismoreinterestedinthelifecycleapproach;todoinvestment

in the entire lifecycle and therefore SIDA has agreedwithWFP and UNICEF to have one

commonprograminsteadofsupportingseveraldifferentCTPs(INTWSIDA).Thereisalsoa

close collaboration between the different funding and implementing agencies, INTWDFID

state,“westicktoeachotherandallisaddingvaluetothesystem”.TheKenyanRedCross

Society(INTWRC)alsopresentsasimilarimage.TheWorldBankisnow,togetherwiththe

DFID,themainfundingsourcetothefourCTPsledbytheGoK,includingthesupportof100

000 householdswithin the HSNP. According to INTWDFID “it is a transition process, we

wantthegovernmenttofund100%”.

TheselectionofthehouseholdswasdonebyanNGOin2012andfromtheregistryof375

000households,thefinancesallowed100000householdstobeapartoftheregularHSNP

(INTWWB; INTWDFID). In the interviewwithSIDA itwasmentioned thatHSNPhasbeen

politically a fantastic service (INTWSIDA). INTWDFID mentions, “We want to see the

governmenttotakeovertheCT,howeveritisworkingwellnow”.“Thereisalargerreach,

morepeopleenrolled,higherstakeholderinvolvement,thecommunityismoreengagedand

thebeneficiariesgetmoreinformationabouttheprogram”(INTWDFID).

38

5.3.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies

TheWorldBankandSIDAtalkedabouttheimportanceofdeliveringcashinanemergency,

TheWorldBankmentionedthattodaytheHSNPisfocusedondeliveringmoneyduringan

emergency,however theyhavedeliveredcashaspreventionpurpose for theElNino.The

WorldBankmentionedseveraltimesduringtheinterviewthat it is importanttonothave

“anyregrets”whenitcomestoemergencycashtransferand“sowecanassistthemwhenit

isnecessary”.ThefundingisreadyfortheGoKtodistributeforthebeneficiaries,whenthe

monthlydataiscollectedaboutthecurrentstatusoftheemergencyinthefourcountiesof

HSNP. They alsomentioned that there is a push from the GoK to domore and better to

interventions rather now than later and therefore get criticized. The World Bank also

supports the GoK in building dams, water tracking, cash transfers and food distribution

throughWFPinpreventionpurpose.ThereforeTheWorldBanksuggeststodoemergency

cashtransferduringandpreventemergenciesthroughotherinterventions(INTWWB).

5.3.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfer

SIDAhasnowalsostartedtolookintootherinnovativeprogramsforthepeopleinTurkana,

themainaimistoreducepovertyandhow“SIDAcanlinkthistocashtransfer,sotheycan

haveanescaperouteoutofpovertyandbreakthepovertycircle”(INTWSIDA).InTurkana

thepovertylevelisthehighestofthefourcountriesandasmentioninpreviouspart:people

is living under the poverty line (INTWSIDA, INTWWB). SIDA and TheWorld Bank have

madelargeamountsoffundingavailableforthecashtransfersinKenyaoveradecade.The

result of this funding is something that surprised the respondent at SIDA. According to

INTWSIDA“it issurprisingformewhythegrowthhasnot(pointthefingeruptothesky,

meaning increase). It is notwhatwe expected andwewanted to break the cycle but the

poverty level is still absolutely high”. It is alsomentioned the aimof the emergency cash

transfer on how people in Turkana canmove forward, that in case of an emergency and

often thedrought inTurkana the livelihood isdestroyed.The investmentdonewill assist

themtonotfallbackintopovertyandsustainthemselvesforsometimes(INTWSIDA).The

respondentatSIDAalsomentionthedifficultiesinothercountieswereHSNPisoperating,

in relation to childmortality andnutrition.Nutrition is also something the respondent at

TheWorldBankmentionthattheirfocuswason,INTWWBsaid,“cashtransferisageneral

problem,itdoesnotrelatetoanutritionoutcome”.Ithasstartedprogramsandeducation

within the HSNP to get the mothers to realize the importance of nutrition food for the

39children.INTWWBmentionsthat“itisnotonlyaproblemforHSNPbutalsofortheworld

andthereforeitwillbecash+interventionthatiscomingin”.

Therefore in 2017 the GoK and The World Bank started a process of selecting the

householdsfortheupcomingphaseIIIinthefourcounties.TheWorldBankhassupported

theGoKwiththeregistration,whichwillbecompletedinDecember2019(INTWWB).The

WorldBankmentions:“hopefullybeforethenextfinancialyearinJune2019wewillableto

haveanewregistryinthefourcountyandhavenewregistration”.

5.4ImplementationagenciesThestructureofthefindingsintheimplementationagencyactorgroupisinfourdifferent

parts.Itisimportanttohighlightonceagainthattheseactorsdonotdistributecashonthe

ground(exceptKenyanRedCrossfortheirownCTP),thisisdonebytheHSNP.Theactors

are implementing and supporting the GoK in the National Safety Net Programs. The

implementation agencies actor group are theKenyanRedCross Society,WFP,TheWorld

BankandUNICEF.

