IdSTITtiTIONPOET 40.

pqs tql;NOTE

ATM.&

EDER PRICEDESMIPTORs.

4,

kESiPACt

C8 A17.789

Construction Occ4PIR inishing. Reprinted krosthe occupati nal Oatlooi _andbook 1978-79Edition.lmeeau.of tabor Statist (DCL) 1 a hingtcEt11-1955-15,70

/4.; Ohotogrhphti in h document will not rep Odwell; For related dooum 'Ai.see CE-1117 '756797suPPrintendent of Documentsp U.S. 'Government PrintiOffice, Washington, NC. 20462 00.50 per reprintf116.00 for set of --42)-

WP-$0.83.8c-$1.67 Rips P6stage..hir, Conditioning; 48uilding trade's; carpenters;Electricianse4fEmployment. Opportunities; *EmplpymenProjections ;. *Employment Qualifications; EmploymentMends; ,*Finishing: Flooring; GlaXieta; Beating;Imfbrmation.SouteesrJob Skills; Job 1111bingr_Machine Tool operators; *Occupational Information;Occupational nobilitf; Painting; Promdtion(Occupational); 'Refrigeration' Bechaniosr.Salaries;Sheet 'Metal Vorkerffl; .Wages; Rork Environment

JP

- Focusing on f nishing construction occupationsdo gent is one in arseries of forty-one reptints.from theOc upationalOutlOok(Bendbook prioviding, current information andemploymient,prbjhctions for individual occupations and hdustries:througiv1985. The specific occupations covered in this documentinclude air conditioning/refrigeration/heatLng,repairmen, drywallinstallers And finishers, electricians .(construction),:floor coveringinstallers, glaziersy-insnlation,WOrkers, lathe:re, Painters andpaperhangers, plasterers, sheet metal workers, and tilesetters. Thefollowing information is presented for each occupation oroccupationalAreas a code number referenced to the Dictionarl ofOccupational-Titles; a'description of the mature bf the work;: places'ofemploYment; training, other qualifications, and advancement;employment outlook; earnings' -and working'conditions; and` sources ofadditional information. It,additAiOn'to thli forty-one reptintscovering individual occupationslon *occupational areas: (CE 017751-797), a companion document ICE 017 756) presents esploymenprojections for-the total labor marketAuld-discusses-tbe relationshipbetween' joblrospects'and education. (Bd)

************** ***** *** **** *** **** ***** * ** *********Reproductions supplied by BARS are the best that can be made *

from the original document.*************4*********************************** ** ******

ttl Orr thetiorial!adlort Haod

8-79. EditionS. Departm.ent- of Laborreau of Labor Statistics

=x, :1978 "011atin 1955-15

S DO RAITIALIITEDUCATION A /10- ILIE

NATIONAL INSTEDUCA-

S DOCUMENT 4 AS SEEN REP,MICE() EXACTLY RECEIVEC1 FROMTHE PERSON OR C 6ANIZATION ORATITyCIT POINTSOX vIEWOR OPINIONSSTATED DO NO NECESSARILY REFIRESENT OFFICIA NATIONAL 1NETiTUTEOFEDUCATION TION OR POLICY

,wheal natio.--

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ONING,EPRIGERATION, ANDEATING NIEcNAN

T. 637.231 and .381, 862.281land .381And 869.281) 1

Nature of the Work

g and air-conditioning"yrnenannakes buildings comfort-

r werrk. study, or p1-4. Refrig-eration eqUipment makes' it possibleto safely store fbod, drugs, and otheritems. The types of equipment that

e theme conveniences are com-plex. Air-conditioning, reingeration,and heating mechanics are the skilledworkers who install, maintain, andrepair them. These workete usuallyspecialize in onejarealbut often havethe ability tto work in several.

Air-conditioning and refrigerationmechanics . (D.O.T. 637.281 and.381) install and ,.1-epair equipmentranging in size from small windowunits to large central air-conditioningor refrigeration systems. When in-talling.new equipment, they put the

motors, compressors, /evaporators,and other components %or place. fol-

a

lowing blueprints and designcations. They connect ductwork, re-sfrigemnt lints, and other-piping andtben4coimett the: equipment to,kri-electrical power source. After corn--pleting the installation, they chargethe ,system with refrigerant andcheck it 'for proper operation.

*hen air-conditioning and refrig-eration equipment breaks down, me-cynics diagnose the cause arid snakerepairs: When looking for defectsthey inspect components such as re-lays:and thermostats.

Furiarce installers (3.6.T. 862.381,and 869.28,1 ), also called heatingequipthent installers, follow blue-prints or other specifications to in-stall oil, jpes, and electric beatiolgUnits, After setting the heating unit inplace, rise = install' fuel supply lines,air dee pumps, and other compo-nents. They then connect electricalwiring and controls, andcheck theunit for proper operation..

Oil burner: mechanias (D.O -T.862.281) keep oil-fueled heating sys-tems in .good operating condition.During-the fall and winter.. when thesystem is needed Most, they serviceand adjust oil burners. If a burner is

not operating properly, rrnennicheck the thermostat. buirfer norilea, controls, and other parts to lercute the problem. PI/lethal-tics carryreplacement Parts in their trucks toMate repairs in the customer's homeor place of business. However, if Ma-j6r repairs are necessary, they usuallycomplete the repairs in the shop.During the simmer when most sys-terns are off, mechanics service heat-ing units, replace oil and air filters,and vacuum-clean vents, ducts, andother parts of the heating system thataccumulate spot and ash.

Gas burner enechanks637.231). oho caned. gars.serVicers, have duties similar to thewof oil burner mechanics. y dial

malfunctions in parceled beat-ing systems and 'hakepairs end adjustments.repair cooking stove*, clothes dryers,sad hot water beaters.summer, rriecluusics employed by gasutility i*nripanies may inspect and re-pair gas meters.

Air-conditioning, - refrigeration,and-healing mechanics use a variety)of including hammers,wenches. metal snips, electric drills,pipe cutter,e and benders, and acety.one torches. They also use vole.

rs, electronic circuit teasers, andother testing devices.

ling and heating syets some-thner(are insodledorrepai oth.er croft workers. Forexample, on alarge air-conditioning installationjob. especially where Wolters arecovered by union .contracts, ductwork _might be done by sheet-metalworkers; "electrical work by electri-Cisns; and initallation of piping, con-deniers, and oth;.? components bypipefitters..APPLance sericers ofteninstalr and repair windo air-condi-lionedr: Additicinal'inforrnationabout these occupations appearselsewhere in the H

bras

Meets of Employment

Approximately 175;000 peravrrtworked as air- conditioning, mfrig-ration, and heating Mechanics in1976. Cooling and heatinide letsand cpnirractors employed most air-condilloning and refrigeration me-chanics and furnace installers. Fuel

I-311 dealers employied most oil larrner

Ap-7 mechanics

refrigerationinstallerscounty

hic distribu-ters similar to that

of 'on. Oil burner me-ctic arm entcentrated in' Stateswhere oil is a major heating fuel.More than half work in Massachu-setts, New Jersey, New York, Penn-sylvania, Illinois, and Michigan. Simi-larly, gair burner mechanics areconcentrated is States where gas is amajor heating fuel. Almost halfworked in Texas, California, Ohio,Michigan, arid Illinoii.

Training, Other qualifications,and Advancement

Most a6r-coeditioning, refrigera-tion, and heating mechanics start ashelpers and acquire their skills byworking for several years with expe-rienced riihanics. The remainderlearn through apprenticeship.

All new workers in these tradesreceive similaf on-the-job training,lasting 4 to 5 years. They begin bydoing simple tasks such as carryingmaterials, insulating refrigerant lines,'or cleaning furnaces. Within a year,

ey, learnt cut, braze, and soberpipe and tubing; within three, to in-stall fittings and work with sheet met-al. By the end of training, they are

le of checking circuits and irl-lirlg burners and pumps.

In addition tt3 on-the-job training,apprentices must have related class-room instruction in subjects such asMath, blueprint reading, and baSicconstruction and engineering con:-cepts.

When hiring helpers or apprentic-es, employers prefer high schoolgraduates with mechanical aptitudewho have had courses in) mathemat-ics, physics, electronics; and blue-print reading. Good physical' condi-tion also is necessary becauseworkers sometimes have to lift andmove heavy equipment.

Many high schools and vocationalschools offer basic mechaniccourses, some of which are taught bymembers of local firms and organiza-tions such as the Air-conditioning

and Refrigeration Institute and thePetroleum Malketing EducationFoundation. These courses may laicfrom 2 to 3 year

Ernploytnetnt Outlook

Employment of air-conditioning,refrigeration, and heating mechanicsis expected to increase much fasterthan the average for all occupationsthrouth the mid-1980's. In additionto the job openings from employ-,

'rent growth, many openings will oc-cur as experienced mechanics trans-fer to other fields of work, retire, ordie.

Most openings will be, for airon--ditioning and refrigeration mechan-ics. An increase in household forma-tion and rising personal inconiesshould result in very rapid increasein, the number of air-conditionedhomes. Air-conditioning in Schools,factories, and other buildiags also isexpected to increase. In addition,morerefrigeratioh equipment will beneeded in the production; storage,and marketing of food and other perishables.

Employment of furnace ifistallersand gas burner mechanics is expect-ed to folldw the growth ttends in theconstruction of homes and business-es. Employment of oil burner me-chanics should also grow as custom-7ers have their heating systemsserviced more frequently in order toconserve oil.

Earnings and WorkingConditions

Depending on the area of, thecountry and the experience of theworker, hourly rates for skilled, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and heat-ing mechanics ranged from about $6to $10 in 1976, according to limitedinformation. In comparison, the av-erage hourly rate for production andnonsupervisory workers in private in-duatry, except farming, was 54137.Mechanics who- worked on both air-conditioning and heating equipmentfrequently had higher rates- of paythan those who worked on only onetype of equipment_ Starting rates forhelpers and apprentices are about 55to 65 percent of those paid to experi-enced workers; with experience,rates increase,

s work a daltourer, during seasonal

peaks work overtime orurs, Air - conditioning andn meehanics- are busiest

daring spring and summer, heat-ing mechanics are busiest during falland winter. Most employers ,try toprovide a full workweek the yearround, but they may temporarily re-duce hoiirs or lay off some mechan-ics when seasonal peaks end. How-ever, employment in most shops thatservice both air-conditioning andheating equipment is fairly , stablethroughout the year.

