cartoon
DESCRIPTION
cartoon. Activity: Should we drill in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge?. pretty picture. Comparison of ANWR to Continental US. Map. Pictures. Predators. Snow geese. Porcupine caribou. Vegetation. Muskoxen. Oil. Oil consumption. A Country’s wealth. Material Cultural Biological. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
cartoon
![Page 2: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Activity: Should we drill in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge?
pretty picture
![Page 3: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Comparison of ANWR to Continental US
![Page 4: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Map
![Page 5: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pictures
Muskoxen
Snow geese
Predators
Porcupine caribou
Vegetation
Oil
![Page 6: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Oil consumption
![Page 7: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A Country’s wealth
• Material• Cultural• Biological
![Page 8: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The value of biodiversity
• Intrinsic value– American spend $18.2 billion to watch wildlife (vs.
5.8 billion on movie tickets and $5.9 billion on professional sporting events)
• Economic value– Wildlife tourism generates $30 billion worldwide
each year• Male lion living to 7 years old in Kenya -
$500,000• Elephant living to 60 years old in Kenya - $1
million• Coral reefs off Florida – $1.6 billion/year
![Page 9: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What do tropical forests provide? The economics!• 50-90% of world’s species• ½ world’s supply of
– Hardwood– Food products
like coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, nuts, fruits, natural rubber, resins, dyes, oils.coffee
bananas
![Page 10: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Medicines
• Active ingredients for 25% of all prescription drugs are derived from plants, most of which are in tropical forest.
• Drugs with active ingredients from these plants generate $100 billion/year worldwide ($15.5 billion/ year in US)
• 70% of plant derived cancer-fighting drugs
![Page 11: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Example: rosy periwinkle
• From Madagascar• childhood leukemia and
Hodgkin's disease.
![Page 12: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Drugs from frog skins
• Painkiller hundreds of times more potent than morphine
• New class of powerful and versatile antibiotics
• Cancer-detecting hormone• And less than 5% of all frogs have been
investigated.
![Page 13: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Examples
African clawed frog. Antimicrobial compound that disinfects everything it touches
Gastric brooding frogBroads in young in its stomach. Applications to treating stomach ailments?
![Page 14: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sustainable use of rainforests
• Sustainable harvesting of these food products over 50 years would produce – 2 times as much $ as timber production– 3 times as much $ as conversion to cattle
ranching.
![Page 15: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why is tropical deforestation going on?
![Page 16: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why is tropical deforestation going on?
• Related to population growth, poverty, government policies
• Road-building– Increases accessibility
• Clearing– Farming– Cattle ranching
• Mining and drilling for oil• Logging – wood and firewood• Increased susceptibility to fires
![Page 17: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Species extinctions
• To survive and be successul, populations must have: – Critical population density– Minimum viable population size
• Background extinctions – A certain level of species extinction is
normal.– Populations that do not survive
environmental changes will go extinct.
![Page 18: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Extinctions in the horse lineage
![Page 19: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Past extinctions in the fossil record
• Mass extinctions– Many, many species become extinct
simultaneously• Causes
– Climate change– Volcanic eruptions– Disease– Extraterrestrial impacts
![Page 20: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Some of the biggest extinctions
• Over what time periods?• 225 million years ago
>90% of all species• 65 million years ago
50% of all species
![Page 21: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig/ mass extinctions
![Page 22: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lessons from the fossil record
• Extinctions are irreversible– Usually followed by a period of adaptive
radiation – diversity of life increased, – but different species evolved.
• Recovery time may be > 10 million years
![Page 23: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Current extinctions
• 20% by 2022, 50% by 2042• Loss of species due to human impacts
– Difficult to determine how many, which ones
![Page 24: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Estimates using small-scale field data• Annual loss of tropical forest habitat
1.8%• = 0.5% species lossIf there are 5 million species - 25,000
species/yearIf there are 20 million species – 100,000
species/yearIf there are 100 million species – 500,000
species/year.
![Page 25: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Threats to biodiversity
![Page 26: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1. Habitat loss
• Deforestation – tropical and temperate• Wetland loss• Coral reef destruction
![Page 27: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Example: Deforestation in Brazil
![Page 28: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Example: Deforestation in Brazil
![Page 29: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2. Habitat fragmentation
• Often accompanies habitat loss• Division of formerly continuous landscape into
smaller, often isolated pieces• Edge effects
– Invasion by exotics– Hotter, drier, windier conditions– Proximity to humans
• Smaller area– Large carnivores need large areas
![Page 30: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Exotic species
• Introduced, non-native species• Out-compete/exclude native species• Often, no predators in new environment
![Page 31: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Example: Purple loosestrife• Replaces cattails,
willows, horsetails, other plants
• Eliminates food and cover for ducks, geese, muskrats, mink, bog turtle, sandhill cranes, others
• Manual control unsuccessful.
• Now trying biological control with introduced beetles
![Page 32: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
4. Hunting
![Page 33: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
4. Hunting
• Decreases population size• Can remove top predator or keystone
species
![Page 34: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Example: Northern right whale
• Hunted because– Easy to find– Slow– Lots of oil
• Hunting reduced population by 97% to 600 individuals
• Protected in 1949, now threatened by habitat degradation
![Page 35: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
5. Environmental degradation
![Page 36: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
5. Environmental degradation
• Air pollution• Water pollution• Noise and light pollution• Climate change
– Warming, precipitation• Land degradation
– Erosion from deforestation, poor farming practices– Removes nutrient-rich top-soil– Dumps sediment into rivers and lakes
![Page 37: cartoon](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070500/56816864550346895ddebaec/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Example: Sea turtles
• Come on shore to lay eggs.
• Disturbed by bright lights, tend to choose darker beaches.
• Hatchlings are confused by lights, head in the wrong direction.