carton packaging knowledge

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Carton Packaging World·Classic[ ]

Shared by Packmage CAD Team


1.Carton Packaging Word

2.Folding carton box template structure

3.Terms

4.Mathematics in the folding carton structure design

5. Folding carton functional structure design

6. Corrugated Carton

7. Paper bag

8.Cushion packaging

9.Loading and transportation

10.Carbon footprint

Outline


1. Carton Packaging World

Many people mistaked that carton packaging is the combination of the box template structural design and graphic design. In fact, the carton packaging is far more than that.

In this chapter we will explain by two small examples : the carton packaging is a macrocosm, this industry is promising if you get involved.


The client needs the packaging box structure shown above, the carton box size is

80*45*100(mm) ， cardboard

Sample 1 《 Carton Packaging World

1.1 The cost difference between two minor difference box templates with specific cardboard size



1.1 The cost difference between two minor difference box templates

Select carton box template A, draw the die line template according to the carton box size ：




It can step and repeat 12 boxes in the standard-sized sheet(Note ： This sample haven't take into account the loaded knife rationality factors ）




We can switch to carton box template B, its shape is exactly the same with box template A.


save paper more than 20%.




1.2 The carton packaging design impacts on transportation


Because of the difference of the buffer design, cardboard material selection and structural design, the carton packaging design will have a significant impact on transportation.


Container size ： 591cm*234cm

Carton size ：50cm*30cm

Carton size ：50cm*31cm

79 pieces

89 pieces

The area increase 2%, while cost increase 11%

1.2 The carton packaging design impacts on transportation


11

Carton packaging

Carton box

Corrugated box

Paper bag

Folding carton

Glued carton

2. Folding carton structure


Folding carton classification

Folding carton

Tubes

Trays

Tubes and Trays


2.1 The definition of tubes

Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

It originally refers to the smallest box lid area amang, such as toothpaste boxes, such as toothpaste box.

Now, it is generally defined from the molding characteristics: it refers to the carton box that need both the lid and bottom closure panel fixed or sealed during the molding process.


2.1.1 The structure of the tubes


1 、 2 、 3 、 4-Panels

5-Closure panel

6-Dust flap

7-Glue flap

8-Closure panel

9-Tuck flap


2.1.2 The closure structure of Tubes


Commonly closure structures ：

1. Friction Tuck

2. Seal end

3. Locking tab

4. Push-in closure

5. Concave/Convex

6. Glued sealing

7. Snap lock bottom

8. Automatic lock bottom


2.1.2.1 Friction Tuck

Closure 《 Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

The sealing structure uses the friction between the tongue, dust flap and the panels to achieve and maintain sealing, the sealing strength and reliability is poor, suitable for small, lightweight daily necessities and pharmaceutical packaging.


2.1.2.4 Seal end


The locking strength and reliability of the sealend structure is higher, but it is less convenient.


2.1.2.6 Push-in closure


Each flap is part of the pattern, after plug-in the flaps composite a beautiful pattern.


2.1.2.5 Locking tab


The locking tab structure combined the friction and lock end sealing structure. With high sealing strengt and reliability, it is suitable for heavier contents.


2.1.2.7 Concave/Convex


The Concave Convex structure with the own strength and stiffness of the cardboard, deformation of straight or curved creasing line on the box, depressed flaps to achieve sealing.


2.1.2.8 Glued sealing


The glued sealing structure with the panels attached to the flap stick together.


2.1.2.9 Snap lock bottom


Snap lock bottom also called 1-2-3 closure, the bottom structure is simple, aesthetic and economic with strength and tightness, it is the most commonly used lock bottom structure and widely used in cosmetics, alcohol and food packaging.


2.1.2.9 Snap lock bottom


When we drawing the 1-2-3 bottom structure, we usually draw first part of the closure, there is no strict limit to the size of A, generally consistent with proportions of the box length. The vertical distance of the recessed portion and the creasing line of the length must be 1/2 of the width.


2.1.2.10 Automatic lock bottom


The automatic lock bottom refers to the body and the bottom of the box can be folded into a flat plate shape, and the bottom of the box can be automatically restored to the sealing status when the box stretched.The structure is complex and the cost is higher than other boxes.


2.1.2.10 Automatic lock bottom


From the automatic lock bottom structure, we can see both the flap and width angle of the box are 45 °, it is to avoid overlapp when folding.