Mechanics sometimes' are requiredto work at great heights when install-ing new equipment. They also mawork in awkward or cramped postions,- Hazards in this trade lochselectrical shock, torch burns, afmdmuscle strains and other injufront hidlir heavy eyuil

tercet of 'AdditionalInformation

More information about ern-plOyrnent and training opportunities,contact the local office of time Stateemployrnent service br firms that ern_

ploy air-conditioning, refrigeration,and heating rtiecIsafies,:

for parriphlersoork,easeer opportn-ties, d trarristig write to:

inning ins Refrigeration institute,ISIS N. Fart Myer Dr., Arlington, Vs_

' 22209. Rile trositute preoei riot to re-cxive iticliviclued requests to e usnti-

ea of paniatile41.)

For inforMation abut t ing inoil heating systems, writeetireieum Marketing Education pct- undttion,

P.O. Rot 11137, Columbia, 5.e. 29211,For career information about gas

burner mechanics, write to:American Gas Asagiciation, Inc., 1515 Wilson

blvd., Arlinsemye. 22209.

nYwALL INSTALLERSAND FINISHERS

(D.0.T. 840.887 and 842.884)

Nature of the Work

Developed at a substitute for wetplaster, drywall consists ora thin wall

Of, platter sandwiched betweenPieces of heavy paper. It 2 used to-da for walls and ceilinsp of mostnew homes because it saves both

i' Cline and money compared ,ta 'Wadi-dorsal construction using plaster.

1 Two new occupations havereed in response to the wide-

of this construction mate-: drywall installers and drywallher!. Installers fasten drywall

panels to the framework insidehouses and other buildings. Finishersdo touchup work to get the panels in

r painting.brywall hands are manufactured

mem ich a PrOsad

In a rdor example, 4 feetby 12 feet. , ins hers Rust mea-sure and cut some pieces to fit insmall spaces, :Sinai as above and clow windows, They also saw holes intht panels. for electric outlets, a -ctigcl tiatiing units, and plumbing.Afteir making these alterations, in-stallers apply glue to the wtsoderiframework, press the parseis againstit, and nail them down. An installerusually is assisted by a helper be-cause large panels are too heary Indcumbersome for' one person-to han-dle,

Some installers sl seis a in hang;

rf

piul background to II work_

ing drywall panels on metal frame-work in o> ces, schools, and otherlarge buildings_ plans-thatindicate the- location of roorns andhallways, they saw- metal rods andchannels to size, bolt them togetherto make floor-ta-ceiliitg frames, andattach the drywall panels to theframes with screws. The workers alsoerect suspended ceilings. They hangmetal bands from wires that are em-bedded in the-concrete ceiling. einstallers run the bands horizontallyacross the room, crisscrossing themto form ulrectang ___ar spaces for theceiling panels.

After the drywall' has been In-stalled finishers fill joints betweenpanels With' a quick-drying paste.Using the wide, flat tip of a specialknife, and bnishlike strokes, the'spread the paste into and along.eacside, of the joint. Before the pastedries, workers use their knives topress a perforated' paper tape into thepaste and to scrape away excesspaste. When the first application ofpaste is dry, finishers apply anotherto fill any depressions and to make asmooth -. surface. Nail and screwheads also are covered with this com-pound. Finishers sand these patchedareas to make them as smooth therest- of the wall surface. They alsorepair nicks and cracks caused-by theinstallation of air-conditioning ventsand other fixtures, Some finishersspecialize in sanding, taping, or re-pair work.

Places of Employment

About, 45,000 personk worked asdrywall installers and 'finishers in1976. Most worked for contractorsthat 'specialize in drywall construe-tion; others worked for contractorsthat do all kinds of construction.

Installers and finishers are em-ployed throughout the country, butare concentrated in urban areas. Inmany small towns, carpenters installdrywall and painters finish it.

Tialning, Other Qualifications,and Advancement

+error's who become drywall in-'stal lets or finishers usually start as =.

helpers and learn most of their skillsorrthe job. Some employers, in ebop-eration with ,onions, offer special

ement on-the-a few hours of class;

roon instruction each. week. Eaehn' torso fit 2 years.

tart by carryingens, and Clean-

ins (IP debris, Within a' few weeks,they are _taught to measure, cut, andinstall panels. Eventually, Jhey be-mire 'experienced installers, capableof working quickly and without help.

Finish helpers begin with tapingjoints and touching up nail holes andScratches. They soon learn to installcomer guards and to conceal open-ing; around pipes. Near the end of

hay ,learn to estimateing and finishing dry-

Employers prefer high schooluates who are in good physical

condition, but applicants with lesseducation frequently are hired. Highwheal or trade school courses incarpentry provide a helpful back-ground for drywall work. Installersmust be good at simple arithmetic.

After qualifying as an installer orfinisher, a person who has leadershipability may become a supervisorwithin a few years. Some workersstart their own drywall contractingbusinesses.

Employment Outlook

Employment of drywall workers isexpected to grow much faster thanthe average for all occupationsthrough the mid-1980's due to anincrease in construction activity. Be-sides the workers hired to fill open-inp arising from this `increased de-mand. many will be hired to replacethose who retire, die, or take jobs inother occupations. Because con-struction activity fluctuates, how-ever, the number of new workersneeded ?ay vary greatly from year toyear.

Most job openings will be in ma-ropolitan areas. Building contractorsin small cities may nor have enoughbusiness to hire full-time drywallworkers.

Earnings and WorkingConditions

According to limited information,drywall installers -and finishersearned from i $6.50 to $9 an hour in

l 976.. By comperiscin, all nonsUperVi-sory and pnaduCtion workers in pri-vate industry, except farming, aver-aged $4.87 an hour.

Many contractors pay installersand finishers according to theamount of work they completeforexample, from 3 to 5 cents for eachsquare foot of panel installed. In aday, the average drywall worker in-stalls 35 to 40 panels, each 4 feet by12

Ainstalsome

our week is standard ford finishers, but they

work longer. Those whoare ply hourly rates receive premi-um pay for overtime. Unlike manyconstruction workers, installers andfinishers work indoors and do notlose time and pay when the weatheris bad.

As in other construction trades,drywall work sometimes is strenuous.banishers and finishers spend most ofthe day on dick feet, either standing,

lsbending, stoo or squatting. In-stallers have lift and maneuverheavy panels. Hazards include thepossibility of falls from ladders andinjuries from Rower tools.

Some installers are members of theUnited Brotherhood of Carpentersand Joiners of America, and somefinishers are members of the Interna-tional Brotherhood of Painters andAllied Trades.

Sources of AdditionalInformation

For details about jott qualificationsand training programs, write tO:

International Association of Wall and CeilingContractors/Gypsum Drywall Contrac-tors International, 1711 Connecticut Ave_NW., Waphington, D.C. 20009_

National Joint Panting, Decorating, and y-wall Apprenticeship and Training Com-mittee, 1709 New York Ave. NW., Wash-ington, D.C. 2006.

ELECTRICIANS(CONSTRUCTION)

(D,O,T. 821.381, 824,281829.281 and .38

Nature of th

Heating, lig power, air-conditioning, an. ref oration cb

merits all operate through eleicalotter= thafare assembled, led,and wired by construction electri-cians. These workers also install else-trice! Machinery, electronic iiquip-ment and controls, and signal andcommunications systems_ (Mainte-nance electricians, who usually main-tain the electrical systems installedby construction electricians, are dis-c-utped elsewhere irvie Handbook.)

Construction electricians followblueprints and specifications formost installations. To install wiring infactories and off-nays, they may bend,fit, and fasten conduit (pipe or tub-ing) inside pertitioria,.vialia, or otherconcealed areas. Workers also fastento the wall small metal boxes that willhouse electrical. devices such asswitches.

To.comllete circuits betkaree out-lets and switches, they then pullinsu-lated wires or cables through theconduit. They walk carefully toavoid damaging any wires or cables.In lighter construction, such as hous-ing, plastic-covered wire usually isused rather than conduit In any case,electricians connect the wiringlo cir-cuit breakers, transformers, or othercomponents. Wires are joined bytwisting ends together with pliers andcovering the ends with special plasticconnectors. When additionalstrength is desired, they may use anelectric "soldering ifun- to melt met-al onto the twisted wires then coverthem with duitable, electrical tape.When the wiring is finished, they testthe circuits for proper connectionsand grounding.

For safety, ele tricians follow Na-me' Electrical ode specifications

procedures and, in addition,m c rnply with requirements ofState, ounty, and municipal electri-cal c

Electricians generally furnish theirown tools, including screwdrivers,pliers, knives, and hacksaws. Em-ployers furnish heavier tools, such aspi threaders, conduit benders, andmst test meters and power tools.

Pisces of Enployment

Most of the 260,0Q0 constructionelectricians employed in 1976'worked for electrical contractors.Many others were self-employed `,

A 4-year a hip proararni Is th

contractors. Construction electri-cians are employed throughout thecountry, but are concentrated in in-dustrialized and urban areas.

Training, Other Qualifications,end' dvanOernent

Most training authorities recom-mend the completion of a 4-year ap-prenticeship program as the best wayto learn the electrical trade. Com-pared to most other constructiontrades, electricians have a higher per-centage of apprentice-trained work-ers. However, some people learn thetrade informally by working for manyyears as electricians' helpers. Manyhelpers gain additional wledgethrough trade school o correspon-dence courses, or through specialtraining in the Armed Forces.

Apprenticeship programs aresponsored through and supervised bylocal union-management commit-tees. ,These programs provide 144hours of classroom instruction eachyear in addition to comprehensive

6

at way to learn the electrician trade.

on-the-job training. In the classroom,apprentices learn blueprint reading,electriCal theory, electronics, mathe-matics, and safety and first-aid prac-tices, On the job, under the supervi-sion ,of experienced electricians,apprentices must demonstrate mas-tery of electrical principles. At first,apprentices drill holes, set anchors,and set up conduit. In time and with

t_they meagre, bend, and\install conduit, as well as install, con-nect, Ad test wiring, They also learntP set_ up) and draw diagrams for en-tire electrical systems.

