CASE Tool Evolution

1980 1984 1987 1990

Computer-aided documentationComputer-aided diagrammingAnalysis and design tools

Automated design analysisAutomated central repository

Automated code generationLinked design automation

Intelligent methodology driversReusable code libraries

CASE Tool Components

Process Modeling Tools

Detailed Analysis Tools

Transformation Tools

Database/Application Design Tools

Application Generation Tools

Cen

tral

R

epo

sito

ry

CASE Tool Repository

Central Repository

Project Documentation

Formand

ReportLayouts

LogicalModel

Diagrams

ProgramSource

andObjectCode

Detailed Analysis Findings

GeneralProject

Information

DataElement

SpecificationsReusable

CodeLibraries

Large-Scale JAD Environments

Management Deliberation CenterDefense Systems Management College

Fort Belvoir, VA

Air Force Innovation CenterPentagon

Washington, D.C.

Glensidige InsuranceOslo, Norway

Center for Performance ImprovementSoza and Company, Ltd.

Fairfax, VA

SDLC versus RAD

PreliminaryInvestigation

Analysis

LogicalDesign

PhysicalDesign

Implementation

Maintenance

RequirementPlanning

User Design

Construction

CutoverTraditionalSDLC

RADLife Cycle

RAD Reduces Time

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Project Months

RAD Reduces TimeRAD Reduces Time

Requirements Planning

User Design

Construction

CutoverTraditional SDLC

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Effort

Comparative Software Development Costs

Product Cost $ Effort (man years)

Lines of Code

Lotus 1-2-3 V 3.0 22,000,000 263 400,000

NASA Space Shuttle 1,200,000,000 22,096 25,600

2000 Lincoln Continental 2,800,000 37 93,500

Modern Automatic Teller Machine

13,200,000 150 780,000

IBM Retail Checkout Scanner

3,000,000 58 90,000

CASE Tool Adoption Objectives

 

           Create development process standards          Improve overall application quality          Decrease design time and improve time to market          Decrease required effort and time in application testing          Encourage integration of development projects          Improve effectiveness of project management activities          Decrease required effort and time in application maintenance activities          Promote organization-wide reusable program code          Improve portability of applications across platforms and operating environments 

Good and Bad News

The Good News The Bad News

 • Development  process  productivity  and 

quality increases are realizable• Portability  of  new  systems  to  other 

platforms is greatly enhanced• Analyst  skill  set  will  improve  due  to 

greater understanding of the process• Time to delivery of new applications will 

decrease• Conformity  to  development  standards 

will increase 

 • CASE  acquisition  costs  are  extremely 

high• Training of analysts and administrators 

is costly and time-consuming• Most  organizations  do  not  have  clear 

standards for application development• CASE tools can be viewed as a threat 

to job security• CASE  tools  do  not  have  a  great 

reputation  due  to  early  benefits  not being realized

Common JAD Session Tasks

 

 • Identify all stakeholders and clarify executive goal.• Scope out the general requirements from each of the users' perspectives.• Reconcile each user's view of the product with the executive goal into one summary.• Define the interaction of the product with users, other products or systems, and the organization.• Concur on business justification, time box, and cost box for project.• Define the ways in which the users will interact or use the new product. Collect samples of desired 

inputs and outputs from users. Stick to business processes first, then drill down for data needed and known. 

• Prioritize the user interaction scenarios by collective user preference and risk.• Validate and review the user interaction scenarios.• Organize the interactions scenarios, constraints, assumptions, and other requirements into a rigorous 

Software Requirements Specification.• Design (with technical help) the screen and report layouts. Prototypes are handy for this. 

RAD Activities and Deliverables

  Requirements Planning

User Design

Construction

Cutover

Primary Activity 

Model and prototype requirements

Model and prototype design

Complete application development

Install application

Data Conversion 

Define data requirements

Plan and design data conversion

Develop data conversion modules

Implement conversion plan

Testing 

  Design application test plan

Conduct user testing

 

End-user Training 

Define training requirements

Design training plan

Produce training materials

Conduct end-user training