Part A is the locking tab which is located the intersection of 1/2 length and 1/2 width of the box, it is to enhance the lock strength.

The shade area is the glued part, it is folded on the opposite direction. The larger size the glued part, the more firmly.

The 2 ° slash on Part B is to facilitate waste remove from the slash after carton box die-cutting.

The 3mm width in part C is to prevent the carton rupture after multilayer paper overlapped.


2.1.3 Widely used tube folding carton box template


Widely used tube folding carton box template ：

1. Reverse tuck

2. Straigt tuck

3. Airplane style

4. French reverse tuck

5. Snap lock bottom

6. Automatic lock bottom


2.1.3.1 Reverse tuck

Widely used tube box templates 《 Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

The reverse tuck also abbreviated as RTE, it is the most primitive box template.


2.1.3.2 Straight tuck


The straight tuck also abbreviated as STE.

Its drawback is that the two projections, when step and repeat it wastes paper material, but it is suitable used for the window style box.


2.1.3.3 Airplane style


As the name suggested, the airplane style box template shape looks likethe aircraft, its basic function and purpose is the same with straight tuck.


2.1.3.4 French reverse tuck


The French reverse tuck box template abbreviated as FRENCH STE.

Its advantage is maintain the integrity of the display surface, the contents of the design can be extended to the lid of the box, it has became commonly used box template for cosmetics packaging.


2.1.4 10 principles of the folding carton structural design


10 principles of the folding carton structure design


2.1.4.1 10 principles 1-2

10 principles 《 Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

（ 1 ） Whether the product has individual packaging

• plain tuck flap ： Individual packaging, do not need to consider pollution, s

cattered factors

• slit-lock tuck flap ： The tuck structure is more conducive to the productio

n and operation compare to the glued structure

（ 2 ） One time open or multiple times open during usage

• slit-lock tuck flap:It offers more secure closure design than the one time o

pen, mainly used on heavier content packaging.

• plain tuck flap ： It keeps the integrity of the folding carton with multiple

times open.


2.1.4.1 10 principles 3~5


（ 3 ） Heavy weight products• tuck and tongue lock ： It provide a very secure cover design

（ 4 ） Whether consumers expect to be able to see the product before buying?• Aperture or window ： The product can be see clearly• Plain tuck flap ： The customer could even touch the product.

（ 5 ） Whether the products need to be leak-proof structure ？ • double-glued end seals ： The non-independent packaging product coate

d with glue on two dust flaps and the back cover, which is more effective t

o prevent leakage.


2.1.4.1 10 principles ~6


（ 6 ） Which process included in the carton packaging production?• Each process in carton packaging production can be completed by equip

ment or by hand, it should be equipped with a different design on manual,

semi-automatic or automatic production.


2.1.4.1 10 Principles 7~8

10 Principles 《 Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

（ 7 ） Whether the carton box need to prevent unexpected opening ？• double-glued end seals:The glued operation can prevent the folding carto

n with unexpected open, such as toothpaste box.

（ 8 ） Which loading way the folding carton applied?• Vertical loading ： Commonly loading way, it is easy for mechanized prod

uction; such as grain and powder.• Horizontal loading ： The basic design is the same with vertical loading, o

nly changes the open direction. Automation equipment is more complex.• Top loading ： Some products require bigger diameter loading. This type

of folding carton is often designed with KDF( knocked-down-flat) or flat sh

eets delivered. Dimensionally unstable products (such as clothing) tend to

use the top loading design, as well as toys.


《 Folding carton structure analysis

The definition of Trays

The tray is folded by a cardboard with right angles or diagonally angles. The tray folding carton is suitable for packing shoes, hats, clothing, food and gifts. The commonly tray structure and the name of each part listed in the photo.

2.2 Trays


2.1.4.1 10 Principles 9~10

10 Principles 《 Tubes 《 Folding carton structure analysis

（ 9 ） How to use the folding carton ？• The folding carton design need to consider how it could be storaged. On t

he dresser or drawers? Medicine cabinet or refrigerator?• Easy to open, accessible and tear lines and other auxiliary design should

considered in the carton box design.

（ 10 ） How to sale the product ？• Excellent folding carton design is helpful for the sales display• It need to provide a stable and attractive display way.


