case study on_ ganga water pollution
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Case Study On_ Ganga Water PollutionintroductionThe Ganga is the most sacred river to Hindus.[4] It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs.[5] It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.[6] It has also been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Pataliputra,[7] Kannauj,[7] Kara, Kashi, Patna, Hajipur, Munger, Bhagalpur, Murshidabad, Baharampur, Kampilya, and Kolkata) located on its bankThe Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers at Devprayag. The Bhagirathi is considered to be the true source in Hindu culture and theology, although the Alaknanda is longer.[14][15] The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, and Kamet. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,769 ft).[16]Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi rivers.[17] The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order: Vishnuprayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda; Nandprayag, where the Nandakini joins; Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins; Rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins; and, finally, Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganga River proper.[14]After flowing 250 kilometres (160 mi)[16] through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar.[14] At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which irrigates the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.The Ganga follows an 800-kilometre (500 mi) arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an average annual flow of about 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s).[18] The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad, a holy confluence in Hinduism. At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing about 2,950 m3/s (104,000 cu ft/s),[18] or about 58.5% of the combined flow.[19]Now flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River (also called Tons), which flows north from the Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 190 m3/s (6,700 cu ft/s). After the Tamsa the Gomti River joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an average annual flow of about 234 m3/s (8,300 cu ft/s). Then the Ghaghara River (Karnali River), also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal, joins. The Ghaghara(Karnali), with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s (106,000 cu ft/s), is the largest tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara(Karnali) confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River, contributing about 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s). The Gandaki River, then the Koshi River, join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s (58,400 cu ft/s) and 2,166 m3/s (76,500 cu ft/s), respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges, after the Ghaghara(Karnali) and Yamuna.[18]Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Buxar, Ballia, Patna, Hajipur, Munger, Sultanganj, Bhagalpur, Simaria, and Saidpur. At Bhagalpur, the river begins to flow south-southeast and at Pakur, it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first distributary, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, which goes on to become the Hooghly River. Just before the border with Bangladesh the Farakka BarrageTRANSCRIPT
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Shraddha Samant , Management Trainee at Allied Media, A Percept Media Company.
16/11/2014 Case study on: Ganga water pollution
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1. Submitted by: Shradddha Samant MMS Marketing Div.C Roll no. 133 A Case Study On: TheGanga river water pollution. The pollution of environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. Inthe following case study we would study how the sacred river of Ganga has been polluted along theyears and what is its present situation.
2. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Table of ContentsIntroduction……………………………………………………………………….. 2 TheGanges………………………………………………………………………. 3 Exploitation of theriver………………………………………………………….. 6 Previouswork……………………………………………………………………. 7 PresentSituation………………………………………………………………… 8 Cleaningefforts………………………………………………………………… 11 Conclusions and Lessonslearnt……………………………………………….. 13Recommendations………………………………………………………………. 13References……………………………………………………………………….. 14 1 Name: ShraddhaSamant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
3. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Introduction Most ancient civilizationsgrew along the banks of rivers. Even today, millions of people all over the world live on the banks ofrivers and depend on them for their survival. All of us have seen a river - large or small, eitherflowing through our town, or somewhere else. Rivers are nothing more than surface water flowingdown from a higher altitude to a lower altitude due to the pull of gravity. One river might have itssource in a glacier, another in a spring or a lake. Rivers carry dissolved minerals, organic compounds,small grains of sand, gravel, and other material as they flow downstream. Rivers begin as smallstreams, which grow wider as smaller streams and rivers join them along their course across the land.Eventually they flow into seas or oceans. Unfortunately most of the world's major rivers are heavilypolluted. The pollution of environment is the ‘gift’ of the industrial revolution. Prior to this theagrarian cultures created significant environmental deterioration in the form of soil erosion- throughdeforestation and overgrazing. The environmental degradation is a by product of modern civilization.There has been a steady deterioration in the quality of water of Indian rivers over several decades.India’s fourteen major, 55 minor and several hundred small rivers receive millions of litres of sewage,industrial and agricultural wastes. Most of these rivers have been rendered to the level of sewageflowing drains. There are serious water quality problems in the cities, towns and villages using thesewaters. Water borne diseases are rampant, fisheries are on decline, and even cattle are not spared fromthe onslaught of pollution. According to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) five rivers in Asiaserving over 870 million people are among the most threatened in the world, as dams, water extractionand climate change all take their toll. The Ganges, Indus, Yangtze, Salween-Nu and Mekong-Lancangrivers make up half of the WWF’s “top ten” most threatened river basins. India has a large number of
