case study of malaysia and singapore on transport planning
TRANSCRIPT
Comparative Essay on Transport Planning Policy and Practise Within One 'Developed' and One
'Emergent' Economy
Prepared for : Tim Jones, P37906 International Transport - Policy and Practise
Abstract
This paper explaining about planning policy and practice and also their effectiveness of the planning
strategy implemented within these two countries in South-East Asia, which are once were one
nation named Malaya but now both of countries are having an enormous different in economy level,
social structure and everyday lifestyle; Singapore and Malaysia. This paper aims to present in a
coherent way, the prominent characteristics of the transportation industry as it currently operates in
both of the stated countries. It identifies the major trends, the past and existing planning and
sustainable approaches in transport policies that would help to enhance the level of the services of
this industry. This paper will conclude either the transport planning on both countries are tend to
behave similarly or completely differ in relation to their respective transport policies.
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Case Study of Singapore and Malaysia by Sarah Izzati Abdul Monir
Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment Oxford Brookes University
__________________________________________________________________________________
1.0 Introduction : Economy, Social and Culture
1.1 Introduction to Singapore
Singapore is a small island city-state and heavily urbanised. The island is located at the southern tip
of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore has a total land area of
778 square kilometres and 193 km of coastline supporting population of 5.8 million. It is separated
from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor. It is knows as one
of the highly developed state capitalist mixed economy which owns stakes in firms that comprise
perhaps 60% of the national Gross Domestic Product.(Department of Statistic Singapore, 2010)
Because of the flat nature of the island, transport within Singapore is mainly land-based and are
accessible by roads, including islands such as Sentosa and Jurong Island. Other major form of
transportation within Singapore is Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT), and also
connected to the other islands by ferryboat services. There are two bridges which become an
important connection between Singapore and Malaysia - The Causeway and The Second Link which
carries 60,000 vehicles on a typical day, with particularly bad traffic congestion on the eve of public
holidays.
Travel demand has rapidly grown due to some factors - high national revenue, expeditive household
formation, wide population distribution, changing demographic patterns and plethora of economic
and social activities. The number of motorized daily trips has increased almost threefold over the
past 21 years and 23% of the trips are made during the peak hours. Public transport also contribute
a high number of usage percentage, with 5 million daily trips within 3 million on buses, 1 million on
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and 1 million on taxis.
1.2 Introduction to Malaysia
While Malaysia on the other hand, are having two distinct parts which consists of Peninsular
Malaysia and the island of Borneo. It is 300 times bigger than Singapore with total land area is 329,
847 square kilometres and is the only country to contain land on both mainland Asia and the Malay
archipelago. Malaysia is recognized as one of the fastest developing country in the world, and
recorded as one of Asia's best. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an average of 6.5% per
year from 1957 to 2005. (Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2005) Due to its booming economy, it
increased the citizen's disposable incomes and leisure time. Having the same trend as Singapore,
accessibility and mobility afforded by transportation are driven mainly by the growth private car
ownership. And driven by the cause, the share for public transportation has fallen dramatically.
In 2005, Malaysia has approximately 15 million vehicles - including motor cars, motorcycles, taxis,
buses and freight vehicles, plied Malaysian roads. Ninety percent of motor vehicles in Malaysia are
privately owned (Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2006). From 2000 to 2005, the number of
motorcycles and private passenger cars increased at an average rate of 4.5 percent and 10 percent,
respectively. According to Abidin et al. (2004), conservative projections place vehicle growth rates
over the next 13 years at 8 percent, with total vehicle numbers breaching 48 million by 2020. Figure
1 illustrates the actual and projected upward surge in motor vehicle numbers.
Figure 1 : Actual and Projected Number of Vehicles Malaysia (2000 - 2020)
Note: a = actual, e = estimated Source : Abidin et al, 2004 and Department of Statistic Malaysia (2006)
There are many factors contribute to the growth in vehicles privatization in Malaysia, including
increased population size and disposable incomes, fuel subsidies and decentralization of cities.
Malaysia's national car projects is one of the reason of motor vehicles growth by limiting the
options available to the government.
2.0 History of Transport Planning and The Significant Shift
2.1 Transport Policies in Singapore
Taking from 1960, the private vehicle population in Singapore is roughly 70,000 and risen up to
142,500 in the 1970 due to the rising household incomes, a suburban housing programme that are
away from the Central Business District (CBD), and unreliable public transport. And the number keep
rising with vehicle to population ratio as stated in Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Vehicle to population ratio
YEAR RATIO
VEHICLE POPULATION
1980 1 15
1996 1 10
2010 1 7
On 1996, Land Transport Authority (LTA) has set a mission to provide Singapore with a world class
transport system and a White Paper has been set out to prove the authority intention towards the
idea of achieving a high standard of transport that enhances the quality of life, good for economic
growth and helps Singapore to maintain the competitive edge.