5.4.1Thelostmoney

All of the respondents in the implementation agency actor group answered the question

howcertain it couldbe that themoneyreaches thebeneficiarieswithconfidence that the

systemworks.Noimplementationagencycanlookattheentirepaymentscircle,INTWWB

states“Todaywecan’t lookat thebalanceof thebeneficiariesbecausethat isconfidential

information,butwewilllookattheaggregate,whyaretheynotwithdrawingetc”.UNICEF

describesthemonitoringsystemMIS(ManagementInformationSystem)thatisinplaceto

monitor themoney, “They tracking if themoney reach thebeneficiaries, thebeneficiaries

areawarethattheyshouldgetmoney. If theydon’tget it theyput inacomplaintthrough

thefreehotline”(INTWUNICEF).TheWorldBanksaysthateveryonethatisnotreceiving

theirmoneycancallthefreehotlinetoHSNP.Thistollfreehotlinewillbringclarityofwhy

themoneyisnotreceivedorprovideinformationaboutthehousehold.Itisalsopossibleto

fileacomplaint,or foranyonetocallonabeneficiaries’behalf(INTWWB).Therearealso

monitoring missions taking place every six months where the GoK and implementation

agenciesgotothebeneficiariestomakespotchecks.ThisisaccordingtoUNICEFnotideal

todoonlyeverysixmonth.

AccordingtotheINTWRC,“Thebeneficiariesaresafeandhavenosecurityissuesregarding

gettingmoney, they have the best transferring system for that specific area”. TheWorld

40Bankalsodescribedthefunctionofthemonitoringanddeliveryofmoney.Apart fromthe

system UNICEF talked about, TheWorld Bank also mentioned that the beneficiaries can

contactthelocalchief,assistantchiefandtheprogramofficerforHSNPinthatcountyand

the local chief should have public meetings to communicate with the beneficiaries.

Therefore the beneficiaries can also voice their opinion with the local chief (INTWWB).

WhenUNICEFtalkedaboutthetransferringsystemINTWUNICEFstated,“Sothat’sdoesnot

meanthatthereisnomoneydisappearing,thereis,butitreduceatleasttheriskforit”.

Thebeneficiariesoftheprogramaredividedinregularandemergencyselection.According

toTheWorldBankthebeneficiariesknowiftheyaresupposedtoreceivemoneyregularly

ornot,TheWorldBankadmittedthattheycan’tensure100%clarityofthisand“ultimately

everyone is looking for money, especially when it is a drought or other emergency”

(INTWWB).

5.4.2Currentimageofcashtransfer

According to INTWWFP “there is no magical solution for all the challenges Kenya has”.

However, the work with cash transfers in social protection is assisting the poor and

vulnerableinKenya(INTWRC).Theshifthasbeenfromin-kindtransfertocash.BothWFP

and Kenyan Red Cross Society prefer cash than in-kind transfer, for example food-

distribution.WFPdescribesthatsometimesitisnecessarytousefooddistributiontoreach

thepeoplelivingintheremoteareas.TheWorldBankstatesthatcashhasdisadvantagesin

nutritionoutcome.Thereasonbehindthisis,accordingtoINTWWB,“whenyougivethem

cashitisusedforyourbasicneedsinsteadofgivingittonutritionneedsforyourchildren.

Theydon’thaveanythingtoeatanyway,itisnotfocusedonchildren”.BothTheWorldBank

and UNICEF states that there is a problem with nutrition outcome, the INTWWB states,

“Becauseofculture,theyfeedtheelderfirstandthenlateronfeed,withthesamefood,the

children.Withfoodthatisnotverynutrition”.Thereforethecreationoftheinterventionof

“Cash+”have takenplace.The “Cash+” interventionwillbedescribed lateron.TheWFP

describes their imageof cash inKenyaasprogressiveandembrace the cash ideaand the

WFP know all the benefits that comeswith it. The INTWWFP continueswith “one of the

issuestoraiseis,thatcashissogoodtoimplementandbringsalotofdignityinthewayand

thebeneficiarieswhoreceivesit.Theyhaveachoicebutitisalsonotthateasytohaveitin

thebasketforthefoodortheincome”.TheINTWRCdescribestheimageoftheirprogram

andtheoverallimageofcashtransfersintheworld,with:“RedCrosspreferscashbecause

41itisfastanddeliveringandhasalocaleffectonthemarket.Alsothatitisunconditionalcash

transfer and the beneficiary can use it forwhat theywant, the use it for food or shelter

mostly,don’thaveanyproblemthatisusedforotheritems”.

5.4.3AppropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergenciesThe implementationactorsall agree that emergencies transfers shouldbedonebeforeor

during an emergency (INTWWB, INTWRC, INTWWFP, INTWUNICEF). However there are

more angles to the situation than just delivering cash when an emergency occurs. The

Kenyan Red Cross Society and The World Bank agree that it is important to work on

prevention intentions. The World Bank states it is important “to not have any regrets”

several timesduring the interview.The INTWWBalsostates: “Ifacounty isgetting intoa

drought is very quickly becomes an emergency, itmostly doesn’t become extreme, it can

take a while. Then you do the intervention as early as possible, so you don’t have any

regrets.Becausethemediaisgoingafteryouifthereissomethinggoingonorsomeoneare

closetodying”.INTWWBcontinueswith:“Thereisageneralpushwithinthegovernmentto

domore,withlargeremergenciesitisbettertodosomethingnow,becauselateronyoucan

get criticized”.TheWFPstateswhen it comes towhen it isappropriate todelivercash in

emergency

Itisimportanttorespondearly.Inthedroughtof2011,thehornofAfricalostassets

for18billionUSDollars.[…] Everybodyagreesthatifwewouldhaveasystemthat

anticipatedandensuredthatwouldrespondandinwasinplacethedeathsandthe

loss of livestock and other things would have been less. That’s why we are very

committed to support the GoK to address and is responsive and in place

(INTWWFP).