2.2.1 Molding method

Trays 《 Folding carton structure analysis

Each panel of the tray folding carton ne

ed to be connected with certain structur

e, the concrete molding method include:

（ 1 ） Fold assembly

（ 2 ） Lock connection


2.2.3 Top and Base


a) Top lid ： The height of the lid equal to the height of the box so that it almost cover up all the box body.

b) Cap lid ： The height of the lid is less than the height of the body, generally only covering the upper opening portion of the body.

c) Buckle lid ： The body with matching edge to seam with the lid, the height of the box equal to the height of the lid and the height of the matching edge of the box body.

a ） top lid b ） cap lid c)Buckle lid

The lid, body of the box are mutually independent with open structure, the inner dimension of the lid is slightly larger than the outer size of the tray to ensure that the lid can be smoothly cover on the body. The top and base structure used for shoes, clothing and assembled goods.


2.2.2 Lock connection type


Straight lock structure Bend lock structure

Slant lock structure


2.2.4 Typical lid structure


It also known as drawer lid. Lid is an independent piece, box body can be drawn within the lid forward.

a ） Body b ） Lid


2.2.5 Commonly tray structure


Commonly tray structure ：

1. Double side wall

2. Foot lock

3. 4-spot glued

4. 6-spot guled


2.2.5.1 Double side wall

Commonly tray structure 《 Trays 《 Folding carton structure analysis

As the name suggested, the wall structure of the tray has doubled, it is easy of production, various parts folded completely, normally can be made of top and base box.

Since the glued part need to be folded to form the double side wall, its maximum value can not exceed the depth of the box subtracting the thickness of the paper.


2.2.5. 2 Foot lock


The foot lock plays both the foot and lock rule of the box.

The size of the male lock is smaller than the size of the female lock in the box lock structure, the male lock is drawn to the inside with 15 ° angle, and the female lock is 15 ° angle to the outside. The four fixed flaps folded can not affect the lock, it is the relationship between C and C-2B in the tray structure.


2.2.5.3 Four-spot glued tray


Four-spot glued tray is one of the most simple and valuable box template, it also named Beers tray, mainly for packing shirts, sweaters, food and toys etc.

The biggest characteristics of Four-spot glued box is the lid and the bottom of the tray can be completely the same size to match perfectly, unlike other trays, the lid must be bigger than the bottom.


2.2.5.4 Six-spot glued tray


The change and design of the six-spot glued tray is on the basis of four-spot glued tray.It is widely used in frozen food, fish, seafood, vegetables packaging fields.

The width of the lid is 2 times bigger than the width of the bottom.


3.The characteristics of folding carton

Outline ：

1. The bearing characteristics

2. The influence of the two sides of the

paper on structure design

3. The Offset

4. The texture direction

5. The texture direction design of Tubes

6. The texture direction design of Tubes with

curved surface

7. The texture direction design of Trays

8. The texture direction design of regular pol

ygon trays


3.1 The bearing characteristics

《 The characteristics of folding carton

As we all know but may not pay special attention to the phenomenon: the bearing force of flat sheet cardboard is small, once creasing and properly folded, it could bear great pressure.


3.2 The influence of the two sides of the paper on structure design


No matter ordinary cardboard or corrugated board has two sides, ordinary cardboard has a surface layer and a bottom layer, corrugated cardboard has out layer paper and inner layer paper.

It influences the molding when folding, which need to be taken into account in the structure design.

（ a ） Inner fold 90° （ b ） Outer fold 90° （ c ） Inner fold （ d ） Outer fold

1-bottom layer 2-surface layer 3-bottom layer 4-surface layer


3.3 The influence of the two sides of the paper on structure design


There is an example ：

Caliper 2mm, Length 40mm.The creasing line is on the middle of the cardboard. Then we start to fold.


3.4 The influence of the two sides of the paper on structure design 《 The characteristics of folding carton

There're two concerns:

1. the length of the cardboard is 40 mm bef

ore folding, after folding the inner size isn't

40/2=20mm,it is 19mm because of the cali

per.

2. The first statement is not entirely accurat

e,because of the two sides of the paper, w

hen folding on the middle, the internal loss i

s different with different specifications of th

e cardboards, it need to be taken into acco

unt.


3.6 The Offset


Because of the dust flap under the cover, to be strictly the panel connect with the cover should add a caliper, else the cover will be hindered by the dust flap when folding.