The set policies based on a 1996 White Paper that recognised the following:
• Transport is not an end in itself but supports many aspects of economic and social life • The need to provide a wide spectrum of choice • That effective integration between modes is essential • Public transport includes all intermediate and end point facilities to enable door-to-door service. • The cost of consumption must cover the cost of supply Further to assist in delivery of the public transport vision it has managed private transport as follows:
• A vehicle quota system was introduced in 1990 to limit car ownership • Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) was introduced in 1995 to manage road congestion • A Certificate of Entitlement (COE) has been used to influence the demand (cost) for new cars (Source from White Paper : A World Class Land Transport System by Land Transport Authority, 1996) As the outcome of above action, private car ownership has reduced to about one car per ten
residents and public transport accounts for 55% of daily journeys in 2005.
2.2 Transport Policies in Malaysia
Decentralization of cities and Malaysia's National Car Project obliquely promoting the privatization
of motor cars. Addition to the poor public transport system, which decreasing public transport usage
given the government's private-transport-driven policies. Realizing and revolting to current issues of
car personalization, Malaysia has recognized the need for travel demand management in the Eight
Malaysia Plan (2000), as seen in the statement, "the increasing number of motor vehicles in all major
urban centres will require the implementation of public transport priority measures, car parking
control, local area traffic improvement schemes, restriction on heavy vehicles, greater
pedestrianization and the applicattion of ITS".
In Kuala Lumpur, travel demand management has been considered and included in the Transport
Master Plan for Putrajaya (Road Engineering Association of Malaysia, 1999). A car pooling program
was attempted by Kuala Lumpur City Hall in the 1990s but was considered as unsuccessful (Rahman,
1997).
During the Seventh Malaysia Plan, there are efforts to encourage public transportation and address
urban congestion using traffic demand management. But due to lack of enforcement and society
mentality, it appears that these measure are having a mild effects but there is a lot of room for
improvement. A study in 1999 recommended several policies and strategies to lessen congestion
and enhance air quality in metropolitan area. Some strategies implemented include on-street
parking restrictions, differential parking charges, one-way streets, pedestrianization, road system
improvements, priority bus lanes, contra-flow and restrictions on heavy vehicles entering the city
during peak hours (Eight Malaysia Plan, 2001).
3.0 Sustainability and Practicality : Concept and Practise
3.1 Singapore's World Class Transport
Towards achieving a world class transport system, a 1996 White Paper has put several aims which
will later benefits their citizens and also foreign investors. A world class transport system must
provide commuters with highly efficient, comfortable and convenient rides in free-flowing traffic.
(Land Transport Authority, 1996)
While most big cities in Asia are plagued with severe traffic congestion and associated safety and air
pollution problems, Singapore has basically solved their problem. Their answer is a balanced
programme that involves a mixture of elements including:
Integrating transport and land use planning
Expanding road network and maximising its capacity
Managing demand of road usage through ownership and usage measures
Providing quality public transport measures
(Sayeg, 2001)
Table 1 will summarize the components of sustainable transport planning system of Singapore.
Key Areas Modus / Proposals Present/Future Outcomes
Roads
Comprehensive road network Spread out and speed up traffic flows
Converted selected junctions into 2-4 tiers interchange
Speed up traffic flows while minimising the land use
Studying the feasibility of building Singapore Underground Road System (SURS)
City bound traffic can travel uninterrupted and by pass some busy streets and intersections
Harnessing technology to maximise network capacity
Provide navigational and traffic information
Advise motorists on optimal travelling speed
Public transport network
BUSSES
Buses priority on the road
Refurbished more than 100 bus stops as to improve for better services
Provide bus arrival information
Smooth and faster bus rides
Provide better services and comfort to commuters
Reduce the burden and anxiety of waiting of buses
TRAINS
Mass Rapid Transit and Light Rapid Transit
Joint venture in building high speed passenger rail services that connected Singapore-Malaysia
To serve heavy and light corridor of traffic
Provide capacity of higher frequencies, greater reliability and sense of permanence
Give travellers from both countries an economic and fast alternative to travel by road and air and increase economic growth of both countries
TAXIS
Performance evaluation scheme
Publication of performance indicators together with incentives for the best performing fleet operator
Differential pricing
Flexibility to taxi operators to offer a variety of differentiated services
Motivate taxi fleet operators to provide better taxi services to commuters, encourage better management of their fleets and hires and to improve their productivity and efficiency
Address the problem of supply-demand imbalance during peak periods
Give commuters more choice according to their need and economy
Integrated land use and
transport planning
Decentralizing commercial and other economic activities through the development of regional, sub-regional, fringe centres at MRT stations
Locating employment centres near residential areas
Better utilizations of MRT networks in both directions during peak hours
Reduce the need for people to travel
Demand management
Ownership Measure
Certificate of Entitlement (COEs) - requires resident of Singapore to bid for the right to buy motor vehicle, with the number of certificates deliberately restricted
To moderate the demand for cars and on usage measures to restrain utilization
Control congestion in Central Business District
Road Pricing
Area Licensing Scheme (ALS) and Road Pricing Scheme (RPS) - charge drivers entering downtown Singapore and first traffic congestion pricing to be successfully implemented in the world
Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) - Electronic toll collection to manage traffic by road pricing and as a usage-based taxation mechanism
Charge for road usage more efficient and equitable way
Table 1: Singapore's Sustainable Transport Planning (Source from White Paper: A World Class Land Transport System, Land Transport Authority Republic
of Singapore, 1996)
3.2 Malaysia: A New Realism Towards Sustainable Transport
Given the trends over past decades as Malaysian continued to sink ever deeper into automobile
dependency, the negative effects of high vehicle usage outweighed the benefits of accessibility and
mobility. (Kasipillai, 2008). The government has then being call forth to explore alternative measures
practised elsewhere for domestic adoption and an urgency for bold policy. National Transport Policy
and Strategy Study in 2003, provided an inventory and status o transport-related plans, studies as
well as projects undertaken by the Governments. The Study highlighted that current policy
statements were mostly mode-specific and related only to the development of individual transport
modes. (Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006-2010)
Taken from the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), one of the highlighted prospects is encouraging
the use of public transport as the preferred mode of travel, particularly in urban areas, by promoting
seamless integration of various transport modes. Even though Malaysia is still behind compared to
its neighbourhood regions in developing efficient public transportation but the Government has
worked hard to promote and as well, improve the public services and strengthening law
enforcement.
