case of draon v. france

8/10/2019 Case of Draon v. France

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In the case of Draon v. France,The European Court o Hu!an R"#ht$% $"tt"n# a$ a Gran& Cha!ber co!po$e& o'

Mr () *+(DHABER% !resident%Mr C)() RO,A-+S%Mr J)./) COSTA%S"r N"coa$ BRAT,A%Mr G) BONE((O%Mr () CA1(+SCH%Mr () (OUCA+DES%Mr C) BRSAN%Mr /) (OREN,EN%Mr -) JUNG*+ERT%Mr 3) BUT-E34CH%

Mr A)B) BA-A%Mr M) UGRE-HE(+D,E%Mr 3) ,AGREBE(S-4%Mr -) HAJ+4E3%Mr$ R) JAEGER%Mr$ D) JO+EN%judges%

an& Mr T) () EAR(4% "eputy#rand $hamber%egistrar%Ha7"n# &e"berate& "n pr"7ate on 28 March an& 89 Au#u$t 2005%De"7er$ the oo:"n# ;u!ent% :h"ch :a$ a&opte& on the a$t.!ent"one& &ate'

/ROCEDURE

9) The ca$e or"#"nate& "n an app"cat"on a#a"n$t the 1rench Repub"c oe& :"th the Court un&erArt"ce 8? o the Con7ent"on or the /rotect"on o Hu!an R"#ht$ an& 1un&a!enta 1ree&o!$ % on 2 Januar 2008)

2) The app"cant$ :ere repre$ente& b Mr 1) Nat"7" an& M$ H) Rou$$eau.Nat"7"% a:er$ pract"$"n# "n /ar"$) The1rench Go7ern!ent :ere repre$ente& b the"r A#ent% Mr$ E&:"#e Be"ar&% D"rector o (e#aAa"r$% M"n"$tr o 1ore"#n Aa"r$)

8) The app"cat"on concern$ the b"rth o a ch"& :"th a &"$ab""t not &etecte& &ur"n# pre#nanc on account one#"#ence "n e$tab"$h"n# a prenata &"a#no$"$) The app"cant$ ca"!e& co!pen$at"on% but &ur"n# the cour$e o the

procee&"n#$ the act"on :a$ barre& b ne: e#"$at"on app"cabe to pen&"n# ca$e$) The app"cant$ re"e& on Art"ce$ 6 9% % 98 an& 9? o the Con7ent"on an& Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9% co!pa"n"n# o the retro$pect"7e nature o the ne:e#"$at"on an& chaen#"n# "t$ $ub$tant"7e pro7"$"on$)

?) The app"cat"on :a$ aocate& to the Court$ Secon& Sect"on ) On FSepte!ber 2008 a Cha!ber o that Sect"on &ec"&e& to #"7e not"ce o the app"cat"on to the re$pon&ent Go7ern!ent an& to #"7e "t pr"or"t )

5) On 6 Ju 200? the app"cat"on :a$ &ecare& part a&!"$$"be b a Cha!ber o the Secon& Sect"on co!po$e&o the oo:"n# ;ue$' Mr A)B) Baa% Mr J)./) Co$ta% Mr () (ouca"&e$% Mr -) Jun#:"ert% Mr 3) Bute7ch% Mr$ *)Tho!a$$en an& Mr M) U#rehe"&e% ;ue$% an& a$o o Mr$ S) DoI% Sect"on Re#"$trar)

6) On 9F October 200? the Cha!ber re"nu"$he& ;ur"$&"ct"on "n a7our o the Gran& Cha!ber% ne"ther o thepart"e$ ha7"n# ob;ecte& to re"nu"$h!ent )

K) The co!po$"t"on o the Gran& Cha!ber :a$ &eter!"ne& accor&"n# to the pro7"$"on$ o Art"ce 2K 2 an& 8 othe Con7ent"on an& Rue 2? o the Rue$ o Court) The pace o Mr Da7"& ThLr B;r#7"n$$on% :ho :a$ or"#"na toha7e been a !e!ber o that Gran& Cha!ber% :a$ taen b Mr G) Boneo% $ub$t"tute ;ue) Mr B) ,upan" an& Mr$


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2 DRAON v. FRANCE JUDGMENT SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BONELLO

E) Ste"ner% :ho :ere unabe to tae part "n the "na &e"berat"on$% :ere repace& b Mr () Ca"$ch an& Mr$ D) Jo"en%$ub$t"tute ;ue$ )

) Ater con$ut"n# the part"e$% the /re$"&ent &ec"&e& that the pre$ent ca$e $hou& be ePa!"ne& to#ether :"th the

ca$e o &aurice . 'rance% a$o pen&"n# beore the Gran& Cha!ber )F) The app"cant$ an& the Go7ern!ent each "e& :r"tten ob$er7at"on$ on the !er"t$)90) A hear"n# "n the pre$ent ca$e an& the abo7e.!ent"one& &auriceca$e too pace "n pub"c "n the Hu!an R"#ht$

Bu"&"n#% Stra$bour#% on 28 March 2005 )

There appeare& beore the Court'

for the #oernmentMr J).() 1(ORENT% Deput D"rector o (e#a Aa"r$%

M"n"$tr o 1ore"#n Aa"r$% Agent%Mr$ () NOTAR+ANN+% a&!"n"$trat"7e court ;ue% on $econ&!ent

to the (e#a Depart!ent o the M"n"$tr o 1ore"#nAa"r$% Hu!an R"#ht$ Sect"on% $ounsel%Mr /) D+D+ER.COURB+N% Deput D"rector re$pon$"be or

&"$abe& per$on$% Genera Soc"a Act"onDepart!ent% M"n"$tr o Heath%

Mr$ J) 3+((+G+ER% centra a&!"n"$trat"7e a$$"$tant% GeneraSoc"a Act"on Depart!ent% M"n"$tr o Heath%


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2F) +n a etter o 95 March 2002 the /ar"$ A&!"n"$trat"7e Court "nor!e& the app"cant$ that the hear"n# ha& beenput bac to a ater &ate an& that the ca$e :a$ "e to be &ec"&e& on the ba$"$ o a rue o7er :h"ch the court &"& notha7e &"$cret"on% $"nce "t app"e& to the"r ca"! b 7"rtue o $ect"on 9 o the (a: o ? March 2002)