UNICEF continues with the challenges of delivering cash during an emergency. UNICEF

statesthattheNSNPisnotshockresponsive.ThechallengeisthetimeittakesfortheGoK

to pay the beneficiaries after UNICEF has sponsored the GoK (INTWUNICEF). Last time,

UNICEFdescribes,ittookoversevenmonths(INTWUNICEF).UNICEF,TheWorldBankand

theKenyanRedCrossSocietydescribetheworkofpreventionbybuildingdamsforreserve

water, water tracking, food distribution, building new homes, moving villages to higher

ground(INTWWB,INTWRC).INTWUNICEFendswith“itismorethanjustcashtransfer,of

courseideallyitshouldreachthemasquicklyaspossible”

42TheemergencycashtransferHSNPwas introducedin2015withanemergencyscalemap

thateverymonthcollectsinformationaboutemergencystatus.Ifthereisanemergencyon

level25%-75% the systemprovidesmoney to thebeneficiariesofHSNPemergency cash.

Thebeneficiariesgetinformationthroughthelocalchief,sms,throughtheprogramofficer

that is based in the county and sometimes radio (INTWWB). Disadvantages with the

differentsystemarethatforexamplethebeneficiariesdoesnothavecellphoneconnection

orisnotabletoread(INTWWB,INTWRC).

5.4.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfers

Challenges

UNICEFdescribesthemainfuturechallengesarethehand-overbetweentheDFIDandGoK,

andINTWUNICEFstatesthat“Iamalittlebitscaredaboutthesustainability”.UNICEFsees

morechallengesforthecashtransfersinKenyaandtheHSNP.UNICEFstatesthattheGoK

needs to look into a shock responsive pillar in the social protection documents, as it is

important according to INTWUNICEF that the GoK look into more than drought in

emergency. In that way emergency responsive will also include other areas (all

environmental emergenciesorpolitical) and the challengewith this is itwill takea lotof

resourcesandcapacity for theGoK to implement.WFPdescribesadifferentchallenge for

the HSNP: the budget, and the INTWWFP states that donors might create other

commitmentsinthefutureandthereforitwouldbecomeaproblemfortheimplementation

agenciestocontinuetheirworkwiththeHSNP.WFPstatestheimportancetocontinuethe

investment in social protection in general and specifically the cash transfer, stating, “We

provided technical assistance to understand the value of social protection and how it

contributed significantly to the growth of our economy. It is important to invest social

protectionbecause it isnotawaste”.TheKenyanRedCrossSocietyandTheWorldBank

agreedthatthemainchallengesaretoreachtheremoteareaswherethereisnocellphone

connection and lack of basic infrastructure. Therefore these people could miss the

opportunity to be part of the program or get information about the program (INTWWB,

INTWRC).

Cash+andfuture

ThefutureofcashtransfersinKenyaisthattheGoKwillbetheonlyfundingsource.There

is now, since the end of phase II of HSNP in March 2019, zero donor money in to the

differentprograms(INTWUNICEF).This is important fortheprogramtobesustainable in

43the future because if the donor current politics change, the program can still continue

(INTWUNICEF). WFPdescribesthesameviewofthecashbeingprovidedbytheGoKand

contributeswith:“that’sgoodbecauseitisahomesolution.Kenyaisnolongeronexternal

aid for theCT, theexternalassistance thatcomes toKenyanowadays is tostrengthenthe

overallsystemandarchitecturewithinthesocialprotectionisestablished”(INTWWFP).

UNICEF, WFP and The World Bank describe the pilot work of cash transfers in social

protection, the intervention of “Cash+”. “Cash+” is described as cash+ link to a special

intervention.WFP describes, “We are now looking at existing cash transfers and linking

beneficiarieswithother social andeconomic services” (INTWWFP). It can forexamplebe

cash+ nutrition, cash+ education, cash+ labourmarket or assisting small businesswith

business plans to be able for the beneficiary to sustain themselves (INTWWFP,

INTWUNICEF). The World Bank describes the importance of nutritious food for the

beneficiariesandthischallengeisnotparticularlytypicalforKenyabutalsofortheworld.

UNICEFstates thataddingotherareas to thecashtransferswillassist thebeneficiaries to

easiermoveoutfrompovertyandthanjustbehandingovercash.Theideaistogetmore

childrentoschool,teachmothersaboutnutritionfood,preparebeneficiariesforthelabour

marketand/orgetbetterhealthcare.The“cash+” intervention isa jointprogrambetween

theGoKandtheimplementationagenciesofUNICEFandWFP,withthefundingofSIDAand

DFID(INTWUNICEF).The“cash+”willaccordingtoWFP“helpthemtoimprovetheirkids

andtakeadvantagesofsynergies,itisimportanttogiveproperassistance”(INTWWFP).

