carolyn bryce: "the use of the river invertebrate classification tool (rict) in the foyle and...

7/28/2019 Carolyn Bryce: "The use of the River Invertebrate Classification Tool (RICT) in the Foyle and Carlingford catchmen

1/65

O predcgt suppertch jy tbc Curepcol Slfel's FLXCZZCA FYO ^rearo``c oloach jy tbc Wpcgfom CS ^rearo``cs Jehy

Xbc usc ei tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem

(ZFGX) fl tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clts,

fts oppmfgotfel fl `oloac`clt olh tbc

mflk jctwccl jfetfg flhcx sgercs olh ifsb hclsfty arohcs

Goremyl Cmoflc Jrygc(Slfvcrsfty ei Amosaew)

Wupcrvfsers

^rei. Gemfl C. Oho`sHr. ^ohhy Jeymol


2/65

Wtotc`clt ei Gepyrfabt

Xbc geltclt ei tbc FJFW wcjsftc*(flgmuhfla, jut let mf`ftch te omm tcxt olh ortwerk tbcrcfl)

fs pretcgtch jy gepyrfabt. Xbc gepyrfabt fs ewlch jy FJFW er fs etbcrwfsc mfgclsch ire` o

tbfrh porty ier usc jy tbc portlcrs.

Veu òy vfcw er hewlmeoh oly geltclt ei tbc Wftc ier prfvotc purpescs, jut yeu orc letpcr`fttch, wftbeut eur pcr`fssfel, te4

sterc tbc Wftc, er oly geltclt ei tbc Wftc, ier oly etbcr purpesc;

prflt gepfcs ei tbc Wftc, er oly geltclt ei tbc Wftc, ier oly etbcr purpesc; rcprehugc, gepy er trols`ft tbc Wftc, er oly geltclt ei tbc Wftc, fl oly woy, ier

oly etbcr purpesc er fl oly etbcr `chfu`.

Omm etbcr rfabts wbfgb orc let spcgfifgommy aroltch orc rcscrvch.

FJFW òkcs ovofmojmc el fts sftcs òtcrfoms aclcrotch ier FJFW jy ogohc`fg werk ot tbcSlfvcrsfty ei Amosaew olh ot _uccl's Slfvcrsfty Jcmiost, fltcr omfo.

Cxtrogts ùst let jc quetch wftbeut cxpmfgft pcr`fssfel. ^cr`fssfel òy jc seuabt jy

usfla tbc geltogt ier` www.meuabs-oaclgy.era/fjfs/geltogt/

*Wftc - www.meuabs-oaclgy.era/FJFW


3/65

!

Lel-tcgblfgom Wu`òry

XBC SWC EI XBC ZFYCZ FLYCZXCJZOXC GMOWWFIFGOXFEL XEEM (ZFGX) FL XBC

IEVMC OLH GOZMFLAIEZH GOXGB@CLXW, FXW O^^MFGOXFEL FL @OLOAC@CLX

OLH XBC MFLK JCXQCCL JFEXFG FLHCR WGEZCW OLH IFWB HCLWFXV AZOHCW.

Oppmfgotfel ei ZFGX fl rfvcr òloac`clt olh tbc mflk jctwccl cgemeafgom quomfty

olh somèlfh hclsfty

JOGKAZESLH

Xbc ircsbwotcr systc`s ei Arcot Jrftofl olh Frcmolh rcprcsclt o sfalfifgolt ossct fl tcr`s ei

cgele`fg, segfom, gumturom, sgfcltfifg olh jfemeafgom vomuc. Bewcvcr, flgrcosfla buòl ogtfvfty bos

flimuclgch olh oiicgtch tbc loturom iulgtfelfla ei tbcsc cgesystc`s, olh ciierts te rchugc olh

rc`chfotc buòl flimuclgc fs geltflaclt upel eur ulhcrstolhfla ei tbc mflks jctwccl hfiicrclt

jfemeafgom cmc`clts. Xbc gelgcpt ei aeeh bcomtb ier o rfvcr systc` èst ge`èlmy ossegfotcs tbc

jfemeafgom trofts ei o rfvcr te tbot ei o `flfòmmy f`pogtch rfvcr. Hciflftfels ei bcomtb orc usuommy

oppmfch wftb rcspcgt te tbc ospcgt ei tbc rfvcr fl qucstfel (c.a. ifsb spcgfcs prcsclt, oquotfg pmolts

olh flvcrtcjrotcs).