Elegiriners who are notapprenticesca` n.pick up the trade infOrmally in avatiety of ways. For example, somebegin working in manufacturingplants piecing together electricalcortirs-ments. Others start in mainte-nan, e where they learn about circuitbreAers, fuses, switches, and otherelectrical devices. Later, they change_Ohs and broaden their knowledge'hyworking as helpers for experiencedelectricians. While learning to install

conduit, connec wires,.and test cif-cuiterhelpers arc also taught goodsafety practices, .'

All applicants, should be in goodhealth an have at least average

Good color visionis impo t because workers fre-quently Vnuist identify electrical wiresby, color. Also important are agilityand dexterity. Applicants tor appren-tice positions must be at least 18years old and usually must be a highschool or vocational school graduatewith 1 year of algebra. Courses inelectricity, electronics, mechanicaldrawing, science, and shop provide agood background.

To obtain a license, which is neces-sary for employment in some cities,an electrician must pass an examina-tion which requires a thorpughknowledge of the craft and of Stateand local building codes.

Experienced construction electri-cians can advance to supervisors, su-perintendents, or contract estimatorsfor contractors ge cignstniction jobs.Many electiiciarart their owncontractivrbusinesses. In most largeurban areas, a contractor must havean electrical contractor's license.

Employment Outlodelt

Employment of construction elec-tricians is expected to increase fasterthan the average for all occupationsthrough the mid-1980's. As popula-tion and the economy grow, moreelectricians will be needed to installelectrical fixtures and wiring in newand renovated homes, offices, andother buildings. In iddition to jobscreated by employment growth,many openings will arise as experi-enced electricians retire, die, orleave the occupation for 'other rea-sons.

-While employment in this field isexpected to grow over the long run, itmay fluctu e frprn year to year. dueto and downsowns in constructionactivity. Whe construction jobs arenot ailablc, owever, electriciansmay be able to transfer to Other typesof electrical work. For example, theymay find jobs as maintenance electri-cians in factories or as electricians inshipbuilding sir aircraft manufactur-ing.

estept fanniu ttecause tha seasonature ntf coniutuction work affectselectricians hoe then workers in most

Vide)," their aunuol earningsto be higher.

"les start at1st of the rotelectriciana and

crow are notgreat physical

uently mostferlods and work in

cramped quarters. Because much oftheir work is indoors. elects icianaless Am :paged to unfavorable *erathien are most other constmetionworkers. Ivey risk electrical shock,falls from ladders and staffokts,, andblOvns from felling objects. Roo/ever,safety practices have helped to re-duce the injury rate.

A large pre/Pot/ion of constructionelectricians are 'members or the In-tanitionei Orotherhood of ElectricalWorkers.

Sourer' MonadIhfuPrnaUtul

about electrician %p-other work °won°-

. .nines in this contact local elec-trical contractors; a 1Ocal chapter ofthe National Electrical ContractorsAssociation; a loyal union or the Ifi-ernetiopej OrOtherhood of Electrical

Workers; a local anion-rnanagernern.apprenticeship corntniitee: or thenearest office of the State ernibloy-rrlent serviceice or state arprentteenhiaECtley. SetrIe beal CritplaYillent ser-vice offices-screen applicants andgive aptitude tests;

for general information allow thework of electricians, coptitct:litternstionel Brotherhood of tlectOciu Work

eta, 12 I 5ti! St. SW, Washington,ZO(10S.

National Electrical Contractor% Ar.ociati .

7315 witeoroin Ave rno/ Weshitlgtori.20014

it Apprenticeship andCornetinee foe the Elechies19/00 E. George Palmer Hwy.,Md. 20801.

FLOOR COVEINSTALLER

(D.O.T. 299.381 and

Nature of tho Work

err

firm.dirt. Some flfor covenlimy sand

I Ell c

Floor covering installerscalled floor covering nicestall and replace carpet or resfloor covering materials such aslinchienni, and vinyl sheets.workers install coverings overmade of wood, concrete, or omaterials. They generally speciin either carpet or resilient floor ecering installation, although someboth types.

fa withnewly

laid over eaxthwork, ifistaltttie t lfenit W the

ttoor yanother mate

fling hisor tccorttt

sus

to a plturaltail of theplc, verbalcustomer.

flooring iniltrllerlrtttak off the floor accorde plan may be architeo-

that specify every de-ring design, or a shut -4e cription by the

aphis is couplet-

Floor voting installer 'arm Rent ?lc1

lark often assisted byis or helpers, cut, fit, and glUering into place. It must bey fit, particulisrly at door

openings, eking kregular wall surfac-es, and around fixtures, such as col-

t inn= or pipes. Instllers must takespecial care also in cutting out and.setting, in decorative designs. After

ring is in place, they may runa roller over it td . insure good adhe-

installers, like the installersof resilient coverivs, first irisPe4\ thefloor to determine its condiudii.Then they plan the layout after al-

for expected traffic patternsso that bes.appearance and longwear will be obtained.

For wall-to-wall carpet, installerslay underlayrnenta 1/2 to 1 inchthick, foam rubber padthat is cutslightly smaller than the entire floor./Next, they roll out, measure, mark,end cut the carpetellowing for 3 to 4inches 'of extra-carpet on each side.This provides some leeway for mis-takes. Workers then lay the carpetand stretch it to fit evenly against thefloor and snugly 'against each walland door threshold. With the carpetstretched. the excess around the pe-rimeter is cut to fit the room precise-ly. To hold the carpet in place, work-ers either tack or tape each edge ofthe carp_ et to the floor.

Fovirecut and seamed carpet. in-stallers simply lay a foam rubber padon the floor and roll the carpet overthe slightly smaller pad. To hold thepad and carpet in place, installersmay apply tape that has adhesive onboth sides to the bottom eUges of thecarpet,

Pieces of Employment

An estimated -85,000 floor cover-ing installers were employed in 1976.About, four fifths worked primarilywith carpet, and the remainder withresilient flooring.

Most installers worked for flooringcontractors. Many others worked forretailers of floor covering and homealteration and repair contractors.About 1 out of 4 floor covering in-

4 stallers was self-employed, a higherproportion than the average for allbuilding trades.

Installers are employed throughout

the Nation, but most are concerieel in urban areas that Jta.e high lev-els of construction activity.

Training, Other OUSIIMC41and Advancement

The vast majority of floor coveringinstallers learn their trades informal-ly.on the job by wetting as helpers to'experienced install rs. Most otherslearn through formal apprenticeshipprograms, which include on-the-jobtraining as well as related classroominstruction.

Informal training programs usuallyar* sponsored by individual contras-tors and generally take about 1 1/2years. Helpers begin with simple as-signments. Helpers on resilient floor-ing jobs carry materials and tools,prepare floors for the tile, and helpwith its installation". Carpet helpersinstall tackless stripping and padding,and help stretch newly installed car-pet. With experience, helpers in ei-ther trade take on more difficult as-signments, such as easari g,cutting, and fitting the materials tobe it ed.

So- contractor-sponsored pro-grams and apprenticeship programsprovide comprehensive training thatcovers both carpet and resilientflooring work.

Applicants for -helper or appren-tice jobs should be at least 16 yearsold, mechanically inclined, and li-censed to drive. A high School educa-tion is preferred, though not iieces;sari, Courses in general mathematicsand shop may provide a helpful back-ground.

Floor covering installers may ad-vance to supervisors or installationmanagers for large floo( laying firms.Some installers become salespersonsor .estiinators. Installers also may gointo business for themselveS.

EMployment Outlook

Employment of floor covering in-stallers is expected to increase aboutas fast as the average for all occupa-tions through the mid-1980's. In ad-dition to job openings resulting fromemployment growth, many openingswill arise as experienced installers re-tire, die, or leave the occupation forother reasons.

loymenit of floor covering in:sta1_lers is expecteti to increase Main-ly because of the expected expansionin construction and the more wide-spread use of resilient floor coveringsand carpeting. In many new build-ings, plywood will con ue to re-place hardwood floors, th makingwall-terwall carpet-or nt floorsa necessity. Carpet d resilient'flooring also will continue to be usedextensively in renovation work.Moreover, versatile materials andcolorful patterns' will contribute tothe growing demand for floor cover-ings.

Most job opportunities will be forcarpet installers and workers whocan install both carpet and resilientflooring. Fewer opportunities willarise for workers who can install onlyresilient flooring 'because this is arelatively small field.

Earnings and WeConditions

InforMation from a limited nunlberof firms indicates that experiencedfloor covering installers earned be-tween $6.25 and $9 per hour in1976. Starting wage rates for appren-tices -and other trainees usually areabout half of the experienced work-er's rate.

Most installers are paid by thehour. In some shops, part of the paymay be in bonuses. In others. install%era receive_ a monthly salary or arepaid according to the amount ofwork they do.

Installers generally work regulardaytime hours. Particular eircum-stancea, however, such as installing afloor in a store or office, may requirework during evenings or weekends.

Unlike many construction work-ers, floorcovering installers usuallydo not lose time due to weather con-

--ditions. During the winter, most workis done in heated buildings. The jobsare not hazardous, but installers mayget injuries from lifting heavy materi-als or from working in a koeeling po-sition for long pedods. Most injuriescan be avoided if proper work proce-dures are followealr%I.

Many floor covering installers be-long to unions, including the UnitedBrotherhood of Carpenters and Join-era of America, and the International

4

of Painters d Allied guide, the glass car = Vie open-ing and to position Oreciselyin its frame.

Glaziers secure glass in an openingwith materials such as putty, rubbergaskets, metal clips, and metal orwood molding. When using putty,which is similar to very soft taffy,workers first spread it neatly againstand around the edges of the moldingon the inside of the opening. Next,they install the glass. With it pressed

sou _rota of Additionalinformation .