WFPendsthefindingsoftheimplementationagencyactorgroupwiththisstatement;“WFP

hasembracedthecashtransferprogramprocessandIthinkonthehorizonIseeitadopting

innovatemechanismforitsowninitiativewhateverisgoingtorespond,includingmaybein

emergency,thatisaninternalperspective”(INTWWFP).

44

6.ANALYSISInthischaptertheanalysisofthefindingswillbepresented,anditwillalsobestructured

with the different actor groups. It will contain the four different stages of the SLA,

vulnerabilitycontext, livelihoodassets(keycapital),transformingstructures&processesand

livelihoodoutcomes. Itwill also connect to theWHOconceptual framework for the roleof

cash transfers with the four different stages, prevention, protection, promotion and

transformation. The main analysis is that the image is diverse, the cash should be

transferredinthepreventionstageandthelackofmoneycreatesthatthevulnerability in

thelivelihoodincreasesandthereforethereisnoincreaseinthelivelihoodassets.

6.1Beneficiaries

6.1.1ThelostmoneyThemain findings, that the beneficiaries do not receive theirmoney they are entitled to

createvulnerabilitycontextforthebeneficiaryinlinewiththeSLA.Therespondentswillnot

beabletoincreasetheirhumancapital,lowertheirvulnerabilityandstarttheSLAprocess

becauseofthenon-existingmoney.Itwillleadtothemstillbeingvulnerableagainstshocks

orotherexternalcauses. Incombinationwith therespondents’ lownaturalcapitalduring

emergenciesmakesthattherespondentsarenotabletoleavepovertywiththeassistsfrom

cashtransfers,andgetalivelihoodoutcomethatcreateasustainablelivelihood.TheSLAin

combinationwithwhattherespondentswouldusetheirmoneyfor,educationforchildren,

foodandshelter,showthatwithoutthemoney,thereisnoincreaseofhumancapitalforthe

respondents.ItisparticularlyclearwiththestatementfromINTWL10thatthemoneycould

havegivenheragoodlifeifshewasabletoinvestthemoneyinthefamilymembers’human

capital. “Agood life”hasadifferentdefinition foreverypersonandtherefore it ishard to

argueabout that,however thecash transferwouldcontribute toher livelihood.TheWHO

framework states thatmoney is the central key forpeople living inpoverty tobe able to

breakthepovertycycle.Thereforethelackofreceivingmoneyforthebeneficiarydoesnot

onlyeffectthehumancapital,itisalsoeffectingthefinancialcapitalandthephysicalcapital,

when the respondent are not able to feed themselves or their families. Moreover it will

affectinthelongtermthesocialcapitalwithexclusivenessfromthesociety,becauseoftheir

lack of knowledge to read, write and communicate. Therefore the analysis that the

respondent does not receive their money they are entitled to is alarming for the

45beneficiariesandfortheHSNP.Thebeneficiariesaredependingonthemoneyto,notonly

sustainalivelihoodtoday,butalsotogettheopportunitytoinvestinthehumancapitaland

beable to leavepoverty.However cash transfers areone step to leavepoverty, thereare

moreinterventionsdone,eventhoughcashtransfershasbecomesuccessful.Moreoverthe

non-existing cash also creates an effect in every step of the SLA, from the vulnerability

context,throughthedifferentcapitals,tothefailureofstructuresandprocessesoftheHSNP

andthelackoflivelihoodoutcomethatwoulddecreaseinvulnerabilityfortherespondents.

6.1.2Currentimageofcashtransfer

Eventhoughthebeneficiariesdonotreceivethemoney,theoverallpictureoftheHSNPis

good but diverse. That the program exists is on the good side of the image, the lack of

moneyisontheoppositeside.Thereweresomerespondentsthathavechangedtheirimage

oftheHSNPfromgoodtodisappointmentaftertheyhadnotreceivedanymoney.Theimage

among the respondents, and their perceived image of other locals of the HSNP, affects

several steps of the SLA framework. Itmostly effects the transformationofstructuresand

processes, where the lack of image and trust of future and other on-going programs and

initiativesfromthegovernmentorNGOscaninthelongtermhavespill-overeffects.Itwill

therefore affect the livelihoodoutcome for thebeneficiaries and locals inmore areas than

theCTPs.

