case study: nepal earthquake...case study: nepal earthquake 1 hurricane katrina 5m storm surge...
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Case Study: Nepal Earthquake
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Hurricane Katrina
70-80% of New
Orleans evacuated
$50 billion in aid
given by US
Government .
1million people
homeless
159mph winds as a
category 5 storm
5m storm surge
overtopped levees
Aircraft delivery 25
tonnes of relief
supplies
90% of buildings
destroyed
Drinking water was
contaminated by
sewage for 5 months.
1800 killed The superdome was
used as an
emergency shelter.
Oil facilities were
damaged and
petrol prices rose
3 million left without
electricity
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UK Extreme Weather Event: UK 2003 Heatwave
Cause
Response
Effects
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Case Study – Cockermouth Flooding
Date:____________________________ Location: _________________________________
Causes: _________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Categorise the effects, social, economic or environmental.
Over 1300 homes
were flooded and
contaminated with
sewage
Stagnant water
needed treating
before it could be
pumped into rivers.
Huge amount of
debris needed to be
cleared.
1 death
Many people lost
power for almost a
month.
Local roads cut off by
flood water.
Over 14000ha of
agricultural land
under water for 4
weeks.
Damage of the flood
estimated to be over
£100 million.
16 farms evacuated. 50 people
evacuated via
helicopter.
The cost of putting
right the damage
was an average
of £28,000 per house
Over 1000 livestock
evacuated
Exam Question: Using an example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK, to what extent
were the economic effects more significant than the social effects. (9 marks)
Are these statements about Nepal or New
Zealand? What were the differences between the
two earthquakes?
181 people killed and 2000 injured.
9000 people died and 20000 people injured.
7000 schools destroyed, 50% of shops
destroyed.
Chemical Toilets were provided for 30,000
people
3 million people were made homeless
80% of roads repaired in 6 months.
Cost of damage estimated to be $11 billion.
Cost of damaged estimated at over $5 billion.
KEY
ITALY
NEPAL
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Thar Desert
Animals need to be able
to tolerate a range of
temperatures
Tourism includes desert
tourism and an annual
desert festival
Over extraction of water
from underground
aquifers
Mineral Extraction
(gypsum for road
building)
The Jaisalmer Wind Park
provides renewable wind
energy
The geology makes the
cliffs very unstable and
they slope toward the sea
Temperature can reach
50 degrees
Lack of roads mean
limited access
Farming using water from
the Ghandi canal
Plants have thin leaves to
reduce water loss
The river Luni only flows in
winter
Lack of rain means limit
on plant growth
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Annotate the Shell logo with the ways in
which the company helps develop Nigeria
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Example of Coastal Management Scheme: Lyme Regis
Location : __________________________________________________________________________________
Identify REASONS / MANAGEMENT / POSITIVES / NEGATIVES
People in Lyme Regis can
now get building insurance
170 buildings are at risk from
landslide
Coast is hit by a large
4000km fetch
1000 Steel pins were drilled
into the cliffs to stabilise
The beach will need to be
replenished every 3 years
The geology makes the
cliffs very unstable and they
slope toward the sea
The scheme cost £30 Million The sea wall will last only 30
years before it needs to be
replaced
75,000 tons of sand added
to the beach (beach
nourishment) to absorb
wave energy
Flooding on the sea front
has been prevented
500 metre sea wall was
added with a rock armour
in front
New sea wall acted as a
walk way increasing tourism
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Case Study – Birmingham’s Importance
Location: _________________________________
Categorise into National or International importance.
Direct rail links to
many UK cities. Used
by over 34 million
people per year
Over 300 companies
from outside of the
UK are based in
Birmingham.
Birmingham has over
9 million users in 2014.
Rated in the top 15
best cities in Europe in
2009
New Street Station is
the busiest station
outside of London
Birmingham airport
connects the city to
Africa, South America
as well as US and
China.
Excellent job
opportunities
including 200 UK law
firms
Damage of the flood
estimated to be over
£100 million.
£13 billion invested in
infrastructure over the
next decade to
make it a city of
global importance
Birmingham is one of
the greenest UK cities
with over 8,000 acres
of parks
Birmingham’s
hippodrome is the
busiest theatre in the
UK with over 500K
visitors per year
Major companies
such as Cadbury and
Jaguar are located in
Birmingham
11
Compare the
relationship between
distance from source
and depth of river for
the two rivers.
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Each picture shows a different solution to manage traffic in an urban area. Annotate
each image to describe what each method is and explain how it can reduce traffic congestion. Task: Each picture shows a different solution to manage traffic in an urban area. Annotate each image to describe what each method is and explain how it can reduce traffic congestion.
Secure knowledge – to describe methods to reduce traffic congestion in major cities.
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TRANSATIONAL COMPANIES What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs?
TNCs can help countries
develop by investing
moneyENCOURAGING
DEVELOPMENT. Shell have
spent $12 billion in LICs for
example
TNCs often have charities to
help people in the country
they work in. Shall have the
Shell foundation to help
sustainability and biodiversity
and help local communities.
TNCs pay tax which can be
used by the governments of
countries to help their people.
Shell paid £20billion in
corporation tax in 2013 for
example.
TNCs have been accused of
human rights abuses in the
past. Shell have been
accused of crimes against
the Ogoni people in the
Niger Delta for example
The Jobs in the LEDC’s are
not secure. They could lose
their jobs without warning if
company decide to set up
somewhere cheaper.
TNCs activities have polluted
the environment in the past.