Xbfs rcpert of`ch te fhcltfiy tbc mflk jctwccl twe ge`èlmy usch `ctrfgs ei rfvcr jfemeafgom

bcomtb, lo`cmy somèlfh ifsb (Otmoltfg somèl, Womè somor, olh treut, Womè trutto) hclsfty olh

ògreflvcrtcjrotc wotcr quomfty arohcs. Xbfs flieròtfel fs gcltrom te f`prevfla eur ulhcrstolhfla

ei bew te grftfgommy osscss tbc jfemeafgom gelhftfels ei rfvcrs fl tbc S.K. olh fs mflkch hfrcgtmy wftb

Qotcr Iro`cwerk Hfrcgtfvc toracts ei ogbfcvfla aeeh cgemeafgom stotus fl :>?3.


4/65

!!

@OFL IFLHFLAW

@ogreflvcrtcjrotc hoto fl tbc ier` ei jfetfg flhcx sgercs gemmcgtch ire` tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh

gotgb`clts ei Lertbcrl Frcmolh ire` :>>2 te :>?> wos usch fl tbc oppmfgotfel ei tbc Zfvcr

Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem te osscss tbc cgemeafgom wotcr quomfty ei 3: sftcs. Xbc Zfvcr

Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem (ZFGX) fs o iulho`cltom ge`pelclt ei wotcr quomfty osscss`clts

usch jy SK oaclgfcs ulhcr tbc Qotcr Iro`cwerk Hfrcgtfvc (QIH). Xbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc

Gmossfifgotfel Xeem prehugch sftc-spcgfifg cgemeafgom quomfty arohcs ire` joh te bfab wbfgb

clojmch tbc fhcltfifgotfel ei tbc typc ei pemmutfel er hcarohotfel prcsclt olh te wbot cxtclt sftcs orc

hcvfotfla ire` prfstflc rcicrclgc gelhftfels. Wftcs wbcrc tbc hcvfotfel boh rcogbch grftfgom

gelhftfels rcqufrc iurtbcr flvcstfaotfel.

Bewcvcr tbc quomfty arohcs prehugch ire` tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc L-XORO jfetfg flhcx sgercs

wbfgb flftfommy suaacstch tbot omm sftcs wcrc cxpcrfclgfla bfab cxpesurc te texfg pemmutfel olh/er

clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel wcrc hcc`ch te jc ol ulhcr-rcprcscltotfel ei tbc truc quomfty ei sftcs

oitcr gelsumtotfel wftb areulh jfemeafsts. Ft wos gelgmuhch tbot tbc `ctbehemeay oheptch flte

reutflc so`pmfla prfer te tbc ZFGX olomysfs hfh let gelier` wftb stolhorhfsch ZFGX `ctbehemeay

olh wos fsemotch os o geltrfjutfla iogter ier tbc mew quomfty arohcs.

Elmy elc sftc ogress tbc tbrcc ycors prcscltch wftb ol OW^X cgemeafgom quomfty arohc ei peer,

flhfgotfla cxpesurc te mcvcms ei eraolfg pemmutfel gopojmc ei scrfeusmy hcarohfla tbc

ògreflvcrtcjrotc ge`ùlfty rfgblcss. Xbc rcòflfla sftcs ire` :>>6 tbreuab te :>?? boh OW^X

quomfty arohcs ei èhcrotc er bfabcr.

Xbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc jfetfg flhcx sgercs wcrc omse usch wftb duvclfmc somèl olh treut hclsfty

arohcs gomgumotch ire` hoto gemmcgtch tbreuab sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla ier tbc so`c sftcs.

Gerrcmotfels jctwccl jfetfg flhcx sgercs olh >+ hclsfty arohcs wcrc osscssch usfla mflcor

rcarcssfel olomyscs wbfgb prcscltch wftb rcsumts suaacstfla tbot tbcrc wos o mogk ei gerrcmotfel

jctwccl ògreflvcrtcjrotc flhcx sgercs olh duvclfmc ifsb hclsfty arohcs. Xbfs suaacstch tbot tbc

ògreflvcrtcjrotcs olh >+ somèlfhs orc rcspelhfla hfiicrcltmy te mcvcms ei pemmutfel cxpesurc.

Xbfs iurtbcr c`pbosfscs tbc lcch ier èlfterfla systc`s wbfgb gevcr omm ge`pelclt `c`jcrs ei

rfvcr cgesystc`s olh tbus tbc oheptfel olh oppmfgotfel ei tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem


5/65

!!!

fl reutflc survcfmmolgc weumh clojmc èlfterfla ei tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc ge`ùlfty olh osscss

wotcr quomfty fl ge`pmfolgc te tbc QIH.