6.1.3AppropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergenciesThebeneficiariesoftheHSNPwerealmostunanimousintheiropinionthattheywantedto

receive the money before an emergency takes place in order to prevent floods, build

sheltersorstorefood.Severalrespondentsmentionedthisandtheimportanceofbeingable

tohave a livelihoodduring emergency is significant for all respondents.However several

respondents stated that there are always emergency situations with the drought in

Turkana. This leads to the prevention stage of theWHO framework and its focus on the

vulnerability context of the locals. Therefore in the views of the locals, and through the

analysis from the researcher with the framework, the emergency situations can be

addressedwithcash transfer to create short-termeffects.For the long-termeffects in the

communitiesandforthefuturegenerationmorethingsneedstobeintervenedfromother

areas.Theneedofassistanceinemergenciesfromdifferentsidesisimportantforthelocals

tosustainalivelihoodandincreasethenaturalcapitalsofthehousehold.Thebeneficiaries

wereclear:thecashinemergencyisimportanttoreceiveinprevention,ifitisreceivedafter

46theemergencyitistoolateandthemoneywillbenefitthelocalmarketinstead.Themoney

thatisreceivedafteranemergencywouldnotbemoneythatisaimedfortheemergency,it

will however assist the beneficiaries to increase the natural capital, human capital and

physicalcapitalwithbeingabletogetchildrentoschoolandpayhospitalbills.

Therefore it is a challenge for the implementation agencies and funding sources to know

when the emergency can appear so they can transfer the money in prevention. Natural

disasterswithseasonaltrendsorenvironmentalemergenciescanbefiguredoutinadvance.

However technological disasters and conflict related emergencies are more difficult to

anticipate.Theprevention shocksandprotectionofdecreasingpoverty is the importance

forHSNPworkinTurkanaatthemoment.

6.1.4BeneficiariessuggestionsandwherethemoneyareFor thosewhoreceivecash, thesuggestionwasbroughtupbytherespondents toreceive

money everymonth instead of every secondmonth and therefore increase the cash flow

andmakeiteasiertoplaninthepreventionstageofanemergencyandbeabletopromote

capabilities andopportunities in the community. The cashhave reached thebeneficiaries

whentheemergencycomes.Toreceivemoneyeverymonthwilldecreasethevulnerability

context according to the SLA and also creates strongerpreventionmechanisms before an

emergency.Hencetheresearcheragreewiththerespondentsthatmonthlypaymentswould

be a better solution for the beneficiaries, as long as the same amount is transferred.

ProbablythetransactioncostwilldoublefortheHSNP,andthereforeiftheamountwould

decreaseitwouldhavealargernegativeimpactonthebeneficiariesthanreceivingmoney

every second month. The finding that the beneficiaries have “a poor sponsor” was

surprising, however it was important for the reader to get the view of the image the

beneficiarieshaveabouttheprogram.Asmentionedpreviously,theHSNPisfundedbythe

GoK,DFID andTheWorldBank amongothers. To link the SLAwith this information can

only be seen with the glasses of perceived image and the connection to PIP, policies,

institutions and processes. The strategies the top level creates for the ground level is

necessaryforthebeneficiariestobeabletogetabetterlivelihoodoutcome.Thereforethe

mainanalysisarethebeneficiariesneedtoreceivethecashbeforetheemergencytobeable

to increase the different key capital, decrease the vulnerability and through the PIP the

beneficiariescancreatelivelihoodstrategiesandoutcomesthatwillaffectthekeycapitals.

47TheresearcherarguesthatitisnecessarytochangethePIPtoreachthevulnerabilityand

livelihoodassetstomakeachangeforthebeneficiariesofHSNP.

6.2LocalchiefThelocalchiefmadeseveralstatementsonthecashfromtheHSNP.Thelocalchiefs’image

oftheprogramandhisperceptionoftheimagefromthelocalsinhisneighbourhoodwere

negative.Thelocalchiefisnegativetotheprogrambecauseofthemoneydoesnotreachthe

beneficiaries.The lackof trustcombinedwiththebeneficiariesthatdonotreceivemoney

hascreated the lowpolicies, institutionsandprocesses in theSLA.The local chief supports

theevidenceof thatHSNP improves livelihood, foodandeducation for thosewhoreceive

money. This is in line with the SLA to reduce the vulnerability context and increase the

humancapital.The local chief states that theHSNPbringbeneficiariesoutofpovertyand

break the poverty cycle presents it. It is therefore one more respondent that provide

informationthatisconnectedtotheadvantagesofcashtransfersandHSNP.Thelostmoney

is something the chief is aware of and he claims that he have done theworkwithHSNP

correctly.Ifthemoneywouldbetransferred,thelocalchiefcouldworkwithpreventionand

protectionuntilthecommunityisreadyforpromotionandtransformation.

6.3Fundingsource

6.3.1ThelostmoneyThemonitoringofthetransferwiththetoll-freehelplineandthesystemofagenciesthatis

distributing the money makes the funding agency certain that the money reaches the

beneficiaries.Theirclaimthatthemoneydoesreachthebeneficiariesputintoquestionthe

statementsfromthebeneficiariesthemselves.TheHSNPhasamonitoringsystemthatthe

funding agencies can look into and therefore be certain that the money reaches the

beneficiaries. The funding source are certain the money reaches the beneficiaries and

thereforetherewerenodiscussiononthelostmoney.Asanalysedinthebeneficiaries’part

thelostmoneyhavealargeimpactonthelivelihoodoutcomesforthebeneficiariesandthe

policyprocessesforthefundingsources.