80) +n a ;u!ent o 8 Septe!ber 2002 the /ar"$ A&!"n"$trat"7e Court% act"n# on a propo$a !a&e b theGo7ern!ent Co!!"$$"oner% &eerre& "t$ &ec"$"on an& $ub!"tte& to the $onseil dtata reue$t or an op"n"on on"nterpretat"on o the pro7"$"on$ o the (a: o ? March 2002 an& the"r co!pat"b""t :"th "nternat"ona con7ent"on$)

89) On 6 Dece!ber 2002 the $onseil dtat#a7e an op"n"on "n the contePt o the "t"#at"on "n pro#re$$ < aiscontent"euP> :h"ch "$ repro&uce& beo: )

82) On the ba$"$ o that op"n"on% the /ar"$ A&!"n"$trat"7e Court rue& on the !er"t$ o the ca$e on 2 Septe!ber2008) +t be#an :"th the oo:"n# ob$er7at"on$'

@("ab""t

The pro7"$"on$ o $ect"on 9 o the (a: o ? March 2002% "n the ab$ence o pro7"$"on$ there"n &eerr"n# the"r entr"nto orce% are app"cabe un&er the con&"t"on$ o or&"nar a: oo:"n# pub"cat"on o that (a: "n the O"c"a

Gaette o the 1rench Repub"c) S"nce the rue$ the (a: a$ &o:n :ere ra!e& b /ar"a!ent on #enera."ntere$t #roun&$ reat"n# to eth"ca con$"&erat"on$% the proper or#an"$at"on o the heath $er7"ce an& the eu"tabetreat!ent o a &"$abe& per$on$% the are not "nco!pat"be :"th the reu"re!ent$ o Art"ce 6 o the Con7ent"on%:"th tho$e o Art"ce$ 5% % 98 an& 9? o the Con7ent"on or :"th tho$e o Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9 to theCon7ent"on) The #enera."ntere$t #roun&$ :h"ch /ar"a!ent too "nto con$"&erat"on :hen ra!"n# the rue$ $etout "n the "r$t three para#raph$ o $ect"on 9 ;u$t" the"r app"cat"on to $"tuat"on$ :h"ch aro$e pr"or to theco!!ence!ent o pen&"n# procee&"n#$) +t oo:$ that tho$e pro7"$"on$ are app"cabe to the pre$ent act"on%brou#ht on 2F March 9FFFQ

The a&!"n"$trat"7e court$ &o not ha7e ;ur"$&"ct"on to rue on the con$t"tut"ona"t o e#"$at"onQ the app"cant$reue$t that th"$ court re7"e: the con$t"tut"ona"t o the (a: o ? March 2002 !u$t thereore be reu$e&Q

+t appear$ ro! the "n7e$t"#at"on that "n the "th !onth o Mr$ Draon$ pre#nanc% ater an utra$oun& $can ha&$ho:n a !an"e$t probe! aect"n# the #ro:th o the oetu$% $he an& Mr Draon :ere a&7"$e& to con$"&er theopt"on o an abort"on " arotpe ana$"$ ater an a!n"ocente$"$ re7eae& a chro!o$o!a abnor!a"t) Mr an&Mr$ Draon then &ec"&e& to ha7e that te$t peror!e& at Sa"nt.Anto"ne Ho$p"ta) The :ere "nor!e& b theho$p"ta on 98 Septe!ber 9FF6 that no ano!a o the oetu$$ !ae chro!o$o!a pattern ha& been &etecte&)Ho:e7er% 7er $oon ater the bab$ b"rth on 90 Dece!ber 9FF6 !a#net"c re$onance "!a#"n# re7eae& a $er"ou$!aor!at"on o the bra"n &ue to a arotp"c ano!aQ

The report o the ePpert appo"nte& b the court $tate$ that th"$ ano!a :a$ ent"re &etectabeQ a"ure to &etect"t thereore con$t"tute& #ro$$ ne#"#ence on A/.H/$ part :h"ch &epr"7e& Mr an& Mr$ Draon o the po$$"b""t o$ee"n# an abort"on on therapeut"c #roun&$ an& ent"te$ the! to co!pen$at"on un&er $ect"on 9 o the (a: o? March 2002)

88) The court then a$$e$$e& the &a!a#e $u$ta"ne& b the app"cant$ a$ oo:$'

@))) "r$t% ))) the a!ount$ reue$te& "n re$pect o non.$pec"a"$t care% the $pec""c co$t$ not borne b $oc"a$ecur"t% the co$t$ o bu"&"n# a hou$e $u"te& to the ch"&$ nee&$ :"th a nu!ber o !o&""cat"on$ to the ho!e an&the purcha$e o a $pec"a a&apte& 7eh"ce reate to $pec"a bur&en$ ar"$"n# throu#hout the "e o the ch"& ro!h"$ &"$ab""t an& cannot thereore be $u!$ or :h"ch A/.H/ "$ "abeQ

))) $econ&% ))) Mr an& Mr$ Draon are $uer"n# non.pecun"ar &a!a#e an& !a;or &"$rupt"on "n the"r "7e$%part"cuar the"r :or% re#ar& be"n# ha& to the prooun& an& a$t"n# chan#e to the"r "7e$ brou#ht about b the

b"rth o a $er"ou$ &"$abe& ch"&Q ))) the$e t:o hea&$ o &a!a#e !u$t be a$$e$$e&% "n the c"rcu!$tance$ o theca$e% at 90%000 euro$Q


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))) a$t )))% athou#h Mr an& Mr$ Draon $ub!"tte& that the cou& no on#er ho"&a "n a propert the ha&purcha$e& "n Spa"n% the are not &epr"7e& o the r"#ht to u$e that propertQ con$euent the"r ca"! orco!pen$at"on or o$$ o en;o!ent o rea propert !u$t be re;ecte&Q)))