For details about apprenticeshipsor. work opportunities,' contact localflooring contractors or retailers; lo-cals of the unions previously men-tionedr or the nearest office of theState apprenticeship agency or theState employment service.

For general information about thework of floor covering installers,contact:Carpet and. Rug Institute, P.O.

Dalton. Ga. 313720.

Resilient Floor Coveting Institute, 1030.15thSy NW.. Suite 350, Washington, D.020005.

2048,

GLAZIERS

(D.O.T. 865.781)

Nature of the Work

Construction glaziers cut and in-stall all types of building glass. For

__,.. ___some- jobs. the glass is precut andready to install. For other jobsoglassmust be cut before being installed.

To prepare the glats OF cutting,glaziers measure and mark the glassto fit the window opening. then restthe glass either on edge or flat againsta carpeted table. To help the cuttingtool move smoothly across the glass;workers sometimes brush on a thinlayer of oil along the line of the

Intended cut.Glaziers cut glass with a special

tool that has a very hard metal wheelabout 1/6 inch in diameter. Using a" "straightedge" as a guide, the glazjerPresses the cutter's wheel firmly tothe glass, g i and rolling it care-

fully over the surface. This creates.acut on and just below the surface.Immediately after cutting, the glazierpresses on the small end, ;herebycausing the glass to break cleanlyalong the cut.

Glaziers may need the help of acrane when installing a large, heavypiece of glass. In all cases, however,since there is a risk of shattering theglass. glaziers use their hands to The popularity of glass In building design will stim

-against the putty on the inside mold-ing.- workers then sarew of nail out-Side molding that loosely holds theglass in place. To hold it firmly, theypack-the Space between the moldingand the glass vlrith putty, then trim,any excess putty,with a putty knife.

Glaziers sometimes Lek a rubbergasketa very heivy molded rubberhose with a split running its lengthto secure glass. 1bey first glue thegasket around the perimeter wit Ain.

4

the demanddemaged for glaziers.

9

the opening,' then %et the glass intothe split side of the gasket, causing it

clamp to the edges of the glass andhold it firmly in place.

When metal clips and molding areused to secure glass, glaziers firstsecure the molding,' then forcespringlike metal clips between theglass and the molding. The clips exertpressure on the molding and theglass, thereby- keeping it \ firmly inplace.

G1a4ers afi- so install glass doors,mirroA, and steel sash.

In addition to handtools such asglassFutters and putty knives, glaziersuse power tools, such akcatters angrinders.

'Places of Employment

About 10,000 persons worked asconstruction glaziers in 1976. Mostworked for glazing contractors en-gaged in new construction, alter;ation, and repair. Others worked fOrgovernment agencies or businessesthat do their own construction work.

Glaziers work throughout thecountry, but jobs are concentrated in

-metropolitan area. Glaziers occa-sionally may travel to work for a dayor two in small outlying towns wherefew people, if any, are equIpped and.qualified to install glass in commer-cial buildings such as stores.

Training, Other)quallficationri,and Advancement

The majority of construction gla-ziers learn the trade through adt-year

"-apprenticeship -program: Otherslearn the trade informally, on, the job,by assisting expe)lienced workers.

Apprenticeship programs, usuallysponsored by local union-manage-ment committees, consist of on-the-job training as well as 144 hours ofclassroom instruction each year.Some apprenticeship programs alsorequire a comprehensive home studycourse.

On the job, apprehtices learn touse the tools and equipment of thetrade; handle, measure, cut, and in-stall glass; cut and fit moldings; andinstall and balance glass doors- In theclassroom, they are taught mathe-matics, blueprint reading, general

I0

construction techniques, safety prac,Vices, and first-aid. -

Those who learn this trade infor-mally usually startiby carryingand cleaning up debris in large glassshops. They often have the opportu-nity to practice their- cutting. tech-niqu.* on discarded glass.- After ayear or so, they may have an opportunity to cut glass for a job. Eirentual-ly, helpers assist experienced work-err.. on a ``simple installation. job.

arcing the trade this way may takeconsiderably longer than through ap-prenticeship.

Applicants for apprenticeship_s orhelped positions should be in goodphysical conditidn and licensed todrive. Persons apply_ing for helperpositions will find that employersprefer high school or vocationalschool graduates. Applicants for aptprenticeships must be at -least 18years old and have a high school di-ploma or its equivalent. Courses ihgeneral mathematics, blueprint read-ing or mechanical drayringeneralconstruction, and shop provide ahelpful background.

Glaziers who have leapership bil-ity may advance to supervisory jSome glaziers become contractors

Employment Outlook

Employment of_ construction gla-ziers is expected to increase fasterthan the average for all occupationsthrough the mid-1980's. Besides the'jobs. resulting from employmentgrowth, Many openings will arise asexperienced glaz4ers retires die, orleave the occupation for other rea-sons. The number of openings mayfluctuate from year to yetr, however,because employment ip this trade issensitive to changes in constructionactivity.

Over t_he long run, population andbusiness growth will create a risingdemand for new residential and com-mercial buildings, such as apart-ments, offices, and stores. Since glasswill continue to be popular in build-ing design, the demand for glaziers to,install and ,replace glass also willgrow:'

Employment opportunities shouldbe greatest in metropolitan areas,where most glazing contractors areloc cl

ri 1

Earning e and WorkingConditibna ;

In 1976, union constructionziers in metropolitan areas had esti-mated average wages of $9.25 anHour, or about twice the averagehourly wage for production or nensu-

irvisory workers. in private ,indus-tries, except farming. Apprenticewage rates usually start at 50percentof the rate paid to experienced era-.tiers and increase periodically. Year-ly earnings of glaziers and apprentic-es, however, generally are slightlylower than, hourly rates would jndi-cate because the annual number' ofhours they work can be adversely af-fected by poor weather. and fluctu-ations in construction activity.

Glaziers may be injured by glassedges or cutting tools, falls' from scaf-folds, or from lifting glass. To reduceinjutles, employers and unions em-phasize safety training.

Many glaziers employed in con-struction are members of the Interna-tional Brotherhood of Painters andAllied Trades.

Source, Of AdditionalInformation

_ For more information about gla-.zier -apprenticeships car work oppor-tunities, contact local glazing or pen-eral contractors; a local of theInternational Brotherhood of Paint-ers and Allied Trades; a local jointunion-management aprkenticeshipagency; or the nearest office of theState employment service or Stateapprenticeship agency:

For general information about thework of glaziers, contact:International Brotherhood of Painters and Al-

lied Trades, 1750 New York Ave. NW.,Washington, D.C_ 20006.

INSULATION WORKERS

(D.O.T. 863.381, .781, and .884)

Nature of the Work

Properly insulated homes andbuildings reduce fuel costs by pre-venting excessive loss of cool air on%J arm ys and hot air on cold days.Meat' orage rooms, steam pipes,

s and boilers arc other examples wherethe wasteful transfer of _heat to orfrom the space inside can be mini-mized by irisulation. Selecting theproper material and method of instal-latiop is the responsibility, of insula-

sation:workers. ,

insulation workerssometimescalled applicatorsmay paste, wire,tape, or spray insulation to an appro-priate surface. When covering a,steam pipe, for example, insulationworkers may cut a tube of insulationto the necessary length. stretch itopen_ along a cut which rani thelength of the tube, and then slip inover the pipe. To Secure the insula-tion they wrap and fasten wire bandsaround it, tape it, or wrap a cover oftar paper, cloth, or canvas over it andthen sew or staple the cover in place.Care is required to cover jpints corn-

.pletely.When covering a wall or other, flat

surface, workers may use a hose tospray foam insulation onto a wiremesh: The wire mesh pr- vides arough surface to which the foam cancling and adds strength to the fin-ished wall. Irdesired, workers apply afinal coat for a finished appearance.

In some places, such as attiOewhich do not require either wiremesh fbr adhesion or a final coat forappearance, applicators use a com-pressor to "blow -in" the insulation."i3lowing in" insulatiPii is a simpletask. The worker fills the machinewith shredded fiberglass insulation,allows the compressor to force theinsulation through a hoses and con-trols the direction and flow of theinsulation until the required amountis installed.

Insulation workers use coninionhandtoolstrowels. brushes. scis-sors, sewing equipment, and staplingguns. Poweesaws, as well ashandtools, are used to cut and fit in-sulating materials.

Compressors for "blowing-in- orfor "spraying -on" insulation alsomay be used. In using these tools,applicators may have to be?id orsquat while working an ladders or onscaffolds in dimly lit and sometimesvery dusty areas,

Places of Employment

About 30,000 insulation workerswe re employed in 1976_ Most

worked for insulation contractors.Others were employed to alter andmaintain insulated pipework inchemical faetories, petroleum rein-eties, power plants, and similar struestures which hive extensive steam in-stallations for power, heating, andcooling. Some large firninwhich havecold-storage facilities also employthese workers for maintenance andrepair.

Training, Other Oualificatlens,and Advancement

Almost all insulation workers learntheir trade through either informalon-the-job training os a formal 4-year"improvership" program; both ofthese programs stress conservationand safety. Xtrainee in an informalon-the-job program, usually providedby and paid for by an insulationcqntractor, is assigned to an experi-enced insulation worker for instruc-tion and supervision. A trainee be-gins with simple- tasks, such as"blowing -in" insulation, supplyinginsulation material to experiencedworkers, or holding the materialwhile they fasten it in place. In about6 to 8 imonths, assignments becomemore complex, and within a year- atrainee usually learns to measure,

-cut, fit, and install various types ofinsulation. With experience, thetrainee receives less supervision,more responsibility*. and higher pay.

Trainees who receive informal in-struction usually learn to specializein only thtee or four types ofinstalla-non. In conttast, trainees in 4-year"improvership prog arns stetlike the 'apprenticeship p ofother tradesreceive in -de h in.struction in almost all phases f insu-lation work. The in-depth iris ructionis provided by and paid for b a jointcOmmittee of local Mullet' n con-.tractors and the local union Of insula-tion applicatprs. Th corrlmittecdetermines the need Or Improver-ships." icreens and tests applicants,and ensures the availability of propertraining programs. Programs consistof on-the-job training as vSell as class-room instruction, and trainees mustpass practical and written tests todernorratrate a km:a-pledge of thetrade.