6.3.2CurrentimageofcashtransferSIDA,TheWorldBankandDFIDhavebeenlong-termpartnerswiththeCTPsinKenya.The

collaboration has improved during the years, with has lead to improvements of the

program.Inthelongperspectivethecollaborationiscreatingalowervulnerabilityforthe

48beneficiariesoftheprogramandcantransformthelivelihoodforthehouseholds.Theyhave

raised thehuman and financialcapital in the livelihoodassets and transformed structures,

processes and assist implementation policies. The work from the aid agencies, alongside

with the implementation agencies, have given the assistant for the GoK to getwhere the

CTPsaretoday.ThetransformingofstructuresinSLAhascreatedabetterlivelihoodforthe

beneficiaries.NowSIDA,DFIDandTheWorldBankhavemoved frombeing thedonor to

assistinthetechnicalpartsoftheCTPs.Theimagethatispresentedbythethreeactorsin

the funding sourceactorgroup is that it is awell functioningCTP.According toDFID the

largerreachofrecipients,morepeopleenrolledandhigherstakeholderinvolvementshows

this.Todirectthemoneyontheimplementationasthefundingsourcearecurrentlydoing

show that the focus is on transforming structures and process. Itwill affect the levels of

government,thepoliciesandinstitutions.Theimageisdifferentlyviewedfromthefunding

source. The organizations all agree that cash transfers has done an enormous impact,

howeveritisstillalongwaytogowithseveralimprovementareas.Alsothesurprisesofthe

highlevelofpovertyafterseveralyearsofHSNPinTurkanashowthatcashtransfersalone

cannotchangetheentirelivelihoodeventhoughitisacontributiontothelivelihoodassets

andalsothelivelihoodstrategiesthatisdescribedintheSLA.The“cash+”,thenewphaseIII

withexpandingenrolmentandthehigherfocusonthelifecycleapproachthatwill include

thekeylivelihoodassets,willcontributetoabetterCTPsandHSNP.

6.3.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies

TheWorld Bank discussed the importance of delivering money in the prevention or the

protectionstage,tobeableto“nothaveanyregrets”whenanemergencyarises.Whenthe

moneyisdeliveredandthepreventionandprotectionstageiscoveredthentheworkwith

promotion and transformation can take place. Transferring money in the prevention or

protectionstagewillassistpreventshocksinthevulnerabilitycontext,withthecombination

ofWHO frameworkandSLAshows that thepreventionandprotectionstagewill give the

abilityforthebeneficiariestodecreasethevulnerabilityandincreasethelivelihood.Itwill

connect to thedebateon theneo-liberal versus the structural changewhere the first two

steps in theWHO frameworkworks in a neo-liberalwaywith reducing poverty in short

term but the transformation stage with empowerment and structural changes can be

connectedtothestructuralchange.ThesuggestionfromSIDAandTheWorldBankwasto

transfer money and do interventions in the prevention and protection stage of the

emergency timeline. Moreover the respondents’ reaction and answer on the questions

49aboutemergencycashcanbeinterpreteddifferentially,to“nothaveanyregrets”and“itis

bettertodomoreinpreventionthanlaterbecriticized”(INTWWB). Itcanbediscussedif

theaimistoassistthepeopleortohavecleanhands.

6.4Implementationagencies

6.4.1ThelostmoneyThe implementation agencies describe the system of monitoring the transfer and the

certaintythatbeneficiariesgettheirmoney.Howeveralltheimplementationagencieslack

information about the entire payment cyclewhich effect all stages of the SLA. There are

several options for thebeneficiaries to get into contactwithHSNPofficials if theydonot

receivemoney,eventhoughthelimitingresourcesofknowledgeandinfrastructurecreates

limitations for the beneficiaries to get in contact with HSNP officials. There is a need of

changes in the structures and policies. The non-reach of the money creates that the

beneficiaries do not get to the promotion stage, or create sustainable livelihoodoutcomes

from the HSNP. INTWUNICEF said that the system prevents money from disappearing,

howevermoneyisstilldisappearing,andtheimplementationagenciesareawareofthelack

ofmoneytothebeneficiaries.Therewasnoinformationprovidedonhowcommonthisis.It

isstillalarmingthatmoneyisdisappearing,especiallywhensystemsareconductedtotrace

thetransfersandtheknowledgeofthisfromseveralactors.Theriskreducingandtransfer

trackingisonestepoftheway,howeverthedonor’smoneyshouldreachthepeoplethatare

dependingonthemtocreatesustainablelivelihoodoutcome.

6.4.2Currentimageofcashtransfers

TheimageoftheHSNPandCTinKenyafromtheimplementationagencies,theKenyanRed

Cross Society, UNICEF,WFP and TheWorld Bank, is good, however as INTWWFP stated

cash transfers is no magical solution to the problems in Kenya. The implementation

agenciesstatedthatthenutritionoutcomearealargeproblemandthusaffecttheimageof

the cash transfers. Nutritious food will bring an endorsement of human capital into the

livelihood assets of the SLA and therefore it is important to tackle the challenges with

nutrition. The intervention of the upcoming “cash+” is one large step of the way to

improvingthechallengesofCTPsandthereforealsocreatingabetter imageofHSNP.The

“cash+”canalsobeseenthroughtheeyesofWHOframeworkwhereitisgoingtoaddress

the prevention and the protection stage for a better and more sustainable livelihood

50outcomesforthebeneficiaries.Thecurrentchangefromin-kindtransfertocashtransfersis

somethingthattheimplementationagenciesagreesisastepofthewaytoreducepoverty

formorethanonlythebeneficiaries,toaddresstheproblems,pushthebeneficiariesinthe

rightdirectionofa lessvulnerable livelihooddependingonshocksandseasonsandtoget

thebeneficiariestopromotionandtransformationforthehouseholds.