Zcge``clhotfels ier tbc iuturc oppmfgotfel ei Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem

Gbolacs te tbc jfemeafgom so`pmfla pregchurc gurrcltmy oheptch flte reutflc so`pmfla te ohbcrc te

tbc strfgt spcgfifgotfels ei tbc ZFGX `ctbehemeay.

Xbc ohhftfel ei o ?-`flutc òluom scorgb flte jfemeafgom so`pmfla.

Wo`pmc sftcs wftbfl tbc èltbs ei sprfla olh outu`l te prcvclt o sflamc scosel jfos.

Gelsfhcrotfel ei so`pmfla sftcs megotfels te ovefh tbc flimuclgc ei oltbrepeaclfg

strugturcs el ge`ùlfty strugturcs olh L-XORO sgercs.

Clsurc tbot tbc fhcltfifgotfel pregcss fs ge`pmctch ulhcr mojerotery gelhftfels te geflgfhc wftbstolhorhfsch ZFGX fhcltfifgotfel rcqufrc`clts.

@ehfifgotfels te tbc clvfrel`cltom hoto gemmcgtfel gurrcltmy oheptch flte reutflc epcrotfels.

O rcgerh tokcl ei tf`c vorfolt clvfrel`clt vorfojmcs ire` ogress tbc tbrcc prchciflch

ZFGX scosels4 sprfla, su``cr olh outu`l te prehugc olluom rcohflas.

Xbc oheptfel ei `cosurfla tf`c flvorfolt clvfrel`cltom vorfojmcs wftb tbc usc ei AFW

seitworc te cosc pregcssfla ei o morac lu`jcr ei sftcs.


6/65

!#

Xbc usc ei tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem (ZFGX)

fl tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh Gotgb`clts, fts oppmfgotfel fl

`oloac`clt olh tbc mflk jctwccl jfetfg flhcx sgercs olh

ifsb hclsfty arohcs.

!"#$%&'( "* %+& ,"#-+' .-&/>(?

Goremyl Cmoflc Jrygc

>1>339:j


7/65

#

OJWXZOGX

Zfvcrs orc sujdcgt te òly cmc`clts ei strcss wbfgb gol hctrf`cltommy f`pogt tbc loturom iulgtfelfla ei tbc

oquotfg cgesystc`s. Zcgcltmy, gmossfifgotfel teems bovc jccl hcvcmepch olh oheptch flte tbc èlfterfla

systc`s ei tbc Slftch Kflahe` te ohbcrc te tbc rcqufrc`clts oskch jy tbc Qotcr Iro`cwerk Hfrcgtfvc.

OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs hcrfvch ire` tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc hoto gemmcgtch jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy ire`

:>>6-:>?? wos usch wftb tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem te osscss tbc quomfty ei rfvcr sftcs ire`

ogress tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clts sftuotch fl Lertbcrl Frcmolh olh tbc Zcpujmfg ei Frcmolh. Xbc

rcsumts flhfgotch tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ei cogb sftc olh tbc typc ei oltbrepeaclfg hfsturjolgc hctcrferotfla

quomfty. Xbc OW^X arohcs prehugch jy ZFGX flhfgotch tbot omm tbc sftcs ogress jetb gotgb`clts hfh let

arcotmy hcvfotc ire` prfstflc rcicrclgc gelhftfels omtbeuab tbfs hcvfotfel vorfch ogress omm tbrcc ycors. Xbc

L-XORO arohcs suaacstch o sujstoltfom hcvfotfel ei omm sftcs ire` rcicrclgc gelhftfels wftb rcaorhs te

mcvcms ei texfg pemmutfel, bewcvcr tbc L-XORO arohcs wcrc hcc`ch os ulhcr rcprcscltotfels ei tbc truc

quomfty. Ft wos hchugch tbot tbc hfsporfty fl tbc L-XORO arohcs te tbesc ei tbc truc areulh quomfty arohcs

wos mflkch te o hfiicrclt `ctbehemeay usch te tbesc spcgfifch jy ZFGX. Xbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs

wcrc omse pofrch wftb >+ somèl olh treut hclsfty arohcs aotbcrch ire` sc`f-quoltftotfvc survcys, te osscss

