carper (1978) fundamental patterns of knowing
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Carper (1978) Fundamental patterns of knowing. Knowledge development for a practice discipline. The problem of Nursing as a practice discipline. Nursing involves processes of dynamic interactions Nurses in practice know more than they can communicate to others - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Carper (1978) Carper (1978) Fundamental patterns of Fundamental patterns of knowingknowing
Knowledge development for a practice discipline
The problem of Nursing as a The problem of Nursing as a practice discipline practice discipline
◦Nursing involves processes of dynamic interactions
◦Nurses in practice know more than they can communicate to others
◦Historically what nurses know has not been communicated well
◦Empirical knowledge only partially reflects nursing knowledge
◦This can be improved when all forms of knowing are integrated and valued
Why develop patterns of Why develop patterns of knowingknowing
The aim of Carper’s theory was to:◦Formally express nursing knowledge◦Provide a professional and discipline
identity◦Convey to others what nursing
contributes to healthcare◦Create expert and effective nursing
practice
Knowing and knowledgeKnowing and knowledge
Knowing and knowledge ◦Knowing refers to the way of
perceiving and understanding self and the world
◦Knowledge refers to knowing that is expressed in a form that can be shared and communicated to others
Nursing’s fundamental Nursing’s fundamental patterns of knowingpatterns of knowing
Carper (1978)◦ Ethics◦ Personal knowing◦ Aesthetics◦ Empirics
Chinn and Kramer (2008)◦ Emancipatory
Knowing The praxis of
nursing
Ethics: Ethics: the component of moral the component of moral knowledge in nursing knowledge in nursing
Guides and directs how nurses conduct their practice
Requires ◦Experiential knowledge of social values◦Ethical reasoning
Focus is on: ◦Matters of obligation, what ought to be
done◦Right , wrong and responsibility ◦Ethical codes of nursing◦Confronting and resolving conflicting
values, norms, interests or principles
Sources of Ethical Sources of Ethical knowingknowingNursing’s ethical codes and
professional standardsAn understanding of different
philosophical positions ◦Consequentialism◦Deontology ◦Duty◦Social justice
Personal knowing: Personal knowing: acceptance of self acceptance of self that is grounded in self-knowledge and that is grounded in self-knowledge and confidence confidence Concerned with becoming self-aware
◦ Self–awareness that grows over time through interactions with others
Used when nurses engage in the therapeutic use of self in practice◦ Scientific competence, moral/ethical practice,
insight and experience of personal knowing
Personal reflection◦ Informed by the response of others
Openness to experience
Personal knowingPersonal knowing
Personal knowing needs to be integrated or reconciled with professional responsibilities
Personal Knowing is the basis of the therapeutic use of self in the nurse patient relationship◦Perceiving self feelings, and
prejudices within the situation
Aesthetic knowing: Aesthetic knowing: the art of the art of nursing nursing Expressed through:
◦ Actions, bearing, conduct, attitudes, narrative and interaction
◦ Knowing what to do without conscious deliberation
Involves: ◦ Deep appreciation of the meaning of a
situation ◦ Moves beyond the surface of a situation◦ Often shared without conscious exchange of
words◦ Transformative art/acts◦ Brings together all the elements of a nursing
care situation to create a meaningful whole
Aesthetic knowingAesthetic knowingPerceiving the nature of a clinical
situation and interpreting this information
To respond with skilled action
It uses the nurses intuition and empathy
Is based on the skill of the nurse in a given situation
Empirics: Empirics: the science of nursingthe science of nursing
Based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses: seeing, touching and hearing.◦ Reality exists and truths about it can be
understoodA pattern of knowing that draws on traditional
ideas of scienceExpressed in practice as scientific competence
◦ Competent action grounded in scientific knowledge including theories and formal description
◦ Involves conscious problem solving and logical reasoning
◦ Nursing theory
Empirical knowingEmpirical knowingPositivist science
◦Knowledge is systematically organised into general laws and theories
Source of this knowledge◦Research◦Theory
Emancipatory knowing Emancipatory knowing (Chinn and Kramer)(Chinn and Kramer)
Emancipatory knowing addresses the social and political context of nursing and healthcare and critiques the four fundamental patterns of knowing
It recognises serious social barriers to health and well-being
Emancipatory knowing requires an understanding of the nature of knowledge
Praxis is the process of emancipatory knowing. It requires both critical reflection and action
Fundamental patterns of Fundamental patterns of knowing knowing
Emancipatory Ethical
Empiric
Personal
Aesthetic
Methods of turning knowing Methods of turning knowing into knowledgeinto knowledgeProblem based learning
◦ An instructional method in which students work in small groups
◦ Used to gain knowledge and acquire problem-solving skills.
Clinical Supervision◦ An exchange between practicing professionals to enable
the development of professional knowledge and skills
Structured reflection on practice◦ John’s (1994) model of structured reflection used Carper’s
fundamental patterns of knowing ◦ Section 5 of the model considers learning gained from the
experience. It asks “how has this experience changed my ways of knowing?” Empirics/ Aesthetics/Ethics/Personal