6.4.3Appropriatenessofwhentodelivercashinemergencies

The implementation agencies agree with the funding source that the transfer of money

should be in theprevention or theprotection stage at themoment. Themain reasons are

that it would prevent shocks, vulnerability (prevention stage) and increase the living

standard(protectionstage).Itwouldbecloselyconnectedtothepromotionstagewherethe

objectives are to activate the economically poor people. However the interventions close

tides before emergency and prevention of the livelihood in emergency makes it more

suitableinthepreventionandprotectionsstageofWHOframework.It is,asmentionedin

the fundingsourceanalysis,alsocloselyconnectedto thevulnerabilitycontext inSLA.The

WFPalsodescribedtheimportanceofrespondingearlytothesituation,howeverwithmore

concernofthebeneficiariesthantheirownorganization(TheWorldBank).Theprevention

stagedoesnotonlyconsistoftransferringcashinemergencies,itisalsomentionedbythe

KenyanRedCrossSocietyandTheWorldBankthatitincludesthebuildingofdams,water

tracking, food distribution and building new homes. It is a side-track from the cash

transferringbut important for the full scale of the SLA to address thepoverty.Hence the

combination of cash transfers and other prevention interventions would decrease the

vulnerabilityandincreasethekeycapitalinthelong-term.

6.4.4Effects/resultsandfutureofcashtransfers

Challenges

Several challenges were highlighted, such as the handover to GoK and the difficulties of

reaching the remoteareasof the country.Thenon-ability to reach the remote areaswith

non-existingcellphoneconnectioncreatessocialgapsforthehouseholdsthatareentitled

tobebeneficiariesoftheHSNP.Itwillaffectthehouseholds’abilityinalloftheSLAstages.

Cash+andfuture

The future for theHSNPwith “Cash+”will in the researchers eyesplay an important and

interesting role for cash transfers in Kenya. It will add knowledge and create a more

51sustainable livelihood in the long-term. It will give every household the opportunity to

increase theirkeycapitals. Itwill connect tomorecapitals than just thehumancapital. It

willalsoaddresssocial,natural,physicalandfinancialcapital.Howeverthehumancapital

increasehasclose linkagestotheothercapitals,ahealthierandmoreeducated livelihood

creates increase in the other capital areas. The researcher argues that the “Cash+”

interventionhastheopportunitytomakeasignificantdifferenceforthebeneficiariesinthe

CTPsofKenya. Itwill increase livelihoodand forsome,evenbreakthepovertycycle.The

“Cash+”will be connected to the promotion stage to activate the economically poorwith

more interventions than the cash transfers and to lead up to the transformation of the

livelihood,whichalsocanbeseenasthelivelihoodoutcome.

52

7.CONCLUSIONSInthischaptertheconclusionsofthethesiswill takeplace.Themainconclusionsarethat

thecashtransfersneedstobedoneinpreventionstage,theimageisdiversebecauseofthe

disappearingofthemoneyandthisthesisisonesmallfiststeptowardsasmallerchangein

policies if future researchand implementationwillbedone in linewith the findings.This

chapterwillbedividedinfourdifferentparts;thetwomainresearchquestions,suggestions

forfutureresearch&policiesandtheresearcherscomment.

1a)Whenisitappropriatetodelivercashtransfersinemergencies?

Is in thepreventionstageof theemergency.Severalactorgroupsgavetheir insightof the

advantagesanddisadvantagesoftransferringmoneyinemergencyandpreventionwasthe

most common answer and also had the largest advantages. Transferring cash before the

emergencyincombinationwithpreventioninterventions,asexamplethebuildingofdams

or in the cash transfers intervention “cash+”. The “cash+” can change the livelihood for

households in Turkana and the high poverty level can decrease. Therefore the work the

fundingsourceslikeSIDAandDFIDhavedonewiththecombinationoftheimplementation

agencieslikeUNICEF,TheWorldBankandtheWFPwillinthelong-termbringhouseholds

outofthepovertycycleforthemandalsoforthefuturegenerations.Theresearcherargues

thatthetransfershouldbedoneduringthepreventionstageoftheemergency,howeverthe

household need to use the money for the upcoming emergency with a long-term

perspectiveinmind.Tocoverthebasicneedsandadoptastrategicplantosurviveduring

theemergency.Thereforetheconclusionsontransferringcashinthepreventionstageare

basedonthefouractorgroupscombinedinformationandanalyse.Therecouldhavebeen

differentsuggestionsinothercountiesinKenya,howeverthereareasignificantnumberof

respondentsinallactorgroupsthatsupportthetransferinthepreventionstage.

1b)WhatistheimageofHungerSafetyNetProgramandcashtransfersin

emergenciesperceivedbydifferentactors?