8?) The court concu&e& b or&er"n# A/.H/ to pa the app"cant$ the $u! o EUR 90%000% e$$ the a!ount o the"nter"! a:ar&$% "ntere$t be"n# paabe on the re$ut"n# $u! at the $tatutor rate ro! the &ate o rece"pt o the ca"! on9? Dece!ber 9FF% the "ntere$t &ue be"n# cap"ta"$e& on 9? Dece!ber 9FFF an& $ub$euent on each ann"7er$arro! that &ate on:ar&$) A/.H/ :a$ a$o or&ere& to pa the app"cant$ the $u! o EUR 8%000 "n re$pect o co$t$ not"ncu&e& "n the ePpen$e$ an& to bear the co$t o the ePpert op"n"on or&ere& b the pre$"&ent o the court)

85) On 8 Septe!ber 2008 the app"cant$ appeae& a#a"n$t the ;u!ent) The"r appea "$ current pen&"n# beorethe /ar"$ A&!"n"$trat"7e Court o Appea)

++) RE(E3ANT DOMEST+C (A* AND /RACT+CE

86) Beore enact!ent o the (a: o ? March 2002 the e#a po$"t"on :a$ e$tab"$he& b the ree7ant ca$e.a:)

A. Relevant case-law before the Law of 4 March !!

8K) An act"on or &a!a#e$ brou#ht b the parent$ o a ch"& born &"$abe& an& b the ch"& "t$e !a co!e :"th"nthe ;ur"$&"ct"on o e"ther the a&!"n"$trat"7e court$ or the or&"nar court$% &epen&"n# on the "&ent"t o the &een&ant) +the &een&ant "$ a pr"7ate &octor or a pr"7ate !e&"ca aborator% the &"$pute "$ reerre& to the or&"nar court$) *here%on the other han&% a$ "n the "n$tant ca$e% a pub"c ho$p"ta $er7"ce "$ "n7o7e&% the &"$pute a$ :"th"n the ;ur"$&"ct"on othe a&!"n"$trat"7e court$)

1. The Con$e" &Etat8) The $onseil dtat#a7e ;u!ent on 9? 1ebruar 9FFK


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an& a:ar&e& the parent$ an annu"t to be pa"& throu#hout the ch"&$ "e) +t a$o or&ere& the ho$p"ta to paco!pen$at"on or the"r non.pecun"ar &a!a#e an& the &"$rupt"on to the"r "7e$)

?9) Thu$ the $onseil dtat&"& not accept that a &"$abe& ch"& :a$ ent"te& to co!pen$at"on on the $oe #roun&

that the &"$ab""t ha& not been &etecte& &ur"n# the !other$ pre#nanc) +t &"& accept on the other han& that theparent$ o the ch"& born :"th a &"$ab""t :ere ent"te& to co!pen$at"on an& !a&e an a:ar& not on "n re$pect o the"rnon.pecun"ar &a!a#e but a$o "n re$pect o the pre;u&"ce cau$e& b the &"$rupt"on to the"r "7e$ an& o pecun"ar&a!a#e% $pec""n# that the atter "ncu&e& the $pec"a bur&en$ :h"ch :ou& ar"$e or the parent$ ro! the"r ch"&$"n"r!"t


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3. +iability for negligence

?K) Both the $onseil dtatan& the Court o Ca$$at"on too a$ the"r $tart"n# po"nt a $$te! o "ab""t or

ne#"#ence) +n 1rench a:% un&er the #enera rue$ on the ue$t"on% the r"#ht to co!pen$at"on or &a!a#e can beuphe& on " the con&"t"on$ or "ab""t are "r$t $at"$"e&) That !ean$ that there !u$t be pre;u&"ce %ne#"#ence an& a cau$a "n bet:een the &a!a#e an& the ne#"#ence)

More part"cuar% :"th re#ar& to the "ab""t o a pub"c author"t% or co!pen$at"on to be paabe the pre;u&"ce%:h"ch "t "$ or the 7"ct"! to pro7e% !u$t be certa"n) (o$$ o opportun"t con$t"tute$ certa"n pre;u&"ce% pro7"&e& that theopportun"t :a$ a $er"ou$ one)

+n the pre$ent ca$e the pre;u&"ce re$ute& ro! a ac o "nor!at"on% or "na&euate or "ncorrect "nor!at"on% aboutthe re$ut$ o an ePa!"nat"on or ana$"$) +n $uch a ca$e% beore the (a: o ? March 2002 :a$ enacte&% ne#"#encea"n# $hort o #ro$$ ne#"#ence :a$ $u"c"ent) A$ to the reat"on bet:een cau$e an& eect% a &"rect cau$a "n :a$e$tab"$he& bet:een the ho$p"ta$ ne#"#ence an& the parent$ pre;u&"ce


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50) The$e pro7"$"on$ entere& "nto orce @un&er the con&"t"on$ o or&"nar a: oo:"n# pub"cat"on o the (a: "n theO"c"a Gaette o the 1rench Repub"c 9) (a: no) 2002.808 :a$ pub"$he& "n the O"c"aGaette on 5 March 2002 an& "t thereore ca!e "nto orce on K March 2002)

C. 0he o$%n%on '%ven b+ the 1*(%c%al Asse2bl+ of the Conseil dEtat on 3 Dece2ber !! *n(er theA(2%n%strat%ve D%s$*tes Refor25 Act the Law of #/ Dece2ber /6785 e9tracts5

59) The $onseil dtatob$er7e& "n part"cuar'

@)))++) The &ate o the (a:$ entr "nto orce'

The "ab""t cr"ter"a $et out "n the $econ& $ub.para#raph o para#raph + o $ect"on 9 :ere enacte& "n a7our oper$on$ born :"th &"$ab""t"e$ re$ut"n# ro! !e&"ca ne#"#ence :hether that ne#"#ence &"rect cau$e& the&"$ab""t% a##ra7ate& "t or !a&e "t "!po$$"be to tae $tep$ to attenuate "t) The :ere a"& &o:n :"th $u"c"entprec"$"on to be app"e& b the ree7ant court$ :"thout the nee& or urther e#"$at"on to car" the"r $cope)