wbctbcr gbolacs fl ifsb hclsfty arohcs gerrcmotch te gbolacs fl tbc jfetfg flhcx sgercs. Xbc mflcor rcarcssfel

olomyscs ei tbc somèl olh treut >+ hclsfty arohcs hfh let sfalfifgoltmy gerrcmotc wftb gbolacs fl tbc OW^X

olh L-XORO sgercs (^0 < >.>>3) ier :>>6. Ier tbc L-XORO sgercs olh somèl hclsfty arohc ier :>?>

tbcrc wos o sfalfifgolt rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc twe (^0 >.>?>), bewcvcr tbcy hfh let strelamy gerrcmotc (r-

sq0 >.?8:7). Ire` tbfs ft wos gelgmuhch tbot tbc duvclfmc ifsb hclsfty arohcs hfh let prchfgtojmy gbolac wftbOW^X olh L-XORO gbolacs. Os o rcsumt ft wos gelgmuhch tbot prehugfla sftc-spcgfifg cgemeafgom quomfty

arohcs hcrfvch ire` ZFGX weumh ofh tbc fhcltfifgotfel ei typc-spcgfifg strcssers olh prevfhc ol omtcrlotfvc

vfcw te tbc iulgtfelfla ei o rfvcrs cgesystc`.


8/65

#!

GELXCLXW

^oac

.............

? FLXZEHSGXFEL ............. ?

: @CXBEHEMEAV ............. 3

:.? @ogreflvcrtcjrotc gemmcgtfel ............. 3

:.: Clvfrel`cltom vorfojmc `cosurc`clt ............. 9

:.7 ^rchfgtfel olh gmossfifgotfel ............. 6

:.8 Wc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtre-ifsbfla ............. ?>

:.3 Flvcrtcjrotc prchfgtfel ei ifsb hclsfty arohcs ............. ??

7 ZCWSMXW ............. ??

7.? ZFGX C_Z arohcs ............. ??7.: Wc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtre-ifsbfla rcsumts ............. ::

7.7 Mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs ei jfemeafgom flhfgcs oaoflst

ifsb hclsfty arohcs............. 7>

8 HFWGSWWFEL ............. 73

3 ZCGE@@CLHOXFELW ............. 8?

9 ZCICZCLGCW ............. 88

1 OJJZCYFOXFELW & OGZELV@W ............. 3?

2 O^^CLHFGCW ............. 3:


9/65

#!!

Mfst ei Xojmcs

:.?Xbc gurrclt vcmegfty gotcaerfcs usch jy tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc GmossfifgotfelXeem (@urroy-Jmfab ct om, ?661)

....... 2

:.:Xbc ossfalch stotus arohcs, hcsgrfptfel olh sy`jem ier cogb cgemeafgomquomfty rotfe (C_Z) ier OW^X olh L-XORO vomucs. (Olel, :>?>).

....... 6

:.7Xbc sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla gmossfifgotfel systc` usch jy tbc MeuabOaclgy ier jetb >+ treut olh >+ somèl oheptch ire` Grezfcr & Kcllchy

(?668).

....... ?>

Mfst ei Ifaurcs

7.?Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>>6.

(Arohcs4 èhcrotc - 2 sftcs; aeeh - ?? sftcs; bfab - 73 sftcs)........ ?7

7.:Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>>6(Arohcs4 joh - :9 sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; èhcrotc - :> sftcs).

....... ?8

7.7- Xbc OW^X C_Z sgercs ier 3 sftcs (l03) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, :>>6

(Arohcs4 aeeh - : sftcs; bfab - 7 sftcs....... ?3

7.8Xbc L-XORO C_Z ier 3 sftcs (l03) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, :>>6

(Arohcs4 joh - 7 sftcs; èhcrotc - : sftcs)........ ?3

7.3Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>?>(Arohcs4 joh - > sftcs; peer - ? sftc; èhcrotc - 6 sftcs; aeeh - ?> sftcs; bfab -78 sftcs).

....... ?1

7.9Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>?>(Arohcs4 joh - 73 sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; èhcrotc - ?? sftcs; aeeh - > sftcs;

bfab - > sftcs).

....... ?2

7.1Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier : sftcs (l0:) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, :>?>.(Arohcs4 aeeh - ? sftc; bfab - ? sftc).

....... ?6

7.2Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier : sftcs (l0:) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt,

:>?>, (Arohcs4 joh - : sftcs)........ ?6

7.6Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier :2 sftcs (l0:2) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>??.(Arohcs4 èhcrotc - ? sftc; aeeh - 8 sftcs; bfab - :7 sftcs).