The additional caliper is offset.


3.7 The texture direction


During the folding carton manufacturing process, the creasing line can effectively

control the cardboard deformation, its role can not be ignored.As the fiber orienta

tion, so that the cardboard folding onthe creasing line, the force on the transvers

e indentation line (the line parallel to the creasing line) is bigger than the longitudi

nal creasing line (the line parallel to longitudinal creasing line), so the bounce of t

ransverse creasing line is bigger, thus increasing tension of the cardboard surfac

e and enhance the strength of the carton.

As the fiber alignment, and the stiffness and binding force for the same kind of ca

rdboard longitudinal fiber were greater than the transverse, which leads to the lo

ngitudinal stiffness greater than the transverse board; in addition, because most

of the carton stacking flat folded for transportation and storage, so the carton nee

d resistance to repeated folding to avoid the creasing line crack which might affe

ct the appearance and strength of carton.

Thus when design the texture direction of the folding cartion, it needs to consider

the different of vertically and horizontally physical properties of the cardboard an

d the creasing line position.


3.8 The texture direction design of Tubes


Advantages ：• It makes the 4 surfaces of the box body sm

ooth, avoid ballooning phenomenon.

• It is helpful to high speed gluer machine.

• The creasing line is not easy to burst and br

eak(especially on thick paper ).

Generally, the longitudinal texture should b

e vertical with the main creasing line (longe

r creasing line).

When the carton size is smaller and accura

cy requirement is not too high, it could appl

y mixed step and repeat ignore the texuture

direction, thereby saving cost.


3.9 The texture direction design of Tubes with curved surface


The bending resistance of the sheet transverse(parallel to the texture direction) is smaller than longitudinal,which means the cardboard transverse bending easier, with the curved surface, the texture direction of the folding carton should be perpendicular to the curved creasing line.

We can clearly the horizontal of box a is easy to bend so that the box body is formed into a very smooth arch.While box b on the contrary, because the creasing line design of paperboard is unreasonable caused the box body distortion.


3.10 The texture direction design of Trays


The length direction of the tray folding carton should be perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the cardboard.In this case it provides higher stiffness in a short span, facilitates the cartons strong and straight, and the transverse creasing line on the length direction gives the carton more strength.


3.11 The texture direction design of regular polygon trays


The texture direction design of the regular polygon tray, one plan is the longitudinal cardboard parallel to one of the box bottom corner angle bisector, another is longitudinal cardboard vertical to one of the box bottom corner angle bisector.Both two kinds of texture design have deficiencies, both affected the carton folding.

The hexagonal box also has the problem. With the increase of the number of polygon box bottom, gradually tend to circle,the circle has no direction, so the more sides the polygon tray has, the smaller difference of the two kinds of plans, but the best choice is texture direction design which the board longitudinal vertical to the bisector lines of the bottom angle.


3.12 The texture direction design


For irregular folding cartons, the texture direction design should obey the basic cardboard texture direction design rules, but the irregular box has uncertainty, we suggest make samples to test first then choose which one texture direction design is more reasonable.


4. Mathematics in the folding carton structure design

Mainly because of the mechanical and physical properties, the folding carton structure exist many mathematical relationships.


4.1 How to decide the inner size of the carton box

《 Mathematics in the folding carton structure design

We often see some carton packaging rupture, deformation during transportation,this kind of circumstance except the paper strength is not enough, collision, one big issue is packaging size relatively big than the product.

Generally, the length and width of the inner size of the carton box should be one caliper larger than the product, the depth should be 2 times caliper larger than the product.

For example, if the product size is 10*10*15 cm, caliper is 1mm, the inner size of the carton box should be 10.1*10.1*15.2cm.


4.2 The size relationship of the small middle reverse tuck folding carton


The glue flap size 10~16mm

　　Width(mm) Tuck(mm)

16 ～ 20 10

20 ～ 24 13

24 ～ 38 16

38 ～ 57 20

57 ～ 108 22

　　Length(mm) Tuck(mm)

20 ～ 30 3

30 ～ 60 5

60 ～ 120 7

　　Female lock=Male

lock+2mm

The dust flap size could be bigger or smaller than the value in the formula, but can not be more than 1/2 Length, else they will be overlapped.