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rivers that are lifelines for the millions living along their banks. These rivers can be categorized intofour groups: 1. Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by melting snow andglaciers. This is why these are perennial, that is, they never dry up during the year. 2. The DeccanPlateau Rivers, which depend on rainfall for their water. 3. The coastal rivers, especially those on thewest coast, which are short and do not retain water throughout the year. 4. The rivers in the inlanddrainage basin of west Rajasthan, which depend on the rains. These rivers normally drain towards siltlakes or flow into the sand. 2 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
4. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 The Ganges The river Ganga occupies aunique position in the cultural ethos of India. Legend says that the river has descended from Heavenon earth as a result of the long and arduous prayers of King Bhagirathi for the salvation of hisdeceased ancestors. From times immemorial, the Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion andworship. Millions of Hindus accept its water as sacred. Even today, people carry treasured Gangawater all over India and abroad because it is "holy" water and known for its "curative" properties.However, the river is not just a legend, it is also a life-support system for the people of India. It isimportant because: • The densely populated Ganga basin is inhabited by 37 per cent of India'spopulation. • The entire Ganga basin system effectively drains eight states of India. • About 47 percent of the total irrigated area in India is located in the Ganga basin alone. • It has been a major sourceof navigation and communication since ancient times. • The Indo-Gangetic plain has witnessed theblossoming of India's great creative talent. The Ganga river The Ganga rises on the southern slopes ofthe Himalayan ranges (Figure 2) from the Gangotri glacier at 4,000 m above mean sea level. It flowsswiftly for 250 km in the mountains, descending steeply to an elevation of 288 m above mean sealevel. In the Himalayan region the Bhagirathi is joined by the tributaries Alaknanda and Mandakini toform the Ganga. After entering the plains at Hardiwar, it winds its way to the Bay of Bengal, covering2,500 km through the provinces of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal (Figure 1). In the plains it isjoined by Ramganga, Yamuna, Sai, Gomti, Ghaghara, Sone, Gandak, Kosi and Damodar along withmany other smaller rivers. The Ganga river carries the highest silt load of any river in the world andthe deposition of this material in the delta region results in the largest river delta in the world (400 kmfrom north to south and 320 km from east to west). The rich mangrove forests of the Gangetic deltacontain very rare and valuable species of plants and animals and are unparalleled among many forestecosystems. 3 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
5. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Figure 1: Location map of India showingthe Ganga River Figure 2: Map of India showing the route of the Ganga river 4 Name: ShraddhaSamant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
6. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 The Holy Ganga. River Ganga (Ganges)of India has been held in high esteem since time immemorial and Hindus from all over the worldcherish the idea of a holy dip in the river under the faith that by doing so they will get rid of their sinsof life. More than 400 million people live along the Ganges River. An estimated 2,000,000 personsritually bathe daily in the river. Historically also, Ganga is the most important river of the country andbeyond doubt is closely connected with the history of civilization as can be noticed from the locationof the ancient cities of Hardwar, Prayag, Kashi and Patliputra at its bank. To millions of people it issustainer of life through multitude of canal system and irrigation of the wasting load. Hundreds of thevillages and even the big cities depend for their drinking water on this river. It is believed, a factwhich has also been observed, that the water of Ganga never decays even for months and years whenwater of other rivers and agencies begins to develop bacteria and fungi within a couple of days. Thisselfpurification characteristic of Ganga is the key to the holiness and sanctity of its water. Thecombination of bacteriophages and large populations of people bathing in the river have apparentlyproduced a self-purification effect, in which water-borne bacteria such as dysentery and cholera arekilled off, preventing large-scale epidemics. The river also has an unusual ability to retain dissolvedoxygen. However, the purity of the water depends on the velocity and the dilution capacity of theriver. A large part of the flow of the Ganga is abstracted for irrigation just as it enters the plains atHardiwar. From there it flows as a trickle for a few hundred kilometres until Allahabad, from where itis recharged by its tributaries. The Ganga receives over 60 per cent of its discharge from itstributaries. The contribution of most of the tributaries to the pollution load is small, except from theGomti, Damador and Yamuna rivers, for which separate action programmes have already startedunder Phase II of "The National Rivers Conservation Plan". 5 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Rollno. 133.
7. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Exploitation of the river In the recentpast, due to rapid progress in communications and commerce, there has been a swift increase in theurban areas along the river Ganga, As a result the river is no longer only a source of water but is alsoa channel, receiving and transporting urban wastes away from the towns. Today, one third of thecountry's urban population lives in the towns of the Ganga basin. Out of the 2,300 towns in thecountry, 692 are located in this basin, and of these, 100 are located along the river bank itself. Thebelief the Ganga river is "holy" has not, however, prevented over-use, abuse and pollution of the
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river. All the towns along its length contribute to the pollution load. It has been assessed that morethan 80 per cent of the total pollution load (in terms of organic pollution expressed as biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD)) arises from domestic sources, i.e. from the settlements along the river course.Due to over-abstraction of water for irrigation in the upper regions of the river, the dry weather flowhas been reduced to a trickle. Rampant deforestation in the last few decades, resulting in topsoilerosion in the catchment area, has increased silt deposits which, in turn, raise the river bed and lead todevastating floods in the rainy season and stagnant flow in the dry season. Along the main river coursethere are 25 towns with a population of more than 100,000 and about another 23 towns withpopulations above 50,000. In addition there are 50 smaller towns with populations above 20,000.There are also about 100 identified major industries located directly on the river, of which 68 areconsidered as grossly polluting. Fifty-five of these industrial units have complied with the regulationsand installed effluent treatment plants (ETPs) and legal proceedings are in progress for the remainingunits. The natural assimilative capacity of the river is severely stressed. The principal sources ofpollution of the Ganga river can be characterised as follows: 6 Domestic and industrialwastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 × 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26 × 106 m3d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river. Solid garbage thrown directly into the river. Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of harmful pesticides andfertilisers. Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the river.Defecation on the banks by the low-income people. Mass bathing and ritualistic practices Name:Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
8. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Previous studies A number ofinvestigations have been carried out on the physiochemical and biological characters of the Ganga.Lakshminarayana (1965) published a series of papers reporting the results of studies carried out atVaranasi during the period between March, 1957 and March, 1958. it was observed by him that thevalues of the most of the parameters decreased during rainy season while no marked variation wasobserved during winters and summers. A year later Saxena et.al. (1966) made a systematic survey ofthe chemical quantity of Ganga at Kanpur. According to the study, the biological oxygen demand, i.e.B.O.D. varied from 5.3ppm (minimum) in winter to 16.0ppm (maximum) in summer. The chlorideranged between 9.2 and 12.7 ppm and the river was found to be alkaline in nature except in rainyseason. He concluded that the tanneries significantly increased the pollution load of river as theydischarge huge amounts of effluents containing organic wastes and heavy metals. It was furtherreported that forty five tanneries, ten textile mills and several other industrial units discharged 37.15million gallon per day of waste water generating BOD load of approximately 61630 Kg/day. At the1981 session of Indian Science Congress at Varanasi, scientists expressed concern at the growingpollution in the river Ganga in presence of the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi whoinaugurated the session. At her instance, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the then member, PlanningCommission asked the Central Board for Preventation and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi toconduct studies on the state of the river Ganga. In collaboration with the State Pollution ControlBoards of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal and the centre for study of Man and Environment Kolkata(Calcutta), studies were conducted on the ‘Sources’ of pollution including all human activities, landuse pattern and water quality of the river at selected sites during 1981-82 and report entitled “Basin,sub-basin inventory of water pollution in the Ganga basin part-II” was published in 1984. Accordingto this report sewage of 27 class I cities and towns and effluents from 137 major industries were themain source of pollution of the river. In addition cremation of ad human bodies and dumping ofcarcasses aggrevated the pollution of the river. It was Chandra (1981) who conducted studies on thepollution status of river Ganga at Allahabad, pointed out that industries manufacturing nitrogenousfertilizers have significant role in polluting the river water. 7 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Rollno. 133.
9. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 According to the report published in abook by Mr. U.K. Sinha (1986), the concentration of iron is higher in sediments collected from 10metres along the bank at Mandiri region. The concentration of all the toxic metals i.e copper, zinc,nickel and cobalt are higher in all the sediments collected from near the storm drain and diminishestowards mid-region of the river. The concentration of zinc is highest in the sediments collected fromnear the Mandiri storm drain, Antaghat storm drain and Krishnaghat storm drain. The concentration ofcopper is highest in the sediments collected from near the Krishnaghat storm drain suggesting thepresence copper due to utensil work being done in Thatheri Bazar and hospital wastes also, said report.The chemical pollution of the river Ganga in Patna city in Bihar state has been found somewhatalarming beside the storm drain, especially in the regions like Rajapur, Mandiri and Krishnaghat.Present Situation For some time now, this romantic view of the Ganges has collided with India's grimrealities. During the past three decades, the country's explosive growth (at nearly 1.2 billion people,India's population is second only to China's), industrialization and rapid urbanization have putunyielding pressure on the sacred stream. Ganga, the most sacred of rivers for Hindus, has becomepolluted for some years now. But a recent study by Uttarakhand Environment Conservation andPollution Control Board says that the level of pollution in the holy river has reached alarmingproportions. Things have come to such a pass that the Ganga water is at present not fit just for
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drinking and bathing but has become unusable even for agricultural purposes. As per the UECPCBstudy, while the level of coliform present in water should be below 50 for drinking purposes, less than500 for bathing and below 5000 for agricultural use— the present level of coliform in Ganga atHaridwar has reached 5500. Based on the level of coliform, dissolved oxygen and biochemicaloxygen, the study put the water in A, B, C and D categories. While A category is considered fit fordrinking, B for bathing, C for agriculture and D is for excessive pollution level. Since the Gangawaters at Haridwar have more than 5000 coliform and even the level of dissolved oxygen andbiochemical oxygen doesn't conform the prescribed standards, it has been put in the D category.According to the study, the main cause of high level of coliform in Ganga is due to disposal of humanfaeces, urine and sewage directly into the river from its starting point in Gaumukh till it reachesHaridwar via Rishikesh. 8 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
10. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Nearly 89 million litres of sewage isdaily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its route till Haridwar. Theamount of sewage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly15 lakh pilgrims visit the state between May and October each year. Apart from sewage disposal ofhalf-burnt human bodies at Haridwar and hazardous medical waste from the base hospital at Srinagardue to absence of an incinerator are also adding to pollution levels in the Ganga. The result has beenthe gradual killing of one of India's most treasured resources. One stretch of the Yamuna River, theGanges' main tributary, has been devoid of all aquatic creatures for at least a decade. In Varanasi,India's most sacred city, the coliform bacterial count is at least 3,000 times higher than the standardestablished as safe by the United Nations world Health Organization. Coliform are rod-shaped bacteriathat are normally found in the colons of humans and animals and become a serious contaminant whenfound in the food or water supply. A study by Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department pfZoology, Patna University, showed the presence of mercury in the Ganga river in Varanasi city.According to the study, annual mean concentration of mercury in the river water was 0.00023 ppm.The concentration ranged from NT (not traceable) to 0.00191 ppm. Study done by IndianToxicological Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow during 19861992 showed maximum annualconcentration of mercury in the Ganga river water at Rishikesh, Allahabad district and Dakshineswaras 0.081, 0.043 and 0.012 ppb respectively. Ganga river at Varanasi was found well within themaximum permissible standard of 0.001 ppm prescribed for drinking water by the World HealthOrganization. The mercury studied in the Ganga river could be traced in biotic as well as abioticcomponents of the river at the study site. The Hindu devotees take bath in the river where mercurywas detected in 28%, 44%,75%, 96%, 42% and 89% of the river water, sediment, benthic fauna, fish,soil and vegetation samples respectively. Though mercury contamination of the river water has notreached an alarming extent, its presence in the river system is worrisome. In the study annual meanconcentration of the metal in the sediments was 0.067 ppm. Sediments constitute a major pool ofmercury in fresh water. 9 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
11. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 As Ganga enters the Varanasi city,Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times morethan is considered safe for bathing. Four miles downstream, with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over the safety limit. In places, the Gangesbecomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by. Thetannery industry mushrooming in North India has converted the Ganga River into a dumping ground.The tanning industry discharges different types of waste into the environment, primarily in the formof liquid effluents containing organic matters, chromium, sulphide ammonium and other salts. As peran estimate, about 80-90% of the tanneries use chromium as a tanning agent. Of this, the hides take uponly 5070%, while the rest is discharged as effluent. Pollution becomes acute when tanneries areconcentrated in clusters in small area like Kanpur. Consequently, the Leather-tanning sector isincluded in the Red category of industries due to the potential adverse environmental impact caused bytannery wastes. Highly polluted sediments are adversely affecting the ecological functioning of riversdue to heavy metal mobilization from urban areas into biosphere. Distribution of heavy metals insediments of the river Ganga and its tributaries have been carried out by several workers. Monitoringof Ganga River from Rishikesh to Varanasi indicated that Kannauj to Kanpur and Varanasi are themost polluted stretches of the river Ganga . Analysis of upstream and down stream water and sedimentrevealed a 10-fold increase in chromium level. 10 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Roll no. 133.
12. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Cleaning efforts Ganga Action Plan(GAP) The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched in April 1986 in order to reduce thepollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became moreafter spending Rs 901.71 Crore Therefore, this plan was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. The steeringCommittee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP andnecessary correction on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase; 2schemes have been completed under this plan. A million litres of sewage is targeted to be intercepted,diverted and treated. Phase-II of the program was approved in stages from 1993 onwards, andincluded the following tributaries of the Ganges: Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. As of
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2011, it is currently under implementation. Scientists and religious leaders have speculated on thecauses of the river's apparent self-purification effect, in which water-borne bacteria such as dysenteryand cholera are killed off thus preventing large-scale epidemics. Some studies have reported that theriver retains more oxygen than is typical for comparable rivers; this could be a factor leading to fewerdisease agents being present in the water. National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) NRGBAwas established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of theEnvironment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the "National River" of India. The chairincludes the Prime Minister of India and Chief ministers of states through which the Ganges flows.Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of manyof the industrial plants like tulsi along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the stretch ofriver between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an “eco-sensitive zone”. 11 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C,Roll no. 133.
13. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 Conclusions and Lessons learnt Poorresource recovery due to poor resource generation because of the lower organic content of Indiansewage. This may be due to less nutritious dietary habits, higher water consumption, fewer sewerconnections, higher grit loads, insufficient flows and stagnation leading to bio-degradation of thevolatile fractions in the pipes themselves. The assumed BOD design load of the plants were, in somecases, considered much higher than the actual BOD loading. This was due to a lack of practicalexperience within India and the fact that western experiences were not entirely appropriate. The riverpollution plan being "action" orientated, avoids involvement in long-term town planning, whichcontinues to remain deficient with respect to environmental sanitation. This is due to a lack ofoverview by any stakeholding agency and to the blinkered foresight by the already beleaguered cityauthorities who remain perpetually short of funds for their daily crisis-management. The mostimportant lesson learned was the need for control of pathogenic contamination in treated effluent. Thiscould not be tackled before because of a lack of safe and suitable technology but is now beingattempted through research and by developing a suitable indigenous technology, which should notimpart traces of any harmful residues in the treated effluent detrimental to the aquatic life. This is anaspect difficult to control in surface waters in tropical areas, but it is very important for the Gangabecause the river water is used directly by millions of devout individuals for drinking and bathing.Recommendations The Action Plans start as "cleanliness drives" and continue in the same noble spiritwith the same zeal and enthusiasm on other major rivers and freshwater bodies. Its effectiveness couldhowever be enhanced if these efforts could be integrated and well accepted within the long-termobjectives and master plans of the cities, which are constantly under preparation without adequateattention to the disposal of wastes. More information on polluted groundwater resources in therespective river basins will prove useful, because the existing levels of depletion and contamination ofgroundwater resources, which are already overexploited and fairly contaminated, will increase thedependency in the future on the rivers, as the only economical source of drinking water. This aspecthas not been seriously considered in any long-term planning. 12 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C, Rollno. 133.
14. A Case Study On: The Ganga river water pollution. 2014 References: http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/other/ganges.html http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage. http://www.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/physics/1637757-holistic-studymercurypollution-ganga/ http://www.wordfocus.com/word-ganges.html http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary 13 Name: Shraddha Samant, Div.C,Roll no. 133.
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