....... :>

7.?>Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier :2 sftcs (l0:2) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>??.(Arohcs4 joh - ?6 sftcs; peer - 3 sftcs; èhcrotc - 8 sftcs).

....... :?

7.??

Xbc >+ somèl sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 3: sftcs (l03:) fl tbc Ieymcgotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - ?3 sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; iofr - ?? sftcs;

aeeh - 7 sftcs; cxgcmmclt - ?3 sftcs). ?) Ifll. :) Hccmc. 7) @eurlc. 8)Amclèrlol. 3) Jurl Hcllct. 9) Iouabol. 1) Zec. 2) Amclcmmy. 6)Ewclkfmmcw ?>) Ewclrcoab Cost. ??) Wtrumc. ?:) Goèwcl. ?7) Hru`roab.?8) Ewclrcoab Weutb. ?3) Iofrywotcr.

....... :7

7.?:

Xbc >+ treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 3: sftcs (l03:) fl tbc Ieymcgotgb`clt, :>>6 (Arohcs4 ojsclt - ?7 sftcs; peer - ?3 sftcs; iofr - ?6 sftcs;

aeeh - 7 sftcs; cxgcmmclt - : sftcs). ?) Ifll. :) Hccmc. 7) @eurlc. 8)Amclèrlol. 3) Jurl Hcllct. 9) Iouabol. 1) Zec. 2) Amclcmmy. 6)Ewclkfmmcw. ?>) Ewclrcoab Cost. ??) Wtrumc. ?:) Goèwcl. ?7) Hru`roab.?8) Ewclrcoab Weutb. ?3) Iofrywotcr.

....... :8

7.?7 Xbc >+ somèl sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 1 sftcs (l01) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 9 sftcs; peer - ? sftc). ....... :3

7.?8Xbc >+ treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 1 sftcs (l01) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 7 sftcs; iofr - 8 sftcs).

....... :3

7.?3

Xbc >+ somèl sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 3> sftcs (l03>) fl tbc Ieymcgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - ?> sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; iofr - ?3 sftcs;aeeh - : sftcs; cxgcmmclt - ?3 sftcs). ?) Ifll. :) Hccmc. 7) @eurlc. 8)Amclèrlol. 3) Jurl Hcllct. 9) Iouabol. 1) Zec. 2) Amclcmmy. 6)

Ewclkfmmcw. ?>) Ewclrcoab Cost. ??) Wtrumc. ?:) Goèwcl. ?7) Hru`roab.?8) Ewclrcoab Weutb. ?3) Iofrywotcr.

....... :1


10/65

#!!!

Mfst ei Ifaurcs gelth.

7.?9

Xbc >+ treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 3> sftcs (l03>) fl tbc Ieymcgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 2 sftcs; peer - ?9 sftcs; iofr - :: sftcs;aeeh - : sftcs; cxgcmmclt - : sftcs). ?) Ifll. :) Hccmc. 7) @eurlc. 8)Amclèrlol. 3) Jurl Hcllct. 9) Iouabol. 1) Zec. 2) Amclcmmy. 6)

Ewclkfmmcw. ?>) Ewclrcoab Cost. ??) Wtrumc. ?:) Goèwcl. ?7) Hru`roab.?8) Ewclrcoab Weutb. ?3) Iofrywotcr.

....... :2

7.?1 Xbc >+ somèl sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 9 sftcs (l09) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 7 sftcs; peer - ? sftc; iofr - : sftcs).

....... :6

7.?2Xbc >+treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 9 sftcs (l09) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - : sftcs; peer - ? sftc; iofr - : sftcs; aeeh -

? sftc).

....... :6

7.?6Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgercier :>>6. (l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.767).

....... 7>

7.:>- Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X sgercier :>>6. (l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.92:).

....... 7?

7.:?Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO

sgerc ier :>>6. (l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.79>)........ 7:

7.::- Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^Xsgerc ier :>>6. (l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.7:3).

....... 7:

7.:7Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgercier :>?>.(l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.762).

....... 77

7.:87.:8 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X

sgerc ier :>?>. (l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.78?)........ 77

7.:3Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XOROsgerc ier :>?>. (l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.>?).

....... 78

7.:9Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X sgercier :>?>. (l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.77>).