The &"erent "ab""t cr"ter"a &e"ne& "n the th"r& $ub.para#raph o para#raph + o $ect"on 9 :ere enacte& "na7our o the parent$ o ch"&ren born :"th a &"$ab""t :h"ch% on account o #ro$$ ne#"#ence on the part o a!e&"ca pract"t"oner or heath.care e$tab"$h!ent% :a$ not &etecte& &ur"n# pre#nanc) The are $u"c"entprec"$e to be app"e& :"thout the nee& or urther e#"$at"7e pro7"$"on$ or re#uat"on$) A&!"tte&% the bar"ncu$"on o the &a!a#e con$"$t"n# "n the $pec"a bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the &"$ab""t throu#hout the ch"&$ "e "nthe &a!a#e or :h"ch the parent$ can obta"n co!pen$at"on% an& pro7"&e that $uch &a!a#e "$ to be !a&e #oo&throu#h re"ance on nat"ona $o"&ar"t) But the 7er ter!$ o the (a:% "nterprete& :"th the a"& o "t$ &rat"n# h"$tor%$ho: that /ar"a!ent "nten&e& to ePcu&e co!pen$at"on or that hea& o &a!a#e on the #roun& that% athou#hthere :a$ a cau$a "n bet:een ne#"#ence an& &a!a#e% that "n :a$ not $uch a$ to ;u$t" !a"n# the per$on:ho co!!"tte& the ne#"#ent act "abe or the re$ut"n# &a!a#e) +n pro7"&"n# that th"$ tpe o &a!a#e $hou& be!a&e #oo& b re"ance on nat"ona $o"&ar"t% /ar"a!ent &"& not thereore !ae "!pe!entat"on o the rue$ on"ab""t or ne#"#ence :h"ch "t ha& "ntro&uce& $ub;ect to the enact!ent o $ub$euent e#"$at"on a"n# &o:n thecon&"t"on$ un&er :h"ch nat"ona $o"&ar"t :ou& be !ob""$e& to a$$"$t &"$abe& per$on$)

+t oo:$ that% $"nce the (a: &oe$ not conta"n pro7"$"on$ or the &eerre& entr "nto orce o $ect"on 9% an& $"nce"n a&&"t"on /ar"a!ent$ "ntent"on% a$ re7eae& b the (a:$ &rat"n# h"$tor% :a$ to !ae "t app"cabe "!!e&"ate%the pro7"$"on$ o $ect"on 9 ca!e "nto orce un&er the con&"t"on$ o or&"nar a: oo:"n# the (a:$ pub"cat"on "nthe O"c"a Gaette o the 1rench Repub"c)

+++) (a: no) 2002.808$ co!pat"b""t :"th "nternat"ona a:

)))

The ob;ect o $ect"on 9 o the (a: o ? March 2002 "$ to a &o:n a ne: $$te! o co!pen$at"on or the&a!a#e $uere& b ch"&ren born :"th &"$ab""t"e$ an& b the"r parent$% &"er"n# ro! the $$te! :h"ch ha&e!er#e& ro! the ca$e.a: o the a&!"n"$trat"7e an& or&"nar court$) The ne: $$te! pro7"&e$ orco!pen$at"on% b !ean$ o an a:ar& to be a$$e$$e& b the court$ aone% or the &a!a#e &"rect cau$e& to theper$on born &"$abe& on account o !e&"ca ne#"#ence an& the &a!a#e &"rect cau$e& to the parent$ o thech"& born :"th a &"$ab""t :h"ch% on account o #ro$$ !e&"ca ne#"#ence% :a$ not &etecte& &ur"n# pre#nanc) +tpre7ent$ ch"&ren born :"th a &"$ab""t :h"ch% on account o !e&"ca ne#"#ence% :a$ not &etecte& &ur"n#pre#nanc ro! obta"n"n# ro! the per$on re$pon$"be or the ne#"#ent act co!pen$at"on or the &a!a#econ$"$t"n# "n the $pec"a bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the &"$ab""t throu#hout the"r "7e$% :herea$ $uch co!pen$at"on

1. That i! i" a##$%&a"#' (ith A%ti#)' 2 $* th' D'#%'' $* + N$v',-'% 18/ $" th' 0%$,)ati$" $* )a( a"& &'#%''! th'" i"

*$%#'3 i" Pa%i! $"' #)'a% &a5 a*t'% 0%$,)ati$" 'v'%5(h'%' ')'! (ithi" th' t'%%it$%5 $* 'a#h a&,i"it%ativ' &it%i#t

7arrondissement! $"' #)'a% &a5 a*t'% th' #$05 $* th' O**i#ia) Ga9'tt' #$"tai"i" th', %'a#h' th' #hi'*:t$(" $* th' &it%i#t;.


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ha& pre7"ou$ been po$$"be un&er the ca$e.a: o the or&"nar court$) +t a$o pre7ent$ the parent$ ro!obta"n"n# ro! the per$on re$pon$"be or the ne#"#ent act co!pen$at"on or the &a!a#e con$"$t"n# "n the $pec"abur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the"r ch"&$ &"$ab""t throu#hout "t$ "e% :herea$ $uch co!pen$at"on ha& pre7"ou$ beenpo$$"be un&er the ca$e.a: o the a&!"n"$trat"7e court$) (a$t% "t !ae$ co!pen$at"on or other hea&$ o&a!a#e $uere& b the ch"&$ parent$ $ub;ect to the eP"$tence o #ro$$ ne#"#ence% :herea$ the ca$e.a: o thea&!"n"$trat"7e an& or&"nar court$ ha& or!er been ba$e& on the eP"$tence o ne#"#ence a"n# $hort o #ro$$ne#"#ence)

Th"$ ne: $$te!% :h"ch :a$ put "n pace b /ar"a!ent on #enera."ntere$t #roun&$ reat"n# to eth"cacon$"&erat"on$% the proper or#an"$at"on o the heath $er7"ce an& the eu"tabe treat!ent o a &"$abe& per$on$%"$ not "nco!pat"be :"th the reu"re!ent$ o Art"ce 6 9 o the Con7ent"on% :"th tho$e o Art"ce$ 5% % 98 an& 9?o the Con7ent"on% :"th tho$e o Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9 to the Con7ent"on or :"th tho$e o Art"ce$ 9? an& 26o the Co7enant on C"7" an& /o"t"ca R"#ht$)

