Cartoon A

Caricature showing Uncle Sam lecturing four children labeled Philippines (who appears similar

to Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo), Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba in front of children

holding books labeled with various U.S. States. In the background are an American Indian

holding a book upside down, a Chinese boy at the door, and a black boy cleaning a window.

Above the door reads "The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the

union was preserved without their consent." Published January 25, 1899 issue of Puck

Magazine.

Caption: "School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've

got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of

you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!"

Cartoon B

'The Big Stick in the Caribbean Sea.' President Theodore Roosevelt enforcing his concept of the Monroe

Doctrine by having a U.S. naval flotilla steam from one Caribbean port to another. Cartoon, 1904, by

W.A. Rogers.

Cartoon C

Columbia's Easter bonnet. Illustration shows Columbia adjusting her bonnet, which is a battleship

labeled "World Power" with two guns labeled "Army" and "Navy"; it is spewing thick black smoke

labeled "Expansion." She is inserting a tiny sword as a hatpin to hold it in place. Date 1901 April 6.

Cartoon D

Political cartoon depicting Theodore Roosevelt using the Monroe Doctrine to keep European powers out

of the Dominican Republic.

Cartoon E

In accordance with popular imperialist writings, Victor Gillam fired at the anti-imperialists with his

painting “A Lesson for Anti-Expansionists.” This illustration was originally published in Judge in 1899,

depicts America as an infant in 1783 with only thirteen colonies but who steadily grows in confidence and

importance as territories like Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Hawaii are added. In 1899America, now fat

and bloated but powerful with “Cuba, Philippines, and Porto Rico,” is being asked for friendship by the

dominant powers of Europe and Asia. Gillam’s message is made clear by the paintings sub-title,

“Showing how Uncle Sam has been an expansionist first, last, and all the time.”

Cartoon F

“The White? Man’s Burden”

An exclamation point was added to the phrase, “The White (!) Man’s Burden,” in the caption to this Life

cover published shortly after Kipling’s poem. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in

the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and

Africa.

Cartoon G

THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

“The White Man’s Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands” is a poem written by English

poet Rudyard Kipling and published in McClure’s magazine in February, 1899. It urged the United

States to “Send forth the best ye breed... To serve your captives’ need.” In this cartoon, a sweating Uncle

Sam carries a hamper with his new, non-white dependant people. He follows in the footsteps of British

John Bull carrying the peoples of the British Empire and China. Their common goal is “Education” and

“Liberty.”

Cartoon H

A TRIFLE EMBARRASSED

The strong white arms of Manifest Destiny deliver Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines to an

orphanage run by Uncle Sam and Columbia. Inside the gates, Mexico, Texas, California and Alaska play

together happily. Manifest Destiny was a catchphrase coined by Democratic journalist John L. Sullivan in

1845 when urging that the U.S. annex the Republic of Texas because it was “our manifest destiny to

overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying

millions.” The phrase was revived in the 1890s by advocates of U.S. trans-Pacific expansion.

Cartoon I

TROUBLE AHEAD FOR THE TRAINER

President Theodore Roosevelt is shown as a muscular circus trainer brandishing a whip and controlling

domestic economic monopolies (“Trusts”), the Republican Party (the elephant), the Dominican Republic

(San Domingo), Panama (a stubborn donkey) and the Philippines caricatured as a black savage.

Progressive Republican TR pursued both a reformist economic policy at home and an imperialist policy

abroad.