....... 78


11/65

$

? FLXZEHSGXFEL

Xbc flmolh ircsbwotcr lctwerks, trolsftfelom wotcrs olh sco meuabs ei Arcot Jrftofl olh Frcmolh orc o

sfalfifgolt loturom ossct, os wftb cvcry geultry, fl tcr`s ei tbcfr cgele`fg, segfom, gumturom, sgfcltfifg olh

jfemeafgom vomuc (Huhacel ct om, :>>9; Wgbeifcmh & Hovfcs, ?669). Xbc rfvcr josfls ei Frcmolh bovc o rfgb

jfehfvcrsfty ei lotfvc olh fltrehugch oquotfg spcgfcs, wbfgb rolac ire` rcsfhcltfom te olohreèus spcgfcs,

wftb se`c spcgfcs bovfla o sfalfifgolt cgemeafgom olh cgele`fg vomuc te megom flhustry sugb os tbc Otmoltfg

somèl (Womè somor) olh treut (Womè trutto) (Flhcgel Fltcrlotfelom Cgele`fg Gelsumtolts, :>>7;

Clvfrel`cltom ^retcgtfel Oaclgy Jfehfvcrsfty Xco`, :>?>). Bewcvcr, ol clvfrel`clts ojfmfty te best olh

suppert o vorfcty ei eraolfs`s olh o loturommy iulgtfelfla cgesystc` gol jc strelamy flimuclgch olh rchugch

wftb flgrcosch prcssurc ire` buòl ogtfvfty (Zfgbtcr ct om, ?669; Lcm ct om, :>>1). Xbfs bos jccl èst

pre`flclt tbreuab ojstrogtfel ier hrflkfla wotcr olh flhustrfom usc os wcmm os wostc rcèvom, hrchafla olh

tbc gelstrugtfel ei wcfrs (W`ftb ct om, ?666; Gmorkc ct om, :>>7). Cmc`clts ei oltbrepeaclfg pemmutfel sugbos, scwoac, bcovy `ctom pemmutfel, lutrfclt clrfgb`clt olh oarfgumturom ruleii gol omse rcsumt fl vorfch

rcspelscs ei rfvcrs cgesystc`s (Hcwsel ct om, :>>1; Ommcl & Borhy, ?62>; Joymoy & Qfmmfo`s, ?617; Aroi,

:>>9). Fl vfcw ei tbc bfsterfg olh gurrclt usc ei rfvcr systc`s, gelsfhcrfla tbc ossegfotch eraolfs`s bovc

rcstrfgtch èjfmfty, ft fs le welhcr tbot tbcsc gmesch systc`s eitcl cxbfjft ulsotfsiogtery bcomtb (Mo``crt &

Ommol, ?666; W`ftb ct om, ?666). Qbfmc tbcrc fs le ulfvcrsom hciflftfel ier tbc bcomtb ei o rfvcr, tbcrc orc

vorfeus hciflftfels prevfhch (scc Lerrfs & Xbe`s, ?666). Bewcvcr èst iemmew tbc gelgcpt ei aeeh bcomtb

os o rfvcr cxbfjftfla sf`fmor jfemeafgom trofts te o `flfòmmy f`pogtch rfvcr ei tbc so`c gomfjrc (Wgbeifcmh &

Hovfcs, ?669). Omtbeuab, hciflftfels ei bcomtb orc usuommy oppmfch wftb rcspcgt te tbc ospcgt ei tbc rfvcr fl

qucstfel, bclgc tbc vorfcty ei hciflftfels ovofmojmc (Wcc Ogrcòl & Huljor, :>>8, ier vorfeus cxo`pmcs).

Xbc gurrclt Curepcol wotcr mcafsmotfel, tbc Qotcr Iro`cwerk Hfrcgtfvc (QIH) spcgfifcs o hciflftfel ei

aeeh bcomtb os cquotfla te vomucs ei tbc jfemeafgom ospcgts ei wotcr wbfgb elmy smfabtmy hcvfotcs ire`

loturom gelhftfels wftb o `flfòm flhfgotfel ei buòl ogtfvfty. Ft omse hciflcs tbc cgemeafgom gelhftfel ei o

rullfla wotcr systc` os tbc iulgtfelomfty olh strugturom geltclt ei oquotfg cgesystc`s os cxprcssch os

quomfty jolhs (Xbc Curepcol ôrmfo`clt olh ei tbc Geulgfm, :>>6). Xbc usc ei tbc hciflftfels prevfhch jy

tbc QIH wos hcc`ch tbc èst oppreprfotc os tbfs popcr gelgcrls ftscmi wftb cgemeafgom osscss`clts ei sftcs

fl Lertbcrl Frcmolh usfla tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem (ZFGX). Xbfs gmossfifgotfel teem wos

hcvcmepch te ofh tbc gmossfifgotfel ei sftcs fl ge`pmfolgc te tbc QIH (Xbc Curepcol ôrmfo`clt & Geulgfm,

:>>6).