The a$t $ub.para#raph o para#raph + o $ect"on 9 !ae$ the pro7"$"on$ o para#raph + app"cabe topen&"n# procee&"n#$ @ePcept or tho$e "n :h"ch an "rre7ocabe &ec"$"on ha$ been taen on the pr"nc"pe oco!pen$at"on)

The #enera."ntere$t #roun&$ taen "nto account b /ar"a!ent :hen "t a"& &o:n the rue$ "n the "r$t three $ub.para#raph$ o para#raph + $ho:% "n reat"on to the po"nt$ ra"$e& "n the reue$t or an op"n"on% that the "ntent"onbeh"n& the a$t $ub.para#raph o para#raph + :a$ to app the ne: pro7"$"on$ to $"tuat"on$ :h"ch ha& ar"$enpre7"ou$ an& to pen&"n# procee&"n#$% :h"e r"#ht re$er7"n# "na ;u&"c"a &ec"$"on$)

D. French nat%onal sol%(ar%t+ towar(s (%sable( $ersons

1. ituation before 'ebruary *005

52) 1rench e#"$at"on pro7"&e$ co!pen$ator a&7anta#e$ to &"$abe& per$on$ ba$e& onnat"ona $o"&ar"t "n a nu!ber o "e&$


11/27

1/ DRAON v. FRANCE JUDGMENT SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BONELLO

*. $hanges made by +a no. *00510* of 11 'ebruary *005 on e2ual rights and opportunities participation andciti-enship for disabled persons published in the 4fficial #a-ette of the 'rench %epublic on 1* 'ebruary *005

58) The (a: o 99 1ebruar 2005 e!er#e& ro! a e#"$at"7e proce$$ aunche& a$ ar bac a$ Ju 2002 :"th the

"ntent"on o reor!"n# the $$te! o &"$ab""t co!pen$at"on "n 1rance) +t :a$ po"nte& out "n part"cuar that oo:"n# theenact!ent o the (a: o ? March 2002 "t :a$ nece$$ar to e#"$ate a#a"n @to #"7e eect"7e $ub$tance to nat"ona$o"&ar"t


12/27

$pec"a e$tab"$h!ent$% a$$"$tance o a "n&$ to the &"$abe& per$on or "n$t"tut"on$ to !ae "t po$$"be to "7e "nan or&"nar or a&apte& en7"ron!ent% or re#ar&"n# acce$$ to the $pec""c proce&ure$ an& "n$t"tut"on$ &ea"n# :"ththe &"$ab""t concerne& or the re$ource$ an& bene"t$ acco!pan"n# "!pe!entat"on o the e#a protect"on#o7erne& b T"te V+ o Boo 9 o the C"7" Co&e) The abo7e re$pon$e$% a&apte& a$ reu"re&% $ha tae "ntoaccount the care or acco!pan"!ent nece$$ar or &"$abe& per$on$ unabe to ePpre$$ the"r nee&$ aone)

The or!$ o co!pen$at"on reu"re& $ha be recor&e& "n a $tate!ent o nee&$ &ra:n up "n the "#ht o thenee&$ an& a$p"rat"on$ o the &"$abe& per$on a$ ePpre$$e& "n h"$ or her "e pan% :r"tten b h"!$e or her$e or%a""n# that% :here he or $he "$ unabe to ePpre$$ an op"n"on% :"th or or h"! or her b h"$ or her e#arepre$entat"7e)

Sect"on 92Co!pen$ator bene"t

@))) +) X E7er &"$abe& per$on $tab an& re#uar re$"&ent "n !etropo"tan 1rance ))) abo7e the a#e at :h"chent"te!ent to the &"$abe& ch"&$ e&ucat"on ao:ance or!er the AES be#"n$ )))% :ho$e a#e "$ beo: the cut.o po"nt to be a"& &o:n b &ecree an& :ho$e &"$ab""t !atche$ the cr"ter"a to be a"& &o:n b &ecree% ta"n# "ntoaccount "n part"cuar the nature an& $cae o the or!$ o co!pen$at"on reu"re& "n the "#ht o h"$ or her "e pan%$ha be ent"te& to a co!pen$ator bene"t :h"ch $ha tae the or! o a bene"t "n "n& paabe% at the :"$he$ othe bene"c"ar% e"ther "n "n& or "n !one) )))

+++) X The ee!ent o the bene"t !ent"one& "n po"nt 8 o Art"ce () 2?5.8 o the Soc"a Act"on an& 1a!" Co&e!a a$o be ca"!e&% un&er con&"t"on$ to be a"& &o:n b &ecree% b bene"c"ar"e$ o the &"$abe& ch"&$e&ucat"on ao:ance or!er the AES% :here on account o the"r ch"&$ &"$ab""t the are "e to bearbur&en$ o the tpe co7ere& b that para#raph) )))

Article +. *53o the Soc"a Act"on an& 1a!" Co&e X Co!pen$ator bene"t !a be u$e&% un&er con&"t"on$to be a"& &o:n b &ecree% or

9) bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the nee& or hu!an a$$"$tance% "ncu&"n#% :here nece$$ar% the a$$"$tance pro7"&e& ba!" heper$Q

2) bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the nee& or techn"ca a$$"$tance% part"cuar the co$t$ :h"ch re!a"n paabe b an"n$ure& per$on :here $uch techn"ca a$$"$tance or!$ one o the cate#or"e$ o bene"t conte!pate& "n po"nt 9 oArt"ce 829.9 o the Soc"a Secur"t Co&eQ

8) bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! a&aptat"on o the ho!e or 7eh"ce o the &"$abe& per$on% an& an ePtra ePpen&"turenee&e& or h"$ or her tran$portQ

?) $pec""c or ePcept"ona bur&en$% $uch a$ tho$e ar"$"n# ro! the purcha$e or !a"ntenance o pro&uct$ nee&e&on account o the &"$ab""tQ )))