For entry jobs, insulation contrac-

tors prefer high school grad-vales- who are 'in good physiehl condition

and licensed to drive. High schoolcourses in blueprint reading, shopmath, and general constreetion pro-vide a helpful background.

Applicants seeking 4 -year'improvership- positions must havea high school sdiplorna or its -esquiv-Went, and Tat least 18 years old.

e Applicatiom can be made through lo-cal eontractors, unions, or a jointcommittee.

Skilled insulation workers may ad-vance to supervisor, shop superintenzdent, ©r insulation contract estirna-tbr, or may open an insulationcontracting business.

Employment °WickEmployment of insulation Workers

is expected to grow ?much faster thanthe average for all occupaOonsthrough the mid-1980's. in additionto jobs from employment growth,several hundred openings will ariseannually from the need to replacemarkers who transfer to other occu-pations. retire, or die.

More worker will be needed toinstall energy-kavfng insulation innew homes and businesses.honks boilers and,pipes in new factories and power plants also willstimulate employment growth. More-over, old buildings heat need extrainsulation to save fuel will add to em-ployment requirements.

Wore workers will be needed 0 IWO!ginrgy-saving Insulation In horn's and

Imminent's.

11

Employment opportunities wild/ bebest in metropolitan areas, whererrost insulation contractors are locat-ed. In small towns much of the insu-lation work is done 'by persons in oth-er trades, such as heatini and air --conditioning installers, carpenters,and drywall installers, tattier than byinsulation workers.

Earnings arid WorkingCondifiont

Union insulation workers in metro-politan areas had estimated averagewages of $9.75 114I hour in 1976,slightly higher than the average forrill union building trades workers.Apprentice wage rates start abouthalf the rate paid to ecperieTcedworkers and increase periodically.

According to limited information,e xpe riericed nonunion insulationworkers earn from $200 to,S300 perweek. Nonunion trainees earn from$120 to 5140 per week.

Insulation workers spend most ofthe workday on their feet, eitherstaneling, bending, stooping. orsquatting. Sometimes they work fromladders or in tight spaces_ Removingold, insulation before installing newmaterials is- often dusty and dirty.Tearing out asbestosat one timethe most cornmon form of insulationbut rarely used 0Maycan be verydangerous to the worker l' health un-less the `Y. .follow proper safeguards

A large prop_onion of the ...,ork_eisin this trade are members of the

International Association of t-leatand Frost Insulators and AsbestosWorkers_

Sources of Additional- information

For information about insulationworkers' improvemhip programs orother work opportunities in thistrade, contact a local insulation con-tractor; a local of the union men-tioneO above; or the nearest office ofthe State employment service orState apprenticeship agency

12

WIMPS

842.7sp-

Nature of the Work

What makes cement cling to aceiling? Lath. does. If properly in-stalled, lath creates a firm support towhich wet cement, plaster, or stuccowill hold fast to

whoceilings and

walls. T whe one ho installs lath iscalled a lather.

. Until the last century, lath wasmade exclusively of wood. SinceEllen , meta I 'and gypsum have re -placed %mooed because of their versa-tility, strength, and fire proofingproperties. Metal lath comes in dif-ferent forms, but it is usually wiremesh. Gypsum lath cones in 1/2 inchthick sheets, ranging from I 1/4 feet

tat

by 4 feet to 4 feet by 8 feet.Each type of lath 1lds cement,

plaster, or stucco in a pbticular way.For example, wet plaster penetratesopenings in the lath and is helot inplace mechanically. When applied togypsum lath, however, chemicals inthe wet plaster react with otherchemicals on the lath 's surfacebonding the materials together.

Lathers use various methods ofinstallation depending on the pur-pose of the job, the kind of building,and the type of lath specified. Ohwalls and cell ings, lathers usuiallyclip, nail, screw, staple, or wire-tiethe lath directly to the building'sframework. On cinder block or rna-sonry walls, it is necessary to build alight metal or wood frame, called fur-ring, onto the building's structure_Then they attach the lath to the fur-

,

I IrIh

ring. While installing lath, workerscut openings in it for electrical out-lets and water pipes.

Lathers install a special wire rtiesnreinforcement on inside angles andcorners or walls to prevent cracking_On outside or exposed corners, theyattach a corner support that providesprotection and strength.

Sometimes lathers install two lay-e n of lath. For example, when stucco( a rrsixture of pprtlaricl cement andsand ) is to be applied over a woodframework, workers may install -twolayers of wire rneshiceparated by alayer of felt, to serve as a base for thestucco.

In -a pamental work or curved sur-face *fork, workers bui Id a frame ap

(s'proximiting the desired shape, andthen attach the lath to the frame .

Lathers also install suspended cellings. They wire-tic metal bands torods or wires attached to the struc-ture above. Installers run the nsetalbands horizontally across the room,crisscrossing them to form rectarigu-tar spaces. These spaces can serve tohold either ceiling panels or lath towhich plaster is applied.

To do their work , Ida-10N. 1047= dr Illsham-nets; hacksaws, wi, ecu tle rs, hate Nets, stapling )ac blues andpower- actuated fastening devices.

Ham t iimpigztyrrient

n Host latherstout 2U,0400 in 197 u WOE A 1,,1

lathirix arid pla.s to of,k actui, oilnew residential comoi ercsal. ordustrial construction They als.)on rri od4rri izat ion and d atso#jobs. A relatively Nnall ri umber oflathers are employed outside theconstruction industry; for example,some make the lath bac king, forter display materials or scenery

Trill drill, ether Quaend Advancerrierat

Most training authoritiesmend apprenticeship as the Lest wayto learn lathing, Floweve r, many lathers, particularly in small communi-ties, have acquired their skills infor-m ally by working as helpers,observing or being taught by experi-enced lathers,

Apprenticeship programs usually

last a rni um of 2 years, and areusually spsored by various localjoint labor-managernent committees.All Programs include on the-jobtraining; some also- include classroominstruction, On the job, under theguidance of an experienced worker,apprentices learn to use the tcols andmaterials of the trade. Initially, theywork on simple tasks, such as nailinggypsum lath to wall partitions. Aftergaining experience, they advance tomore cornpl ex jobs, such as install i rigwire mesh on curved surfaces, Clas-roorn instruction includes appliedmathematics, blueprint reading,sketching estimating, basic welding,and safety. -

Informal on-the-Job traininE Pro-vides only the essential knovidledge,needed by trainees_ They start.witheu.sy jobs such as carrying materialsor holding lath in plaCe while experi-enced workers secure it- Traineessoon learn to clip, nail, staple, aridwire tie the first, to walls andlater, to floors and ceilings.

Generally, applicants for apprpri-Lice or helper should be at least 1 6years old, in good physical yondition,

ii.c.crised to dInv. iswpi.enticeshapplig,:unts are usually required toha ve a high sc. howl o I vocation alschool education, or the equivalent.

general rnatlhernstics aridmechanical drasraing can provide a

he Iptul back gro and A pa itud tes isoften dee given to determine intim, aldo stet ity and mechanical ability

borne spe.iericeci lathers may beInc super visors Others may

able start that o,...vn lath orLitracing business

huiplovyrri era Out!:

struci some of the more expensivenew buildings, to renovate olderbuildings, and to fill the demand forlath and plaster on curved surfaceswhere drywall is not a practical sub-st itute.

Es ruing. and WorkingCOndltIons

In 1476, union lather's in metropol-itan areas had estimated averagewages of $9. 80 an hour. This is abouttwice the .average wage of nonsuper-visory amid production workers in pri-vate industry, except farniing. Ap-prentices start at about 50 percent ofthe wage rate paid to experiencedlathers and recei we more as they gainexperience. lioqwever, yearly earn-.Ines for lathers and apprentices gen-erally are lower than skourly rateswould indicate because the annualnumbrer of hours that they work canbe adversely affected by, poor weath-er and fluctuations in constructionactivity.

.Althiough lathers' work is notstrenuous, it does require standing,squatting, or working overhead for ilong pkeric-xls. Workers can be injurezrby falls frorn sCaffialds or by cutsfrom various working materials ortools,

A large proportion of lathers aremembers of The Wooed, 'Aire andMetal Lather-5 International Union_

Zourcei of AdditionalInformation

antonnoticiri about lathem' ap-plentieeships or other work opportu-nities in the trade, contact a locallathing or plastering contractor; a lo-

of the Wood, Mgr? and MetalInternational Union; a local

joint labor-management apprentice-ship co, maiittoe; or the nearest officeof the State employment service orapprenticeship agency.

For general information about thework of lathers, contact:Internatinni AiroociacIon of Wall and

Contractors. Gypsumtors internitiganal. 171 I Connecticut Ave.NW. washinittari, D.C. 2D009.

National Lathing Industries Join( Apprentice-ship Program . 815 16t h St_ NW. , Washing-ton, D.C. 20006.

rr,arloyrnent of lather is exgrow about as fast as the average

fo, all occupations through the mid-i 9 test-r.,, lrt addition to growth, add 1-[local jobs will result from the nee

to replace workers who retire, die, o rleave the occupation for other rea-sons Because the number of lathersis small, however, there wil I be rela-tively few job openings annually.

Cirovith in population and businessactivity are expected to stimulate thconstruction of new, and the renova-tion of old, buildings. As a result,alive lathers will be needed to con -

13

4'

PAINTERS ANDPAPERHANGERS

(D.O.T. 840.381, .781 and .844,and 841.781

Netide Of the .ViOrk

Painting and paperhanging areseparate, skilled trades althoughsome people do both types of work.Painters apply pnt varnish, and oth-er finishes to decorate and protectbuilding surfaces. Papechangees coy-L-er walls and ceilings of rooms withdecorative wallpaper, fabric, vinyl,or similar materials.

Painters sand or scrape away oldpaint from the surface to he paintedso that paint will adhere properly. Ifthe paint is difficult to remove, theyloosen it with, special materials orequipment before sanding_ They alsoremove grease, fill nail holes, andcracks, sandpaper rough %Toes, andbrush off dust. When painting newsurfaces, they cover them with aprimer or sealer to make a suitablesurfate for the finish coat.