Shell has had many incidents
involving oil spills for example
Employees in LIC’s are working
for long hours (e.g. 12+ hours) in
poor conditions. (These are
known as “Sweat Shops”)
Oil refineries like those in
Nigeria use lots of local
companies to help them
run. This creates a multiplier
effect
Some TNCs have been
known to use child labour in
their factories
TNCs allow the import of new
technologies into a country,
improving it.
TNCs create jobs for people Many TNCs do try to clean
up after they accidently
damage the environment.
Employees in LEDC’s might be
paid much less than
Employees in MEDC’s for
doing higher intensity jobs
The profits from the production
go straight to the headquarters
in the HIC. They aren’t
reinvested in the LIC.
TNCs can try to develop
new sustainable products –
Shell has been investing in
renewable energy for
example
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Traffic management strategy
Freiburg has an integrated traffic plan which is updated every 10 years. The main area is the
tram network which provides efficient, cheap and accessible public transport. Compared to
other German cities, Freiburg has a low car density with less than 500 cars per 1000
inhabitants. In the space of 1 year, tram journeys have increased by 25000 whilst car journeys
reduced by nearly 30000.
400km of cycle paths with 9000 parking spaces for bikes
Restrictions on car parking with one district charging £20,000 per space
The tram network covers 30km and is connected by 170km of city bus routes
70% of the population live within 500m of a tram stop with a tram every 8 mins
Any ticket for a concert, sports or other event is valid for use on public transport
RANK THE STRATEGIES
In your opinion, explain which is the most important strategy for improving transport?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Effects of Deforestation Look at the information blocks below. Shade the key with four different
colours and then sort the information below into the correct four categories:
Why is deforestation happening?
Resources of the Amazon Rainforest
Local effects Global effects
One third of the world’s trees still grow in the Amazon Rainforest.
Minerals provide the region with a vast natural resource. They include diamonds and gold.
Resource: land covered in rainforest is cleared for settlement.
Deforestation has a direct effect on global climates, contributing to the Greenhouse effect.
Deforestation has an impact on the worlds oxygen supply, as one third is stored in the Rainforests.
Large multi-national companies use the land to run cattle farms, to sell beef to developed countries.
Timber, mainly hardwoods, is taken for markets in developed countries. This is a valuable source of income for Brazil.
A typical patch of Rainforest, holds 1500 species of plant, 750 species of trees, 700 species of animals
One quarter of the world’s fresh water is stored in the Amazon Basin and this store will be reduced if the Rainforest is cut down.
Some of the cattle ranchers and settlements have been abandoned, due to poor soil quality on the previous Rainforest area
Reduction in the number of tribes’ people, a decrease by 96%. Land taken from them.
Soil becomes infertile (not as nutrient rich) as the canopy layer is removed and the rainfall can remove more of the soil.
As large areas of the Rainforest are cut down there is a loss in biodiversity.
There are 25 million landless people in Brazil – new land is needed for settlements
Hydro-electric power is an important renewable resource.
To develop all of Brazil, the government has developed a series of roads into the Amazon Rainforest.
There is a growing need for land to be used for farming – cattle and agriculture.
The Rainforest is used as a world tourist site and is protected as a world heritage site.
of Birmingham
Annotate the image to suggest ways that
international migration has affected the character of Birmingham.
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Read through the statements below about Human uses of the Amazon Rainforest. Complete the key to
show which you think are positive impacts and which are negative:
Profits Selling resources can be used to
improve a country's infrastructure
Infrastructure Hospitals and education can be
improved from the money gained from selling natural resources
Roads These divide up parts of the forest
and can cut off connections between different systems.
Large-Scale Farming Brings money into the country and
provides food and jobs for the country’s growing population
Transportation Better transportation means easier
access to raw materials like minerals and timber. Forest
resources can be transported away and sold
Land Clearance Farming, transportation and mining can lead to deforestation. Hardwood tree
take many years to grow so can be difficult to replace
Fertile Soils That make farming possible are quickly washed away when the
forest is cleared. If soil ends up in rivers it can lead to flooding
Profits From large-scale farming and
selling resources often go back to rich country’s or large companies and don’t benefit the rainforest
Raw Materials
Tropical hardwoods such as ebony and mahogany, can be sold for a
good price abroad
Loss Of Animals Habitat This occurs when trees are cut down.
Deforestation can result in endangering animals and plant life, or even lead to
them becoming extinct
Mineral Deposits The Amazon includes bauxite, iron
ore, manages, gold, silver and diamonds
Amazonian Indians Five years ago there were an
estimated ten million tribesmen living in the rainforest, today there
is estimated only 200,000
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The strength of the earthquake
doesn’t always mean it is going to
cause the most damage: What do
you think is the most important.
Rank the statements opposite in
order.
Most
Least
1. The size of the earthquake on the Richter scale - the higher it
is on the scale, the more destruction it can cause.
2. Level of development - whether it occurs in a rich or a poor
country. Richer countries will be more likely to be able to
predict, protect and prepare themselves from the effects of
an earthquake.
3. The depth of the focus - if it's shallow, it can be more
destructive.
4. Distance from epicentre - the effects of an earthquake are
more severe at its centre.
5. Population density - the more people living in an area, the
more likely that more deaths and casualties may arise.
6. The time of day - whether people are in their homes, work or
travelling.
Case Study – New Zealand Earthquake
Location: __________________________________________________________________________________
Date: ________________ Number of deaths: ________________ Richter scale: ________________
Primary effects Secondary effects Immediate responses Long term responses
Colour code the physical and human causes of climate
change.
Orbital changes (the way the earth moves around the
sun).
Solar output (the amount of energy from the sun).
Burning fossil fuels – releasing CO2 into the atmosphere.
Volcanic eruptions can cause short-term changes to
climate.
Deforestation – cutting down trees.
How are buildings modified to
protect against earthquakes?
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