))) X The ee!ent o the bene"t !ent"one& "n po"nt 9 o Art"ce () 2?5.8 $ha be #rante& to an &"$abe& per$one"ther :here h"$ or her $tate o heath !ae$ nece$$ar the eect"7e a$$"$tance o a th"r& per$on or the e$$ent"aact$ o h"$ or her eP"$tence% or reu"re$ re#uar $uper7"$"on% or :here he or $he "$ ob"#e& to "ncur a&&"t"onaePpen&"ture throu#h carr"n# on an occupat"on or ho&"n# eect"7e o"ce)

56) The ne: co!pen$ator bene"t "$ "n"t"a paabe "n u to per$on$ o7er the a#e at :h"ch ent"te!ent to theAES


13/27


@*"th"n three ear$ ro! the entr "nto orce o the pre$ent (a: co!pen$ator bene"t $ha be ePten&e& to&"$abe& ch"&ren) *"th"n a !aP"!u! o "7e ear$ tho$e pro7"$"on$ o the pre$ent (a: :h"ch &"$t"n#u"$h bet:een&"$abe& per$on$ on the #roun& o a#e "n re$pect o co!pen$at"on or the &"$ab""t an& pa!ent o the co$t$ o

re$"&ence "n $oc"a an& !e&"co.$oc"a e$tab"$h!ent$ $ha be repeae&)5K) The entr "nto orce o the (a: o 99 1ebruar 2005 "$ $ub;ect to pub"cat"on o the "!pe!ent"n# &ecree$)

Sect"on 909 pro7"&e$'

@The re#uat"on$ "!pe!ent"n# the pre$ent (a: $ha be pub"$he& :"th"n $"P !onth$ o "t$ pub"cat"on% aterbe"n# reerre& or op"n"on to the Nat"ona A&7"$or Counc" or D"$abe& /er$on$) )))

5) Accor&"n# to the "nor!at"on $upp"e& b the Go7ern!ent% the ne: co!pen$ator bene"t $hou& co!e "ntoorce on 9 Januar 2006) +t "$ ePpecte& that "t :" be paabe "n u to &"$abe& ch"&ren b 92 1ebruar 200) +n the!eant"!e% ch"&ren :" apparent rece"7e on part o the bene"t' on the co$t$ o a&apt"n# a &"$abe& ch"&$ ho!eor 7eh"ce% or h"$ or her a&&"t"ona tran$port co$t$% can area& be "nance& b the ne: $$te!)

THE (A*

+) A((EGED 3+O(AT+ON O1 ART+C(E 9 O1 /ROTOCO( No) 9 TO THE CON3ENT+ON

5F) The app"cant$ co!pa"ne& o $ect"on 9 o (a: no) 2002.808 o ? March 2002 on pat"ent$ r"#ht$ an& theua"t o the heath $er7"ce ) The $ub!"tte& that that pro7"$"on ha& "nr"n#e& the"r r"#ht tothe peaceu en;o!ent o the"r po$$e$$"on$ an& breache& Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9 to the Con7ent"on% :h"chpro7"&e$'

@E7er natura or e#a per$on "$ ent"te& to the peaceu en;o!ent o h"$ po$$e$$"on$) No one $ha be &epr"7e&o h"$ po$$e$$"on$ ePcept "n the pub"c "ntere$t an& $ub;ect to the con&"t"on$ pro7"&e& or b a: an& b the#enera pr"nc"pe$ o "nternat"ona a:)

The prece&"n# pro7"$"on$ $ha not% ho:e7er% "n an :a "!pa"r the r"#ht o a State to enorce $uch a:$ a$ "t&ee!$ nece$$ar to contro the u$e o propert "n accor&ance :"th the #enera "ntere$t or to $ecure the pa!ento taPe$ or other contr"but"on$ or penat"e$)

A. Ar'*2ents of the $art%es

1. The applicants

60) The app"cant$ ob$er7e& that beore the enact!ent o the (a: o ? March 2002 the ha& brou#ht procee&"n#$$ee"n# u co!pen$at"on or the &a!a#e the ha& $u$ta"ne&% an& "n part"cuar or the &a!a#e con$"$t"n# "n the$pec"a bur&en$ ar"$"n# ro! the"r ch"&$ &"$ab""t throu#hout h"$ "e) The $ub!"tte& that $"nce the con&"t"on$ or&ecar"n# A/.H/ "abe on the ba$"$ o the abo7e.!ent"one& ,uare- ;u!ent :ere$at"$"e&% the"r ca"!$ $hou& ha7e been !et "n u) The thereore ha& a po$$e$$"on :"th"n the !ean"n# o Art"ce 9 o/rotoco No) 9 to the Con7ent"on% na!e a co!pen$at"on ca"! a#a"n$t A/.H/% "n re$pect o :h"ch the ha& ae#"t"!ate ePpectat"on o obta"n"n# ;u!ent "n the"r a7our


14/27

A$ re#ar&$ the e#"t"!ac o the "ntererence% the app"cant$ $ub!"tte& that "t ha& not $truc a a"r baance bet:eenthe &e!an&$ o the #enera "ntere$t an& protect"on o the"r un&a!enta r"#ht$% $"nce the eect o the a:concerne& ha& been to &epr"7e the! o the"r ca"! :"thout eect"7e co!pen$at"on)

The urther $tre$$e& the enor!ou$ an& &"$proport"onate "!pact o the &ec"$"on to !ae the ne: e#"$at"on"!!e&"ate app"cabe to pen&"n# procee&"n#$% bear"n# "n !"n& "n part"cuar the act that "t reerre& to arran#e!ent$or a$$"$t"n# &"$abe& per$on$ throu#h re"ance on nat"ona $o"&ar"t% :h"ch the con$"&ere& "na&euate% 7a#ue an&"!prec"$e) +n that connect"on% the $ub!"tte& that athou#h the recent enacte& (a: o 99 1ebruar 2005 ha& brou#ht "n a ne: bene"t to co!pen$ate or &"$ab""t% "t cou& not cance out the&"$proport"on #"7en the or! that th"$ co!pen$ator bene"t $$te! :a$ to tae% an& "t $t" et the app"cant$ to bear anePce$$"7e bur&en)