Painters must be skilled tii han-dling brushes other paintingtools so that they can apply paintthoroughly. uniformly, and rapidly toany type of surface such 'as wood,concrete, metal, masonry, plastic, ordrywall. They must be able to niixpaints and math colors. using aknowledge of paint col-01)8100n aiidcolor harmony. They alseaalust knowthe characteristics of corrinti-n typesof paints and finishes from the standpoints of durability, suitability, andease of handling and application

Painters often use rollers or splayguns instead of brushes_ Rollers areused on even surfaces such as wallsand ceilings_ Spray guns are used onsurfaces that are difficult to paintwith a brush, such as cinder blockand metal fencing. Both rollers andspray guns permit faster painting.

Painters also erect scaffolding, in-cluding "swing stages" (scaffoldssuspended by ropes or cables at-tached to roof hooks) and "bosunchairs" (a device somewhat like achild's swing), which they use whenworking on tall buildings and similarstructures.

Generally, painters only paint.Paperhangers, however, both paint

and hang wallpaper. As a result,paperhangers require more trainingand additional skills.

The first step in paperhanging is .toprepare the surface to be covered.Paperhangers apply "sizing," a mate-rial that seals the surface and enablesthe paper to stick better. In redeco-rating, they may have to remove oldpaper by wetting. it with water-soaked sponges or---if there aremany layers --by steaming. Frequent-ly, it is necessary for paperhangers topatch holes wiaheplaster.

After carefully positioning the pat-terns to match at the ceiling andbaseboard, paperhangers measurethe area to be covered and cut alength of wallpaper from the roll'..They then apply paste to the strip ofpaper, place-lit on the wall, andsmooth it by hand or with a brush,They cut and fit edges at the ceilingand base, and smooth searne betweenstrips with a roller or other special

tool_ They inspect the paper fbubbles and other imperfectionsthe work. feir bubbles are removedby smoothing the paper strip towardthe outer edges. When working withwall coverings other than, paper, suchas fabric or vinyl, paperhangers foe,low ,the same general procedure.

Plac=es of Employment

About 410,000 painters and15,000 paperhangers were employedin 1976. Many worked for contrac-tors engaged in new constretion, re-pair, alteration, or modernizationwork. lilotels, offi&e buildings, ship-yards, Manufacturing arms, schools,and other organizations that own ormanage extensive property holdingsalso employed maintenance painters.

A high proportion of workers inthese trades are in business for them-selves. About one-fourth of thepainters and more than half of the

aaaa,,, I

__.111111

Painters make up on* of than torrid 'DU! -Ina trades.

paPerhangers are self-employed. Incomparison. only one-tenth el allbuilding trades workers are self-em-ployed.

Training; Other Guallfications,and Advancement

_rtunities to learn paintingand paperhanging range from formalapprenticeship to informal, on-the-job instruction.

Most training authorities recorn-!Wend the completion of a formal ap-prenticeship as the best way to become a painter or paperhanger.However, apprenticeship opportunities are very limited, and new work-ers generally begin as helpers to experienced painters. Very tewinformal training programs exist forpaperhanger trainees because- thereare very few paperhangers and mostwork alone, As a result, a larger pertentage of paperhangers than paint-ers are trained through apprentice-ship.

The apprenticeship fu, paliao4and paperhangers generally Econsiistsof 3 years of on- the -job training. inaddition to 144 hoots if" relatedclassic-soul instruction each year Airprentiees receive instruction in .1tibjects such as color harmony, use oftools, surface preparation; costmating; paint mixing and matching;and safety They also lean, the iciatiOnship between painting aircl paperhanging and the wr,r K pedonned bythe other building trades

On-the job instruction, ,.,ins,apprenticeship, has net the, a set a.-11

od of training nor related ,;lass,-ocaninstruction_ Under the direction ofexperienced pantie( s, ti ainces cal ysupplies, erect scaffolds, and dp other simple tasks while they learn aboutthe different kinds of paint and painting equipment. Within a short timetrainees learn to preparewood, and other surfaces for ;painting; to mix paints; and kolaaint with abrush. roller, and sprayer Near theend of their training, they learn deco-rating concepts. color coordination.and cost-estimating techniques.

Applicants for appreritice orhelper jobs generally must be at least16 years old and in good physicalcondition. A high school or vocation-

al school education is preferred, al-though not essential. Courses inchentstry and general shop are use-ful. Applicants should have manualdexterity and a good color sense.They cannot be allereiC to furiesfrom paint or other materials used inthese trades.

Painters and paperhangers may ad-vance to jobs as cost estimators forpainting and dtworating contractors_Some may becTie superintendentson large contract painting jobs, orthey may establish their own paintingand decorating businesses.

Employment Outlook

hniployment of painter, is expect-ed to grow about as fast as the aver-age for all occupations through themid 19140's. Replacement needs willcreate nsore job openings thangrowth Many new workers will behired to replace experienced painterswho lettre, die, or leave their jobs forother reasons. Ine number of job

however, may vary greatlyfrom year to year as well as withinany given year because the demandfor painters is sensitive to fluctu-attoas rrr Lon.troction activity causedby cc-dr-tonne and seasonal condi--twos

()vet thc long run, population andt.o.sines. gelled' will create a risingdelliaild for new houses and buildingsand mot e workers will be needed topaint these structures .Additionalwont .s alb., 0,111 be htr4.1 t,r repaintexisting struk.lureS

Employment 11411i5C. A ispected to incre -se much faster

than the average for all occupationsthrough the raid= i 9130's The demandtor these Wilikets should be stimulated by the rising popularity of wallpa-per and more durable wall coveringssuch as vinyl Since this is a relativelysmall Lade, however, job openingsfoe paperhangers will be far less nu-me,ous than those fot plinters.

Larniriga Ono WorkingConditions

,s a survey of men opolitanS, union hourly rates for painters

and paperhangers averaged about$9.29 in 1976. In comparison, theaverage rate for experienced union

16

workers in all union building tradeswas $9.47 an hodr while production

a workers in manufacturing as a wholeaveraged $4.87 an hour. Annual in-comes for some painters, particularlythose on outside jobs, may not be ashigh as hourly rates wohld indicatebecause some worktime is lost due tobad weather and oceasional unem-ployment between jobs.

Hourly wage rates for april-enticeeeusually start at 50 percent of the ratepaid to experienced workeind in-crease periodically until the full rateof pay is reached at the c rripletionof apprenticeship_

Painters and paperangers muststand for long periireis. Their jobsalso require a considerable amountof climbing and bending. A paintermust have strong arms because muchof the work is done with arrps raisedoverhead. Painters and paperhangersrisk injury from slip_ s or falls off lad-ders and scaffolds. However, the in-jury rate for employees of painting,paperhanging, and decorating con-tractors in the construction industryhas been significantly lower than theaverage for contract construction asa whole

A large proportion of painters andpaperhangers are members of theInternational Brotherhood of Paint-ers and Allied Trades_ A few aremembers of other unions.

AdditionalInformation

. about palianig andp-pernanging apprenticeships of oth-er work opportunities in these trades,contact local painting and decoratingcontractorp; a local of the Interna-tional Brotherhood of Painters andAllied Trades; a local joint union-management apprenticeship eomm i t-tee; or the nearest office of the Stateapprenticeship agency or State em-ployment service.

For general information about thework of painters and paperhangers,contact:international Brotherhood of Painters and Al-

lied Trades, 1750 New York Ave, NW.,Washington, DE, 20006.

Painting and Decorating Contractors Associ-ation of Antenere 7223 Lee Hwy., FallsChurch, Va. 22046.

15

lotion! Joint Painting, Decerating, and Dry-wall Finishing Appremicaship and Train-Ina Committee, 1709 N.w York Ave.NW., Suite 110, Washington, D.C. 20006.

PLASTERERS

,jQ.O.T. 842.381 and .781)

Nature of the Work

Plasterers finish interior walls andceilings with plaster coatings thatform fire-resistant and relativelysoundproof surfaces; they apply du-rable cement plasters or stucco toexterior surfaces. Plasterers also castornamental designs in plaster.

To interior surfaces such as cinderblock or gypsum lath, plasterers ap-ply two coats of plaster. The first or"brown coat is a heavy, brown mix=tore; the second or "finish" coat athin, pasty plaster. However, whenthe foundation consists of metal lath(a supportive wire mesh), plasterersapply a preparatory coat to the lath_

When applying a preparatory or"scratch" coat, plasterers eitherspray or use a trowel ( a flat, 4 inch10 inch. metal plate with a handle)and wavelike motions to spread athick, gritty plaster into and over themetal lath, Before the plaster on thelath dries, workers scratch its alreadyuneven surface with a rakelike tool.producing ridges so the "brown"coat will cling tightly.

For the first or "brow-n"whether applied to a scratch coat,cinder block or gypsum lathwork-ers prepare a thick, but smooth plas-ter. Workers either spray or trowelthis mixture onto the surface, push-ing plaster into cracks and holes, andthen smootliipg the plaster to an evensurface for finishing_

For the finish coat, plasterer pre-pare a thin plaster of very fine gran-ules. They usually hand trowel thismixture very quickly onto the"brown" coat to produce a very thin,very smooth finish for a ceiling orwall.

Plasterers create decorative sur-faces as well. For example, while thefinal coat is still moist, they press

--f1cn[1y against the surface with a

16

Plastoring requires considarsbio stand-ing, stooping, and lifting.

brush and use a circular hand motito create decorative swirls.

For exterior work, plasterers applya scratch coat to wire lath in thesame way that they' plaster interiorsurfaces_ To the exterior scratchcoat, workers usually apply a grittymixture of white cement and sandcalled stuccoto produce a durablefinal coat_ As an alternative, theyplaster an extra heavy plixture overthe scratch coat, then etribed marbleor gravel chips about halfway intothe mixture, thus achieving a uni-form, pebble like surface.

