case studies co2 - ammonia21 asercom suess.pdfcase studies co2 dr.-ing. jürgen süss ... •...

REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION

Refrigeration – Air Conditioning – Heat Pumps:

Energy Efficiency – Environment Protection

Case Studies CO2

Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Süss

[email protected]

VP Technology

ASERCOM + EPEE Symposium

Messezentrum Nürnberg

14.10.2008


The GlobalWarming focus …


GHG emissions ofHVAC&R systems

Energy use for system operation“Indirect Emissions”

Refrigerant leakage/release“Direct Emissions”

• Mobile Air Conditioning (HFC)

• Commercial Refrigeration(Supermarket DX HFC)

• Unitary Air Condition/Heat Pump (HFC)

• Commercial Air Condition (HFC)

• Light Commercial Appliance SME (HFC)

• Water Chiller (HFC)

• Domestic Refrigerator (HFC)• Domestic Refrigerator (HC)

MAC DIRECTIVE2006/40/EC

LeakageEnergy use


Different ways to cool

• Reverse Rankine• Stirling• Magneto caloric refrigeration• Vortex tube• Joule process• Peltier• Steam ejector• Absorption• Adsorption• ……….

The traditional compressionprocess offers the best valueproposition for HVAC&R industry

But which refrigerants andtechnologies should be use forgreatest sustainability???

Single fluids Blends Single fluids Blends

HFCClorine free

“Low GWP”R134a drop in

Naturalhalogen free

Medium and LongTerm Refrigerants

e.g.R134aR125R32

R143aR152a

e.g.R404AR507A

R407-seriesR410A

e.g.Blend H

Fluid DP-1Auto AC-1

R1234yf

e.g.R717R290

R1270R600aR170R744

e.g.R600a/R290R290/R170

R723


R744 - CO2��

��

Safety - (OK)• High concentrations ?

• High pressure ?• Non flammable or toxic

Environment - OK• Refrigerant phase outs

• Companies policy

• Natural substance


CO2 in the past

1850 Proposal to use CO2 as a refrigerant (Twinning)

First marine applications in the USA (Lowe)

Commercial A/C and food production (Kroeschell)

Major technology in commercial A/C

1868

1890

1915


Efficiency of ideal reversed Rankine System

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

10 20 30 40 5

Car

no

tef

ficie

ncy

[-]

10 20 30 40 5

te = -35 °C te = -10 °C te = 5 °C

10 20 30 40 50

R717

R22

R134a

R600a

R290

R410A

R507

R404A

R407C

R744

R1270

10 20 30 40 50/10 20 30 40 50/10 20 30 40 50

tc [°C]


p,h-Diagram of CO2

Low temperatureapplications up to 35 bars:

Standard componentsand control strategieslike for HFCs (R410A)

Transcritical applicationsup to 130 bars:

New componentsand control strategies


1) “By the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, we willno longer purchase new cold drink equipmentusing hydrofluorocarbons… wherever cost-efficient alternatives are commercially available.”

2) “We will require suppliers to significantlyimprove the energy efficiency of the cold-drinkequipment they sell to our system, making it40-50 percent more energy-efficient by the endof this decade.”

Environmental policyfor cold drink equipment,

June 27, 2000

��?

The Bottle Cooling case (SME)

… higher efficiency

at lower cost …


Status Bottle Cooling (SME)• Depending on the component selection,

the system layout and the actual coolingrequirement CO2 systems can be better,equal or worse than HFCs ones.

• But with increasing ambient temperature theCOP of CO2 systems generally drop faster…


The Supermarket Refrigeration case (Cascade)

-5°C

S S UR E

NS M IT T E R

AKS 32 R

0 G2 1 0 3P e : -1 - 3 4 b ar

- 14 . 5 - 4 9 3 p s ig

/ MW P 5 8 0 p s ig

1 0 - 3 0 V d . c .0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p ly

+ S UP P L Y V OL T AG E- COM MO N

-20°C

S SURENSMIT TE R

AKS 32R0G2103

P e: - 1- 34 b ar-14 .5 - 493 i

/MWP 5 80 psig

10 -30 V d .c.0- 90% afs upply

+ S UP PLY V OLT AGE-COMMON

AKS32R

KP6

S S URENS M IT T E R

AK S 3 2 R

0 G2 1 0 3

P e : - 1 - 3 4 b ar

-1 4 . 5 - 4 9 3 p si g/ MW P 5 8 0 p s i g

1 0 - 3 0 V d . c.

0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p l y

+ S U P P LY V O L TA GE- COM MO NPo

KP6

CO2

+ 3°C

No. 084B226000-Gateway

Made In Denmark

AKA 244

RS 232 Danbuss 2 Printer

Danbuss 1L DO 1 DO 2 DI 1DI 2N

6 5 4 3 2 1

Fuse

ADAP- KOOL

Danfoss

S S U RENS M IT T E R

AKS 32 R0 G2 10 3P e : - 1 - 3 4 b a r

- 14 .5 - 4 93 p s ig/ MW P 58 0 p s ig

1 0 - 3 0 V d .c .0 - 9 0 %a f su p p ly

+ S UP P L Y V OL T A GE

- COM MO N

PcS S URENS M IT T E R

AK S 3 2 R0 G2 1 0 3

P e : - 1 - 3 4 b a r-1 4 . 5 - 4 9 3 p si g

/ MW P 5 8 0 p s i g

1 0 - 3 0 V d . c.0 - 9 0 % a f s u p p l y

+ S UP P L Y V OL T A GE- COM MO N

AKV 10-X

AKV10-X

AKV 10-X

EKC 531D1

EKC315A

ETS

EKC 316A

EVRH

AKA245 EKC 414AEKC 301


The Supermarket Refrigeration case (Booster)

Receiver

Gas Cooler

ICS,

CVP(XP)

ICMT

(Prototype)

AKD

AKD

AKD

AKD

TX

TXTX

AmbientTemperature

AK-PC730

Pack Controller

LON Net

EKC 414

EKC 414

SystemManager

Receiver

Gas Cooler

ICS,

CVP(XP)

ICMT

(Prototype)

AKD

AKD

AKD

AKD

TX

TXTX

AmbientTemperature

AK-PC730

Pack Controller

LON Net

EKC 414

EKC 414

SystemManager


Status Supermarket Refrigeration (FR)

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60tc [°C]

Car

no

tE

ffic

ien

cy[-

]

R404A

CO2

NH3

te = -35 °C, ∆Tsup = 10 K

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60tc [°C]

Car

no

tE

ffic

ien

cy[-

]

R404A

CO2

NH3

te = -35 °C, ∆Tsup = 10 K

• Direct GHG emission fromthe cooling distributionsystem of FR systems callsfor an alternative solution

• Cooling generation with CO2has energetic drawbacks inwarm climates

• Cascade systems build onstate of the art technologyand are globally applicable

• CO2 Booster systems have alow temperature stage closeto one of cascade systems


The Industrial Refrigeration case (IR)

Pennsylvania, USA


Status Industrial Refrigeration (IR)

• State of the art technology

• Globally applicable

• Higher efficiency at lowerinstallation cost thanammonia only systems

• Component and systemknowhow available

• Ammonia charge reduction


How to reduceGreen House Gas emissionsfrom the HVAC&R industry

• Develop low chargeand low leakage solutions

• Enhance significantly thesystem’s energy efficiency e.g.by applying variable speed andenhancing component’s intelligenceas well as Ease of Use concepts etc.

• Support the application oflow GWP (natural) refrigerantswhere commercially viableand technical feasible

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