*. The #oernment

69) Re"n# "e:"$e on the Court$ abo7e.!ent"one& !ressos$ompania 6aiera .A. and 4thers ;u!ent% theGo7ern!ent $ub!"tte& that "t :a$ not po$$"be to e$tab"$h a$ a #enera rue that beore enact!ent o the (a: o ?March 2002 an& "n the "#ht o the ca$e.a: then app"cabe the parent$ o ch"&ren born :"th &"$ab""t"e$ a$ a re$ut o a!e&"ca error :ere certa"n to rece"7e co!pen$at"on a$ a !atter o cour$e) The &"& not thereore $$te!at"ca ha7ea @e#"t"!ate ePpectat"on o ha7"n# the"r ca"!$ !et :h"ch cou& ha7e been ru$trate& b the (a:$ enact!ent)

The Go7ern!ent acno:ee&% ho:e7er% that "t :a$ a &"erent !atter "n the pre$ent ca$e "n $o ar a$ A/.H/ ha&ePp"c"t an& unre$er7e& a&!"tte& "ab""t to:ar&$ the app"cant$) *hen the ne: e#"$at"on ca!e "nto orce thereha& thereore been no &oubt about the pr"nc"pe o co!pen$at"on% :h"ch% "n accor&ance :"th the $ette& ca$e.a:e$tab"$he& $"nce the t"!e o the abo7e.!ent"one& ,uare-;u!ent% co7ere& the $pec"a bur&en$ ar"$"n# or theparent$ ro! the"r ch"&$ "n"r!"t) Beore the entr "nto orce o the (a: o ? March 2002 the app"cant$ cou& thereoree#"t"!ate ePpect to be co!pen$ate& or tho$e @$pec"a bur&en$% a hea& o &a!a#e :h"ch ha& been ePcu&e& b the

ne: e#"$at"on) The Go7ern!ent accor&"n# accepte& that there ha& been "ntererence :"th the r"#ht to the peaceuen;o!ent o a @po$$e$$"on)

62) A$ re#ar&$% on the other han&% the e#"t"!ac o that "ntererence% the Go7ern!ent ar#ue& that the part"a&epr"7at"on o po$$e$$"on$ the app"cant$ ha& $uere& cou& not be &ecare& contrar to Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9 tothe Con7ent"on% #"7en% inter alia% the a"! o the (a: o ? March 2002% the !a"n ob;ect o :h"ch ha& been to car" a$$te! o "ab""t or !e&"ca act$ :h"ch ha& been ra"$"n# e#a an& eth"ca probe!$ an& :h"ch% a$ the Go7ern!ent$tre$$e& at the hear"n#% ha& been e$tab"$he& b a recent ;u!ent ) The ne: e#"$at"on ha& not rea beenretro$pect"7eQ ater !o&""n# the eP"$t"n# e#a $"tuat"on "t ha& !ere !a&e the ne: rue$ "!!e&"ate app"cabe topen&"n# procee&"n#$ X a co!!on pract"ce)

Reerr"n# to the op"n"on #"7en b the $onseil dtaton 6 Dece!ber 2002% $t" :"th the a"! o e$tab"$h"n# thee#"t"!ac o the "ntererence% the Go7ern!ent nePt reerre& to the #enera."ntere$t con$"&erat"on$ :h"ch% the$ub!"tte&% ha& ;u$t""e& the enact!ent o the e#"$at"on co!pa"ne& o an& "t$ app"cab""t to pen&"n# procee&"n#$)

The$e "ncu&e&% "n the "r$t pace% eth"ca rea$on$% reecte& !a"n "n para#raph + o $ect"on 9) +n the "#ht o thereact"on$ to the abo7e.!ent"one& !erruche;u!ent % /ar"a!ent ha& "nter7ene& to pro7"&ea coherent $out"on to a probe! that ha& been the $ub;ect o nat"ona &ebate an& ha& ra"$e& cruc"a eth"ca "$$ue$concern"n#% inter alia% hu!an &"#n"t an& the $tatu$ o the unborn ch"&) The !a"n a"! ha& been to ePcu&e reco#n"t"ono a ch"&$ r"#ht to co!pa"n o be"n# brou#ht "nto the :or& :"th a con#en"ta &"$ab""t% a !atter on :h"ch $oc"et ha&been reu"re& to !ae a un&a!enta &ec"$"on) That :a$ :h there cou& be no &"erence "n treat!ent bet:eenpen&"n# procee&"n#$ &epen&"n# on :hether the ha& been brou#ht beore or ater the (a:$ pro!u#at"on)

Secon&% there :ere ue$t"on$ o natura ;u$t"ce) +t :a$ ar#ue& that the e#"$at"on "n "$$ue reecte& the nee& to

en$ure a"r treat!ent or a &"$abe& per$on$ :hate7er the $e7er"t an& cau$e o the"r &"$ab""t) Such "nter7ent"on ha&been a the !ore nece$$ar becau$e% oo:"n# the ,uare- an&!erruche;u!ent$% the $$te! o co!pen$at"on or&"$abe& per$on$ ha& beco!e un$at"$actor) That concern or a"r treat!ent% "t :a$ $ub!"tte&% :a$ the rea$on :hthe e#"$at"on ha& been !a&e "!!e&"ate app"cabe% $o that no &"$t"nct"on :ou& be &ra:n bet:een &"$abe&


15/27


per$on$ "n accor&ance :"th the &ate on :h"ch the"r app"cat"on$ ha& been oe&% :hether beore or ater the (a:$pro!u#at"on) Natura ;u$t"ce ha& a$o pro!pte& the &ec"$"on to abo"$h the rue reu"r"n# heath.care :orer$ an&e$tab"$h!ent$ to pa co!pen$at"on or &"$ab""t"e$ not &etecte& &ur"n# pre#nanc% :h"ch :a$ perce"7e& a$ &eep

una"r b ob$tetr"c"an$ an& &octor$ peror!"n# prenata utra$oun& $can$)(a$t an& abo7e a% /ar"a!ent ha& "nter7ene& or rea$on$ ha7"n# to &o :"th the proper or#an"$at"on o the heath$er7"ce% :h"ch :a$ un&er threat a$ a re$ut o the &"$content ePpre$$e& b heath.care pract"t"oner$ "n the :ae o theabo7e.!ent"one& !erruche;u!ent) +n the ace o $tr"e$% re$"#nat"on$ an& reu$a$ to carr out utra$oun& $can$%the e#"$ature ha& acte& to en$ure that there :ou& cont"nue to be $u"c"ent :e.$tae& !e&"ca $er7"ce$ "n the"e&$ o ob$tetr"c$ an& utra$oun& $cann"n# an& that pre#nant :o!en an& unborn ch"&ren :ou& rece"7e !e&"caattent"on "n $at"$actor con&"t"on$)