Xbc gelgcpt ei osscssfla rfvcr bcomtb usfla jfemeafgom cmc`clts bos jccl oreulh sflgc Kemkwftz olh

@orssels hcèlstrotfel ei tbc Woprejfg systc` fl ?6>:.@oly aevcrl`clt olh flhcpclhclt jehfcs bovc

sflgc oheptch `ctbehs ei osscssfla bcomtb olh tbc cgemeafgom gelhftfel flte reutflc survcfmmolgc

(Kemkwftz & @orssel, ?6>:; Jortro` & Jommolgc, ?669). Iurtbcrèrc, wftb tbc f`pmc`cltotfel ei tbc QIH


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fl :>>> tbc f`pertolgc ei jfemeafgom èlfterfla bos ottoflch rcgealftfel te o geltflcltom sgomc. (Curepcol

Ge``fssfel, :>>>; Meaol & Iursc, :>>:).

Xe cstojmfsb tbc cgemeafgom gelhftfel ei o rfvcr, tbc ge`ùlftfcs wbfgb ier` port ei tbc cgesystc` fl

qucstfel ùst jc tokcl flte oggeult. Xbot fs, o `ctbeh ei `cosurfla tbc rcspelscs ei tbcsc ge`ùlftfcs te o

vorfcty ei hfiicrclt strcssers er pemmutolts sbeumh jc oppmfch. @oly toxele`fg areups orc ge`èlmy usch te

osscss tbc gelhftfel ei suriogc wotcrs fl ohhftfel te gbc`fgom olh pbysfgom osscss`clts (Gmorkc ct om, :>>7;

Xbc Curepcol Clvfrel`cltom Oaclgy, :>??). @ogreflvcrtcjrotcs bovc mela prevcl tbcfr wertb os o uscium

flhfgoter ei tbc cgemeafgom gelhftfel ei jehfcs ei wotcr, pesscssfla o arcot hcom ei icoturcs tbot òkc tbc`

fhcom golhfhotcs (Qrfabt ct om, ?669). Gmorkc ct om (:>>7) strcsscs tbcsc, hrowfla el kcy icoturcs sugb os tbcfr

wfhcsprcoh eggurrclgc fl tbc òderfty ei rfvcr olh strco` typcs, so`pmfla hecs let rcqufrc cxpclsfvc

tcgblfqucs, olh tbc fhcltfifgotfel ei òrgeflvcrtcjrotcs te tbc toxele`fg mcvcm rcqufrch ier quomfty

osscss`clts fs rcmotfvcmy strofabtierworh. Omse, tbreuab cxtclsfvc stuhfcs ei pemmutfel olh hfsturjolgc

temcrolgcs ei hfiicrclt io`fmfcs, tbcfr rcspelsc fs wcmm ulhcrsteeh (Qommcy & Ieltoò, :>>>). Xbc mfic gygmc

mclatbs ei òly flvcrtcjrotc spcgfcs gerrcmotcs te tbc tf`c rcqufrch te fhcltfiy premelach clvfrel`cltom

strcsscs (Gmorkc ct om, :>>7). Qrfabt (?668) c`pbosfsch tbc jclcifts ei tbfs jy stfpumotfla tbot

ògreflvcrtcjrotcs weumh rcspelh te sperohfg strcssers, wbcrc gbc`fgom tcsts weumh elmy flhfgotc tbc

gelhftfel ot tbc tf`c ei so`pmfla. Bewcvcr Jorjeur ct om (?666) letch tbot bfabcr toxo, sugb os ifsb, gol jc

`cosurojmy èrc sclsftfvc te texfg sujstolgcs tbol ògreflvcrtcjrotcs huc te ogguùmotfel ossegfotch wftb

premelach cxpesurc, omtbeuab ft fs ogklewmchach tbot tbfs wfmm elmy rcimcgt tbc prcsclgc ei pemmutfel se`c

tf`c oitcr fts fltrehugtfel. Iurtbcrèrc, ògreflvcrtcjrotcs os o wbemc bovc o rotbcr mf`ftch èjfmfty wftbfltbcfr acearopbfg rolac olh bovc tbc bfabcst ojulholgc wftbfl tbcfr eptfù` clvfrel`cltom gelhftfels