4.3 Tube folding carton structure design


1. The straight line on the inserted cover for friction locking function, the size of the cover changed based on the carton size, generally it is 20mm, with two R angles;

2. Glue flaps 10-16mm ；3. Compare to outter layer the inner

layer sealing face should be smaller;

4. The angle of the dust flap should be less or equal than 15 °;

5. The dust flap size should be smaller than the width of the box;

6. The outter layer sealing face size less or equal to the width of the box;

7. The right side face size is slightly less than the width of the box 0.8mm; even for heavy cartons, should reduce the cardboard caliper because the glue flap and right side face are jointed together, there will be one more caliper on the right side face.


4.4 Tube folding carton structure design


1. The tuck lock 0.8mm(genera

lly 0.8mm or cardboard calip

er);

2. The tuck lock sealing design;

3. Dust flap design ；4. The second angle of the dus

t flap is 15 °;

5. The first angle of the dust fla

p is 45°;

6. The top closure panel shoul

der is 6mm ；7. The dust flap shoulder is

6mm ；8. The tuck lock on the small c

arton box generally is 10mm.


5. Folding carton functional structure design

Outline:

1. Handle design

2. Hanging hole design

3. Window design

4. Displays design

5. Easy to open design

6. Dispenser design

7. Lining design

8. Partition wall design


5.1 Handle

《 Folding carton functional structure design

The handle structure is designed to facilitate consumers.

1 ） Requirements

• enough strength, safe and reliable;

• the box body or local strength can not be weakened;

• proper size and do not harm the hand;

• decoration

2 ） split structure and overall structure

• The split structure is the handle and box body independent of each other

• The overall structure is the handle or handle hole designed directly on the box body

3 ） Size

• The palm wide generally between 70-100mm, thickness around 20-40mm.The width of the handle is generally above 20mm, heavier goods the width should take larger values to ensure the strength. 100mm

30mm


5.2 Hanging hole


Design the hanging holes on the c

arton box so that the goods can b

e displayed on the shelves.

The hanging hole and the content

gravity should on the same vertica

l line.Hanging hole is mainly in the

form of round, rectangle, rounded

triangle etc.


5.3 Window


Open window on the carton box, glue tr

ansparent sheets of thin plastic or glas

s paper, so that the product inside coul

d show in front of consumers.

There has one window, double or three

window structure, the location of windo

w is to fully display the inner product. T

he window profile need to enhance the

decoration, such as plum, heart shape

d etc.The window position, size and sh

ape should coordinate with the carton d

ecoration patterns, text and box liner.


5.4 Easy to open structure


Easy open structure is the local structure to facilitate consumer open the carton packaging more conveniently.

① Tear port ： Open a gap near the cover or sealing location, tear the port when need to open the packaging.

② Half cutting line ： Cutting line on the carton opening position, depth is half of the cardboard caliper, when the need to open the packaging, tear the half cutting line when need to open the packaging.

③ Dentate line ： On the carton opening port, with 1.5 × 1.5mm, 1.5 × 0.75mm, with corrugated dentate knife and other different types of dentate knife presse the dentate line, tear the dentate line when need to open the packaging.

④ Zipper line ： Add the cutting line on the carton opening port like a zipper, tear it when in use.

①

②

③

④


5.5 Dispenser


The dispenser carton box can conveniently pour out the

contents, reducing it scattered, it is suitable for powder, p

article and liquid goods 。


5.6 Partition


The partition structure us

ed to protect of the fragil

e commodity such as cer

amics, glass packaging t

o prevent breakage. It ca

n be divided into integral

partition structure and sp

lit partition structure.

The Integral partition str

ucture takes advantage

s of the carton body pan

els or flaps extended th

e lining design.It saves t

he process, easy for pro

cessing and it is

environment friendly.


5.6 Partition


The split partition structure is mutually i

ndependent with the box body, it is the

accessory for the carton. It is relatively

easy.

when it inserted into the box, the conte

nts being partitioned and located in the

holes.


5.7 Displays


The Displays shown the goods u

nder certain support.The cover of

the carton can be folded to the lo

wer box body so that the box bod

y display tiltly, it is very suitable f

or attracting consumers.


6. Corrugated box

The corrugated box can be divided into slot, set-up and folding carton three basic types according to the processing methods.