68) The Go7ern!ent urther ar#ue& that there ha& been a a"r baance bet:een the ob;ect"7e pur$ue& b thee#"$ature an& the !ean$ "t ha& e!poe&) The $ub!"tte& "n that connect"on that ne"ther the parent$ o &"$abe&ch"&ren nor the ch"&ren the!$e7e$ ha& been &epr"7e& o a or!$ o a$$"$tance an& that there :a$ $t" $tatutor"ab""t or ne#"#ence b heath.care :orer$) /ar"a!ent ha& been ob"#e& to #"7e the nee& to pre$er7e the heath

$er7"ce pr"or"t o7er the hope$ o a e: parent$ or a&&"t"ona co!pen$at"on) +n 7"e: o the ar#e nu!ber o &octor$ on$tr"e% the "!!e&"ate app"cat"on o the ne: e#"$at"on ha& been nece$$ar "n or&er to "!"t the "#ht o pr"7atepract"t"oner$ out o the prenata &"a#no$"$ $ector) The Go7ern!ent urther e!pha$"$e& that at "r$t "n$tance% ater theentr "nto orce o the e#"$at"on "n "$$ue% the app"cant$ ha& obta"ne& co!pen$at"on :h"ch% :h"e "t !"#ht not ha7ebeen a$ !uch a$ the ha& hope& to rece"7e% :a$ ar ro! a toen pa!ent% $"nce "t a!ounte& to EUR 90%000) Thata!ount ha& euae& the co!pen$at"on pa"& "n the abo7e.!ent"one& ,uare- ca$e) Con$euent% athou#h theapp"cant$ ha& not obta"ne& co!pen$at"on or a the hea&$ o &a!a#e the ca"!e&% the ha& rece"7e& a con$"&erabe$u! o !one)

6?) +n a&&"t"on% the Go7ern!ent conten&e&% the e7e o a$$"$tance pro7"&e& b :a o nat"ona $o"&ar"t $hou&not be &"$re#ar&e&) Mea$ure$ ha& area& been "n pace beore the (a: o ? March 2002 an& the$e ha& been$uppe!ente& b tho$e pro7"&e& or "n the recent enacte& (a: o 99 1ebruar 2005) Thu$ &"$abe& per$on$ an& the"r

a!""e$ ha& not $uere& ePce$$"7e con$euence$ a$ a re$ut o app"cat"on o the (a: o ? March 2002) The ha& notbeen &epr"7e& o "nanc"a $upport% the &"erence be"n# that th"$ :ou& no on#er be pro7"&e& b heath.care :orer$on but a$o b the State)

". 0he Co*rt&s assess2ent

1. 8hether there as a 9possession: and interference ith the right to peaceful enjoyment of that 9possession:

65) The Court re"terate$ that% accor&"n# to "t$ ca$e.a:% an app"cant can ae#e a 7"oat"on o Art"ce 9 o /rotocoNo) 9 to the Con7ent"on on "n $o ar a$ the "!pu#ne& &ec"$"on$ reate to h"$ @po$$e$$"on$ :"th"n the !ean"n# o that

pro7"$"on) @/o$$e$$"on$ can be @eP"$t"n# po$$e$$"on$ or a$$et$% "ncu&"n#% "n certa"n :e.&e"ne& $"tuat"on$% ca"!$)1or a ca"! to be capabe o be"n# con$"&ere& an @a$$et a"n# :"th"n the $cope o Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9% theca"!ant !u$t e$tab"$h that "t ha$ a $u"c"ent ba$"$ "n nat"ona a:% or ePa!pe :here there "$ $ette& ca$e.a: o the&o!e$t"c court$ con"r!"n# "t) *here that ha$ been &one% the concept o @e#"t"!ate ePpectat"on can co!e "nto pa)

66) A$ re#ar&$ the concept o @e#"t"!ate ePpectat"on% one a$pect o th"$ :a$ "u$trate& "n the abo7e.!ent"one&ca$e o !ressos $ompan;a 6aiera .A. and 4thers% :h"ch concerne& ca"!$ or &a!a#e$ ar"$"n# ro! acc"&ent$ to$h"pp"n# ae#e& cau$e& b the ne#"#ence o Be#"an p"ot$) Un&er the Be#"an a: o tort% ca"!$ ca!e "nto be"n# a$$oon a$ &a!a#e ha& occurre&) The Court ca$$""e& the$e ca"!$ a$ @a$$et$ attract"n# the protect"on o Art"ce 9 o/rotoco No) 9) +t :ent on to note that% on the ba$"$ o a $er"e$ o ;u!ent$ o the Court o Ca$$at"on% the app"cant$cou& ar#ue that the ha& a @e#"t"!ate ePpectat"on that the"r ca"!$ &er"7"n# ro! the acc"&ent$ "n ue$t"on :ou& be&eter!"ne& "n accor&ance :"th the #enera a: o tort)

6K) The Court &"& not ePpre$$ $tate "n the !ressos $ompan;a 6aiera .A. and 4thers ca$e that the @e#"t"!ateePpectat"on :a$ a co!ponent o% or attache& to% the propert r"#ht ca"!e&) Ho:e7er% "t :a$ "!p"c"t "n the ;u!entthat no $uch ePpectat"on cou& co!e "nto pa "n the ab$ence o an @a$$et a"n# :"th"n the a!b"t o Art"ce 9 o


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co!p"e& :"th the pr"nc"pe o proport"ona"t or the purpo$e$ o the $econ& rue a"& &o:n "n Art"ce 9 o /rotoco No) 9to the Con7ent"on)

b5 :In the $*bl%c %nterest

case of draon v. france

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