Plasterers sometimes do complexdecorative and ornamental work. Forexample, they may mold intricatedesigns for the walls and ceilings ofpublic buildings_ To make these de-signs, plasterers mix a special plaster,pour it into a mold, and allow timefor drying, When these are dry,workers remove the molded plasterand paste it to the desired surface.Plasterers who do this work must fol-low blueprints and other specifica-tions furnished by architects.

Plasterers use many special tools.They hold the plaster mixture on ahawk (a light metal plate with ahandle) and apply the wet mixturewith a trowel. Smoothing and finish-ing are done with straightedges, bey-eledges, rods, floats, and otherhandtools, they also may use spraymachines to apply plaster on bothbase and finish coats,

Places of EmploYnieinit

Plastererswho numbered about24,000 in 1976worked mostly onnew construction arid alterationwork, particularly wher5 special ar-chitectural and lighting effects werepart of the job. Some plasterers re;paired older buildings.

About I out of every 5 plastererswas self-emplpled.

Training, Other OualitIcattlerie,and Advancement

Most training authorities recom-mend completion of an apprentice-ship as the best way to learn plaster-ing. However, many people learn thetrade by working as helpers or labor-ers. observing and being taught byexperienced plasterers.

Apprenticeship programs, pon-sored by local joint committees ofcontractors and unions, generallyconsist of 3 or 4 years of on-the-jobtrWning, in addition to at least 144hours of annual classroom instruc-tion in drafting, blueprint reading,and mathematics for layout work.Training is extensive. In class, ap-prentices start with a history of thetrades and the industry. They alsolearn about the uses of plaster, costs,and many other concepts. On thejob, they learn about lath bases, plas-ter mixes, methods of plastering,blueprint reading, and safety. Train- .

ees follow the directions of and re-ceive assistance from experienei-clplasterers.

Those who learn/ the trade infor-mally as helpers gain only the ba-sicsrnixing and applying plasters.They-usually start by carrying materi-als, setting up scaffolds, and mixingplaster. In a short time, they learnthrough trial and errorto apply thescratch and brown coats. Learning toapply the finish coat takes consider-ably longer.

Applicants for apprentice orhelper jobs generally must be at least17 years old, in good physical condi-tion, and have manual dexterity. Arplicants who have a high school orvocational school education are pre-ferred. Courses in general mathemat-ics, mechanical drawing, and shopprovide a useful background.

t Plasterers may advance to supervi-sor, superintendent, or estimator forplastering contract4rs, or may be-come self-employed.

Employment Outlook

Little change is expected in theemployment of plasterers throughthe mid-1980's. Nevertheless, a rela-tively small number of job openingswill result from the need to replaceexperienced workeniw,ho retire, die.or transfer to other occupations.

The use of drywall materials inplace of plaster has reduced the de=!nand for plasterers in recent yearsNevertheless, plasterers still areneeded for renovating older build-ings that have plaster walls. Plaster isalso used in some of the inure expel'sive new buildings and on curved sun =faces where drywall materials are notpractical.

Earnings and WurkuitiCorsdltions

Union wage rates for pia-mere,: lolitetropOlitan areas averaged $9 18an hour in 1976. This is about twicethe average wage of tiOnsupei,VK/lyand production workers in private industry except farming Apprenticewage rates start at about half the ratepaid to experienced plasteicis Andincrease periodically. However, v ear-ly earnings for plasterers and appteritines arc generally 'owe' than how lyrates would indicate because die airnual number of hours that the -y vrurkcan be adversely affected by poolweather and fluctuations in LYRA' iredon activity

Plasteringstanding. str.,,,ping, and lifting Planterers work outdoors wilco applyingstucco but roost jobs are indoors

A large proportion of plasterersate members of unions They arerepresented by either the (per.,Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the UnitedStates and Canada, or the Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers' Inacinational Union of America

SouriCts, Of Adalltico.ladInformation

IllfUrrnatIOn about appi'v -strips or other work opportunities

contact local plastering contractors;locals of the unions previously men-tioned; a local joint union-manage-ment apprenticeship committee; orthe nearest office of the State ap-prenticeship agency or the State em-ployment service.

For general information about thework of plasterers, contact:Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers- Interns=

tional Union of America. 815 15th StNW Wastnngmni, C 20005

_,national Association of Wall and ceilingContractors /Gypsum Drywall Contrac-tors International, 171I ConnecticutAve NW Washington, D C 20(X 09

operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' in-ternational Associatidh of the UnitedStates and Canada, 1125 17th St. NW.,Washington, D C 20036

bt itlE l I1Ae i AL VVOIRKEIIIS

d iglu )

Nature h Work

51., t, uncial workers fabricate and,..*tall sheet metal ducts fur air-con=ditIsming. heating, and ventilatingsystems, flat metal for kitchen wallsand counters; and stamped metal fortooting and siding rSorne workersspeciallez in either shopwork or onsite installation, otheks do both

Sheet-metal worlkers fabricate...act' of the 111,Aal at the shop Worktog twill blueprint specifications.

incasare, cut, bend, shape, andfits most of the pieces that will beused on the Job -rapes are used formeasuOirg, hand shears, hack saws,and power saws for chttiug; and spe-cially designed. hcasty steel pressesfor cutting, bending., and shaping.Once the metal is rri.-sured and cut,workers then bolt, cell-tent, rivet, sol-der. or weld the seams and joints tO-geth& to form d-uctrs, pips, tubes,and other items

At the construction sheet-wo, kers usually fu_ _ ruble

and histall pieces fabricateshop Sometimes, however. kersmake parts by hand at the wor site,using hammers, shears, and d

Workers install ducts, pipes, andtubes by joining them end to end andhanging them with metal braces se-

cured to a ceiling Or a wall. To holdthe pieces together, workers some-times bolt, glue, or solder the con-nections,

Molded and pressed sheet-metals,such as rooting and siding, usuallyare measured and cut on the job.After securing the first panel inplace, workers interlock and fasterthe grucilieel edge of ,the next panelinto they grooved edge of the first.They nail the free edge of the panelto the structure. This two-step pro-cess -is repeated for each additionalpanel. Finally, at joints, along cor-.nerst and atound windows and doors;workers faliten machine -rn mold-

for a neat, finished

IPlaces of Enipl ent

Sheet metal workers instruction industry who numberedabout 65,000 in 1976---are employedmainly by contractors who specializein heating, refrigeration, and air-con-ditioning equipment, and by generalcontractors engaged in residential,industrial, and commercial building__,.Additional sheet-metal workers areemployed 13y government agencies orbusinesses that do their own con-struction and alteration work Veryfew are self-employed.

Sheet-metal workers are employedthroughout the- country, but jobs arevonceritrated in metropolitan are

rig, Caner Qualifications,mad AdvanCement

ta.iy sheet Metal workers have,..,quireo their skills by working ashelpers. observing and being taughtby experienced workers. The major-ity, however, have learned throughapprenticeship, which provides themost thorough training.

The apprenticeship program usual-ly conSists of 4 years of on-the-jobtraining, in addition to related class-room instruction. On the job, ap-prentices learn to use the tools, Ma-chines, equipment, and materials ofthe trade. In the first 2 years, theylearn to measure, cut, bend, fabri-cate, and install sheet-metal. Theybegin with duct work and graduallyadva4e to fabricating decorativepieces. Toward the end of their train-ing, they learn to use materials such

ott.1 ttJaliztt lit arictottat ik

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£101 the j11h,114.111 {_ 11.1 job, a apicniice,

01 helpers shka.ild he n. E pki

more sheet -metal workers will heneeded to install air-conditioning andheating duct work and other sheet=metal products in new houses, stores,t_friees, and other The de-mand for air=conclitioning systems inolder buildings also will boost em=pinyment growth.

Athough employment is evpe,tedIncrease over the loom, run, doh

openings may tluetuare from year toyeat due to ups anti downs in eon

Joh at, tivity Whet) t;ohstiu,iitrilactivity is depressed, jobs tor sheetmetal workers may he available in,,t1I&I

i rltiliL9s od WurktrtgCOndltiphe

meta( vvut6,)Iital. al 1a...7, had Q5)11114)Cd JVCI

ige wage of $ I t) 10 an hour in 19That'amt twu_c average hat

Fi iu11i..115111 and 1..kmNapc viNsu ykILLS 111 1,1elte in.i.iuNtry, except

twitting meet = appr,nticesgeaerally start at 45 percent of thercitc paid 10 eXpCtlenCeel WOOceller per hx._ilc pay I aiNcs

and

Col tii} sheet metal world,,.,111)Ie mac, at die constactinti

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tn., a It It, Othel futtz-forTht 41111011 II1enn411ied abON e, a 10

A aiid uninn inanagcnient appre,n

ticeship committee; or the nearest of-fice of the State employment serviceor apprenticeship agency.

For general information aboutsheet-metal workers, contact:She Metal dnd Air Concialorung Contrac-

ths' National Assoc-lath-1u, Inc 8224 C-IldCourthouse Rd., Tyson '% Comer, Vienna.Va 2218h

TI LESETTE RS

(DOT gr_sl 7S1)

Nature of the W rk

In ancient Egypt and Runic, titwas used for the design and consti ucnon of mosaics an art form usingsmall, decorative ceramic squill-es--rday, in a fashitni similar to that ofthe ancient artists. tilesetters apply -

tile to fivu-vis, walls, and ceilingsTo set tile, which ranges in site

truni 1/2 inch to 6 1_ Fncaes scioarc,workers in this trade use either cc=meat or mastic (a very sti,ky paste )When using cement= tilesciters tiistpust tack a support of screenliky

loot. of ceilingI-hey #ra. i Lo.als ,cmcga, 4w cad itonto the ,wiecii with a tloW`CI 41d,With a rakelike dev e scratch thesurta,c of the It Atte' thecement has dried war ers trowel on aiichet ccitie wodong itback aad foth iii swecpiiiguntil it is ,iitoom arid even

When using rni4stic to set ,iis oil,..ctters need a flat solid sunace archas drywall ui conr_rere Wo.kersspread the mastic with a tooth edgedmetal trowel to create tiny ridges inthe mastic When the tile is set ontothe ridges, it creates a Sk14,,I.1011 thathelps hold the the

Since tile is co tA, ,itAi.tiapes, and SILCS actinic,prearrange thci tiles on dry flooraccording to a fpciAttch Jcstgn Thisallows workers to examine the pat-tern and make any neces.saly LhangCS

Wti4tt. i l. +, 1.11,

ianged. tileskAteis place each tileonto the cement or mastit..2 Sometiles are cut with either a machinesaw or a special cutting tool so theycan fit into corners and Around pipes,

tubs, and wash basins. Once the tile isplaced, tilesetters gently tap the stir=face of the tiles with a small block ofwood so that all the tiles rest evenlyand flatly.