Due to the increased automobile dependency and the government's inability to control it with
current laws, Malaysia has begun to explore a new five-pronged transportation policy. This would
allow the Malaysian government to use road taxes as funding for other problems, while the
elimination of fuel subsidiaries would decrease government spending. The fuel, car, congestion and
road taxes have been proposed in the hopes of lessening the use of motor vehicles, and therefore
solving the congestion and pollution problems (Sayford, 2011).
Table 2 explained the Five-Pronged Transportation Approach as recommended towards targeting
sustainable transportation system in Malaysia:
Approach Modus
Alterations of charges on road taxes and car insurance
Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) - altering the charging of both tax and car insurance from a fixed yearly cost to a per-journey payment
Elimination of fuel subsidies Lowering the subsidies at the pumps, initial savings can be channelled towards public transportation agenda
Gradually eliminated fuel subsidies, including regulatory and compliance costs
Imposition of fuel taxes and amendments in the bases for car taxation
Fuel taxes differentiated based on the amount of carbon, to encourage use of "cleaner" fuels
Revenue neutral system, in which low-emission cars are taxed at low rates while high emission cars are imposed high tax rates
Congestion charging, particularly in Kuala Lumpur
Road pricing where variables fees are charged when entering major cities
National road pricing Road pricing differentiated on fuel efficiency
(Source from Kasipillai, 2008)
4.0 A Place for Improvements:
Historically, Singapore and Malaysia were once reside together under one nation until Singapore's
eventual exits in 1965. Being so similar in context of cultural, languages, and even cuisines - yet
having so much difference in the implementation of transport sustainability. The Government of
Singapore has set up a Land Transport Authority since 1995 to spearhead improvements in their own
land transportation. Indeed in many areas they are at the forefront, being acknowledged by the
world for their achievements, as for example, traffic management in the city using world's first ever
Area Licensing scheme (ALS), in having a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system which has won
international acclaim and in operating one of the few commercially practicable bus services in the
world.
Even though Malaysia is well-known as one of the fastest developing country, but the nation has yet
to develop an efficient and sustainable transport planning system. Malaysia does have a National
Automotive Policy, which promote growth in automotives sector but does not have a division
dedicated solely to transportation management planning. One of the key reason Malaysia
population becoming dependent to motor cars is because of Malaysia's National Car Project -with
attractive pricing and protectionist policies, it becomes affordable to public. Malaysia's central public
transport is underfunded, over manned and does not cover the needed areas to provide adequate
transportation to the public (Slayford, 2011). Malaysia has tried to implement an Area Licensing
Scheme (ALS) in 1976 in Kuala Lumpur, similar to the scheme established in Singapore but after
installing 13 steels gantries at various strategic points within the city limits, a Malaysian Cabinet
decision in 1979 halted its full implementation. Three grounds for the rejection was given -
inadequate public transportation system, inadequate park-and-ride facilities and the non-existence
of an alternative route rimming the ALS boundary to allow traffic to flow without crossing the
Central Business District (Mohamad and Kinggindu, 2007).
5.0 Conclusion
Implementation of sustainable transportation system cannot be done in a short period of time.
Public acceptability needs to be earned in order to gain acceptance towards the proposed policy
package and proven to be fair to both individual travellers and society. Policies has to be tested in a
small scale before being launched as national regulations. As we can see from the discussion above,
Singapore had their basic policies tested and focus more on society needs rather than national
policy. Economy also do put some effects in the development of sustainable transport system, as we
know that MRT and LRT are two of the highest investment and only justifiable on heavy traffic
condition. Malaysia have the same aims as Singapore in improving their public transportation system
but due to lack of funds, the strategy remain quiet. Although Singapore and Malaysia does not
seems to have a lot in common, in actuality, they both should learn from each other mistakes and
try to improve their strategy by using expertise and technology transfer. The payoffs are going to be
spectacular, and making both of the nations recognized in the world's eyes.
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