① Slot The slot box template with a cardboard through cutting, creasing and folding, The side flap need to be stapled or glued. It can be folded into a flat shape for storage and transportation.

② Set up Generally composed by two parts, the box body, cover and bottom seperated independently, when using they can be set up together.

• Folding carton The box template through processing, folding and does not require any nails or glue.Such as 04 type box template.


6.1 Slot

《 Corrugated box

① Slot carton ， It is the most commonly c

arton structure.It is mainly used for food pa

ckaging.Based on this box template there

are many changes for special structure

protection.


6.2 Half slot carton

《 Corrugated box

② Half slot carton ， typical sample is the step up transport container and shelf packa

ging for fruit, vegetables. The

structure include top and base box template and shallow box structure.


6.4 FEFCO standard box template

《 Corrugated box

The international commonly box template and code: the box template code consists of four digits, top two on behalf of box template, last two on behalf of the different style.

It ranges from 02 to 07 totally 6 types, 09 type is the accessory.

• 02 type——Including 0201 、 0202 、 0203 、 0204 、 0205 6 styles.Each style the top and bottom with clousure panel size.

• 03 type——Including 0310 and 0325 two styles,all are cover, bottom and open box set up structure.

• 04 type——Only 0402 style ， processing and folding with a cardbaord without any stamples and glue.

• 09 type——Accessories, including partition, pad etc., totally 45 types, they are used for dividing, fixing,location and cushioning.


6.3 Folding carton

《 Corrugated box

The carton box is compact and save the paperboard the most.


6.5 FEFCO box template

《 Corrugated box


6.6 FEFCO box template

《 Corrugated box


6.7 Corrugated box design

《 Corrugated box

1 ） Corrugated box design should firstly consider the relationship between the strength of the corrugated paperboard and the contents.

The basic framework for the transport packaging ：

First class……Used for export product or expensive product transportation packaging;

Second calss……domestic goods transport packaging;

Third class……Cheap goods or short-distance transport packaging.

2 ） The ergonomics principle must take into account in the carton structure design.

The unreasonable box size design might cause fatigue and injury.


6.8 Various carton icons

《 Corrugated box

The icons should be put in the specified location to facilitate all the work in the whole transportation process.


7. Paper bag

The paper bag is the bag container with one end or two end sealing, generally ma

de by kraft paper, coated paper, aluminized paper etc.

The most common paper bag is the bag with flat bottom, it can be placed vertically

and can be folded into a flat shape. The paper bag used for scattered goods packa

ging, also used for outer packaging, it has the direct effect on sales promotion.


7.1 Paper bag structure

《 Paper bag


7.2.1 Sealing end bag

《 Paper bag

After the sealing end bag filling wit

h goods, the opening sealing with

adhesive or U nail.This bag mainl

y used for packing granular produ

ct.


7.2.2 Sealing valve bag

《 Paper bag

The bottom and the top of

the bag sealing, there's a

valve on the top bag corne

r, it usually used for small

particles product packagin

g.


7.2.3 Glued bag

《 Paper bag

The bottom of the b

ag sealed by folding

and glue method, its

structure similar to t

he sealing end bag.


7.2.4 Glued valve bag

《 Paper bag

The bottom and the top

of the bag with glued se

aling, the valve used for

filling.


7.2.5 Flat bottom open bag

《 Paper bag

The the material on bottom end glu

ed layer by layer, after filling the ba

g top sealed with glue.


7.2.6 Handle bag

《 Paper bag

The paper bag used more and more frequently in the

real life, especially the market competition is becomi

ng increasingly intensified, the paper bag as advertisi

ng tool with rich and varied forms.


8. Cushioning packaging

It is estimated that billions of dollars lost on the packaging products destructive test, not to mention the lost because of the unreasonable cushioning packaging. At the same time the unreasonable design and large amount waste of resources phenomenon widely exists.

So the cushioning packaging is a very important topic, and at present lack of theoretical research and professional talent.

Subsequent versions of this document will go into

the details of this chapter.


9. Loading issue

Many people may not realize transportation belongs to packaging category, as the example of cushioning packaging we mentioned before, a little change may bring a few percentage points even ten percent change on the container utilization.

Subsequent versions of this document will go into the details of

this chapter.


10 Carbon footprint

Subsequent versions of this document will go into the details of

this chapter.


Information Update

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Packmage CAD team