It isadiverseimage.Thefundingsourceandtheimplementationagenciesalldescribethe

imageofHSNPasawellfunctioningsystemwithmonitoringsystemsthatworkandtransfer

the money. The local chief acknowledges the two sides of the program, he states HSNP

assistshouseholdsandgiveshouseholdsa livelihood,howeverthedisappearingofmoney

showsanegativesideoftheHSNP.Thatleadstotheimagefromthefourthactorgroup;the

beneficiaries.Theimageoftheprogram,iftheprogramwouldwork,asitissupposetobe,is

53good.However,thelackofmoneythebeneficiariesareentitledtocreatesanegativeimage

oftheHSNP.ThediverseimagesofthebeneficiariesforHSNParealreadyinthehouseholds

andthecommunity’sminds.Itisalongwalkfortheprogramofficerstochangethisimage

and their current image of HSNP can have affected the information provided by the

beneficiaries.Howevercashtransfersinemergencieshaveapositiveimageingeneraland

definitely by implementation agencies and funding sources, even though the respondent

fromUNICEFmentionedtheawarenessofdisappearingofmoney.Thefundingsourceactor

group and implemented agencies actor group presented a good image of the program,

therefore theconclusionsare that the image isdiversewithseveralpositiveandnegative

aspects.

Futureresearchandpolicies

Thecontributiontheresearchquestionswillgiveistheopportunityforfutureresearchto

exploremoreandgetmorein-depthdata,preferableamixedstudywithmorerespondents

inallfourcountieswhereHSNPisoperating.Theresearcherwillgivetherecommendations

to future researchers to explore more during what kind of emergency and during what

circumstances the most suitable interventions are. To be able in the long term create

policies that would be able to change the livelihood of the beneficiaries. It will give the

opportunity to funding sources and implementation agencies towork alongsidewith the

NSNPandprovideamoresustainable livelihood that is lessvulnerableandwithahigher

humancapitalfortensofthousandsofpeoplethatliveunderthepovertylinein,especially

Turkana,andKenya.Obviouslyitisalsopossibletogetalargerunderstandingofwhenitis

mostsuitabletotransfercashandtobeawareofthediverseimagefromthedifferentactor

groups, moreover it is possible that not only Kenya and HSNP have this diverse image.

Nevertheless, it is a long walk to change the livelihood and the image from different

stakeholders.Theresearchersuggeststhatmoreresearchneedstobedoneintheareasof

appropriatenessofdeliveringcashandwhatinterventioncantakeplacebeforeitcancome

close topolicies forHSNP,NSNPand implementation agencies.The thesis is just the first

stepandseveralstepping-stones,bylargeractorsandorganizationsneedsbeforeachange

can occur. On the theoretical contribution the thesis has been a stepping-stone on

combining the different frameworks and working alongside the theory. The thesis gives

contributiontopreventionandprotectionstagesinWHOframeworkthatinthefuturecan

be elaborated more by other researchers. The researcher also acknowledges that other

frameworks could have given the analysis another angle. It would be interesting to use

54anotherframeworkforthesamefindings,eventhoughtheresultwillbeverysimilar.The

researcheriscertainthattheresultscanbegeneralizedtootherCTPandcontextsaround

theworld.

Researcherscomments

In conclusion,money that comes through tax payerswallets in several countries in both

Kenyaandtherestoftheworld,includingSweden,thathavetoaimtodecreasethepoverty

inKenyadoesnotreachthebeneficiariesoftheprogramisalarming,anditisimportantfor

fundingsources,implementationagenciesandforfurtherresearcherstoinvestigatewhere

the money went and who is benefitting from the CTP. To proof with physical evidence

where the money has ended up instead of the poor and vulnerable people living in

emergencies in Turkana. It is important to acknowledge that the researcher or the

beneficiariescanhavemademistakesalongthewaythatleadtothisconclusion.However,if

it isanysubstanceof the information itneedstobe takenunderseriousconsiderationby

thedifferentactors.

Ifthecashisreceivedbythebeneficiariesornotisnothingtheresearcherhasanyphysical

evidenceon,itisbasedonperceptionsfrombeneficiariesfromseveralinterviewsandfocus

groups. For further investigationwhere themoneywent andwho is telling the truth the

researcherhandsthetaskovertothefundingagencies,implementationagenciesandNGOs

whohavemoreresources.Thethesishascontributedwithinformationaboutagapofwhen

it is appropriate to deliver cash in emergencies, howeverwhen one door closes another

dooropens.Thequestionnowiswhenthebeneficiariesgettheirmoneytheyareentitledto

ornot.Howeverthisisnotthefirsttimebeneficiaryclaimthemoneydidnotreachthemin

CTPsaround theworld.Nevertheless it is important that the informationbecomespublic

knowledge for the different actors. The researcher will once again also highlight the

importance of delivering cash in emergencies in time, before the emergency occurs. The

beneficiariescanthenpreventfurtheremergencyandbeabletoincreasetheirlivelihood.

The author of the thesiswould like to finishwith the line presented by the local chief in

Lodwar, INTWLC,aboutHSNPandcash transfers; “ifitcomestothepeopleletitbeforthe

people”.

55

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62

APPENDIX–LISTOFINTERVIEWS