When the cement or the mastic has"set- behind the tile, tilesetters userubber trowel to cover the tile andthe joints with grout =a very finecement mixture, They 'then-scrape,the surface with a rubber-edged de'vice called a squeegee, This actionsafely removes grout from the face ofthe tiles, forces it into the joints, andremoves any excess: Before the groutdries, workers wash the surface withwater

2"

ut 5 tit

Places of Employment

Tilesetterswho numbered about36,000 in 1976are employedmainly irt nonresidential constructionprojects, such as schools, hospitals,and public and commercial itiid-ings. A significant proportion of tile-,.settersabout one out of fiveareself-employed.

Tilesetters are employed through-out the country but are found largelyin the more populated urban areas.

Training. Other Qualifications,and Advancement

Most training authorities recom-mend the completion of a 3-year ap-

-

I If-smployed.

1

19

prenticeship program as the best wayto learntilesetting. A substantialportion of tilesetiers,i however, acquire their skills informally-by work-ing as helpers and being taught byexperienced workers,

The apprenticeship program gen-erally consists of on- the -job trainingand related classroom instruction insubjects such as blueprint reading,layout work, and basic mathematics.

Apprentices begin by learning thenames of tools and how to use them.Within a short time they are taught tomix and apply cement, then to applymastic. Later, they learn to cut tileand install it,

Those-who learn informally genetally receive less thorough trainingThey start by carrying _supplies,cleaning work areas, and washing offthe finished tile Depending on theemployer, a helper may Icattn'tospread CCtildra or mastic Eventually,a helper is taught to cut and set tile

Wh n hiring apprentices or helpcrs, e -ployers usually prefer highschool -r vocational school gradu=ales who ave had courses In generalmathematics, mechanical drawing,and shop Clood physical condition.manual dexterity, and a good senseof color harmony alS,0 al,' Imp.. tan(;4S,W LS

Skilled tile: to- 4y t,,.....,, J,,,

pervisors 0-ing businc

20

11 ts..)11LI

Employment Outlook<Employment of tilesetters is ex-

pected to increase about as fast asthe average for all occupationsthrough the mid-1980's, While employment.growth will provide somenew job opportunities, most will re-sult from the need to replace tileset-ters, who retire, die, or leave the oc-cupation for other reasons. Becausetilesetters is a small occupation, how-ever, there will be relatively few jrrbopenings annually.

Population and business growth isexpected to cause an increase in theconstruction of houses and otherbuildings, thus increasing the de-mand fun tilesettero The trendtoward two tile bathrocinis or more inhouses and apartments also will spureittploy 'tient iii this trade

eat.ik,go and YibutkltegColoiltkins

LLY 197e csunatcs .,tOlen oWlItall areas,

h ri rly iatcs tilesetters averaged69 35. ot absan twice the hourly rate

and productioii wod..ers in private industry, ex-ntpi tainting how ly s age fates taiapprentices start at about 50 to 60perc cur Fat paid tc) unionsv'orlters and increase periodically

Since tilesetters work mostly in-d rs, the annual number of hoursthey work generally is higher thansome of the other contruction crafts.This difference may be reflected inadded arrnual earnings.

The principal unions organizingthese workers are the InternationalUnion of Bricklayers and AlliedCraftsmen; and the International As-sociation of Marble, Slate and StonePolishers, Rubbers and Sawyers, Tileand Marble Setters' Helpers andMarble Mosaic and Terrancr Work-ers' Helpers-

Sources of AdditionalInformation

tails about apprenticeship orother work opportunities in thistrade, contact local tile setting con-tractors; locals of the unions previ-ously mentioned; or t nearest of-fice of the State e oyment serviceof State apprentic hip agency.

For general info&ation about thework of tilesetters, contact:InternatiOnal Union of Oficklayem and Allied

Craftsmen. Intemationat Masonry Ap-prenticeship Trust, 813 15th Si NWwanhinron. Nom

ola a.;tors Associan.oin, 112 North Alfred Stvia .,2314

What For in this Reprint

,-To rn e the Occur, ponal Outlook t odbocik easier toUse, each OCcupation Of industry follows the same outlineSeparate sections describe basic elernents, such as work onthe tab', edUcatiOn and training needed, and salaries Or wagesSome sections Will be more useful if you know hOW to interpretthe intorrrlation as explained below

The TRAINING. OTHER ouckuricATIoNs. AND ADVANCEMENT section indicates the preferred way to enter eachoccupation and alternative ways to Obtain training Read thissection carefully because early planning makes 'Vary fieldseasier to enter Also, the level at Aihrch you enter and the speedWith Which You advance often depend on your training If youare a student, you may Want to consider ythuose coursesthought useful for the occupations which ihrreinsgt

Besides training, you may need a Slate iicense or certiticate The training section indicates which ocoupalioreally require these Check r'3QUIrefTlent5 in the State where youPlan to work because Stare regulations vary

Whether an oocuoatiori suits your pese,uodiiryimportant area tee exolLire For 501110 yOu [Tidy ricl\-t; iu nicheresponsibie decisions in a highly competitive alrrIOSpr,erd Forothers, you rnay cip only routine 'asks under Lose Super VisionTp work suo-esstuelyIrld0,1r1ILL,Ior jut."or more of the toildWIN

- MOtiva Ie. othersdirect Ono sober-work with all typework with things-

cr prluplr,oil net-4d

you rr )ay have lu ,Jo UI,e

and rridriodl derttrriiyindeproderilly ver. '

sell disc:Vine- .nark as part Of a tea,

witli Je.Ialls,or laboratory reports

nelP i,eutauriseveurk 1,1,4 ts

Vic, pt y IO -ally hard Jwork outer tt_= iii all typer-.i.

A couli01,-,,eStS and anillies r )

istics suit youhe ErvIPI, NAL fr r

the lob market is likely-IL, he favorat I Lieu ..tiiexpected ylowtri i5 Loroodi,d L, I/O( ,r

rate for ail occuoahor 0,r ,cru Lrely,/edi b aria r9ti5)The follovirrly phrases d e to,ed

Alfr. f

Much fasterFasterAbout as trystSlowerLittle changeDecline

Generally, OD OPP°growing at least as tact as for thy e

But you Would have 10 knowpeting with you to be sure Of your or

?5150 Ni e q"A

u q,/,,3 9%

unities are layulaGie ifonomy as a whore:

mnber Of people coo-Unfortunately, this

supply inlorrnation is lacking for most occupations.There are exceptions, however, especially among pro-

fessional occupations Nearly everyone who earns a medicaldegree, for example, becomes a practicing physician- Whenthesnumber of people pursumpelevant types of education andtraining and then entering th-Tfield can be compared with thedemand. the outlook section.jndicates She supply/demand rela-tic_mship as follows

Excellent- _ --Demand much greater thansupply

vuty goGood or favorable,---__Rough balance between

demand and 'supplyM1-iy roc --[ -rnpetition --Likelihood of more supply

than demandh Sri olio ----Supply greater than demand

lob openings should not stop your pursu-ig a career that matches your aptitudes and interests. Even

small or overcrowded occupations provide some fobs So do,ose in which employment is growing very slowly or declining.

Growth in an occupation is not the 'only source of loboweilinds because the number of openings from turriever can besubstantial Iri large occupations In fact, replacement needs areexpected to create 750ercent of all openings between 1976 and

F 111011-y job prospects *your area may differ porn those intrio Nation as a whole Your State employment service can fur-

1,,__01 information

t rte EARNINGS lef 11;2, y\frfar workers were earning in

-Demand greater than supply

vvirl 1, julyo pay Ihe most is a nard question to answer be-qt_iLIO irifurniatiurr is available for only uric type of earn-

'hos wages and salaries and not even this for all occupa-Altnotiqn 9 out or to -VvOf kelb receive this torn] of income,

airy earn extra moriey by -vverking overtime, night shirts. prclub In,sorrie ocrArpliwns. woi kers also receive

or nrnrnis,iorrs based on sal or Vrvice some factoryovuikers a r:' paid a pfeCe rate an extra payment for each item!hey rriake

all workers ine stir -employ-,,r lircIrrries people rnam, u,soupations - physicians, bar-

-w lien., and farmers lor example Earnings for6iployed workers even I. Inc Sarre occupation differ

widely because much depends or whether one is just startingt11 ur !la- an established business

Most wage arid salary vvorkefs receive binge berleas paid vacations. holidays. and sick leaveWorkers arso receive income in goods and services (pay-

elri in kind) Sales workers in department stores, for example,ottr) receive discounts on merchandise.

Despite difhoullieS in determining exactly what people earnJob the Earnings section does compare occupational

by indicating whether a certain job pays more or less,than the average for all nonsupervisers try, private industry, ex-(Aiding farming

Each occupati6n has many pay levels_ r ors almostalways. earn less than workers who have been jrob forsorne time Earnings also vary by geographic 10that offer the highest earnings often are those wheare most expensive.

Ir) 47)1.0

but citiesliving costs

s an adE 00

Join: in aplace like

The career information contained in the reprint you arereading was taken from the 197879 edition of the OccupationalOutlook Handbook. But the Handbook is not the only sourceof useful career information published by the Bureau of LaborStatistics, The Handbook's companion. the OccupationalOutlook Quarterly, is published four times during the schoolyear to keep subscribers up to date on new occupational studiescompleted between editions of the Handbook. The Quarterlyalso gives practical information on training and educationalopportunities, salary trends, and new and emerging jabs= -justwhat people need to know to plan careers.

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