(Deblsel & Wolhfl, :>>?). Bewcvcr, Qrfabt ct om (?669) bfabmfabts ge`pmfgotfels ossegfotch wftb tbc usc ei

ògreflvcrtcjrotcs gftfla werk gelhugtch jy Iursc ct om, (?667) tbot ògreflvcrtcjrotc ossc`jmoacs ei

bcohwotcr strco`s wcrc sfalfifgoltmy hfiicrclt te etbcr orcos ei rfvcr systc`s olh lcchch te jc oggeultch

ier. Hcspftc tbcsc ge`pmfgotfels, ògreflvcrtcjrotcs orc stfmm rcohfmy usch huc te tbcfr klewl rcspelscs te

pemmutfel olh tbc wcomtb ei klewmchac surreulhfla tbc` (Curepcol Clvfrel cltom Oaclgy, :>??). Qftbfl

Slftch Kflahe` tbcfr hfstrfjutfels olh ge`ùlfty strugturcs bovc jccl cxtclsfvcmy stuhfch olh orc wcmm

hciflch (Qrfabt ct om, ?669) wftb tbc usc ei ògreflvcrtcjrotcs fl gmossfifgotfel systc`s prehugfla

stolhorhfsch hoto ge`porojmc ot o lotfelom sgomc (Qrfabt ct om, :>>>).

@ogreflvcrtcjrotc jfemeafgom flhfgcs bovc jcge`c o iulho`cltom ge`pelclt ei tbc jfemeafgom ospcgt ei

wotcr quomfty osscss`clts fl tbc SK olh Curepc (@ctgomic, ?626; Wolhfl & Bcrfla, :>>8). Xbc èst

ge`èlmy usch flhfgcs fl tbc SK orc ieròmfsch ire` tbc Jfemeafgom @elfterfla Qerkfla ôrty systc`, os

tbc J@Q^ sgerc (tetom sgerc ei omm J@Q^ io`fmfcs prcsclt), L-Xoxo (tbc lu`jcr ei J@Q^ sgerfla

io`fmfcs) olh OW^X (Ovcroac sgerc pcr toxo) (Gmorkc ct om, :>>:). Xbc usc ei ge`pelclt flhfgcs ei tbc


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J@Q^ systc` gol prevfhc flieròtfel el tbc typc ei hfsturjolgc ogtfla el o sftc. Xbc OW^X flhcx sbews

strela gerrcmotfels wftb vorfojmcs ei eraolfg pemmutfel4 hfssemvch exyacl (à.m-? olh % soturotfel);

O`èlfo mcvcms (à.m-?) olh jfegbc`fgom exyacl hcòlh (à.m-?) (Gmorkc ct om, :>??) wbcrc tbc L-XORO

flhcx flhfgotfvc ei texfg pemmutfel olh clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel (Olel, :>>2; Hfxel, :>?>). Xbc J@Q^

systc` omela wftb prcvfeusmy usch flhfgcs sugb os tbc Xrclt Jfetfg Flhcx olh tbc Gbolhmcr Jfetfg Flhcx, orc

sgerfla systc`s josch el tbc klewl sclsftfvfty ei spcgfifg io`fmfcs olh spcgfcs te hfsturjolgcs er strcssers

(Jortro` & Jommolgc, ?669). Xbc J@Q^ systc` ommegotcs o sgerc jctwccl ? olh ?> ier cogb J@Q^ io`fmy

prcsclt, wftb bfab sgercs oworhch te fltemcrolt io`fmfcs (Mcptepbmcjffhoc) olh mew sgercs te temcrolt io`fmfcs

(Gbfrele`fhoc) (Deblsel ct om, ?667; Gmorkc ct om, :>>:). Jfemeafgom flhfgcs josch el sgerfla systc`s ommew

ier tbc ommegotfel ei o sftc-spcgfifg sgerc fl oggerholgc te tbcfr pcrgcfvch cxpesurc te strcss wbfgb bos prevcl

uscium ier pemfgy f`pmc`cltotfel (Irfchrfgb ct om, ?669).

Xbc gurrclt oppreogb usch te osscss tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ei rfvcrs wftb tbc usc ei ògreflvcrtcjrotcs jy

SK aevcrl`clt jehfcs iemmews el ire` tbc Zfvcr FlYcrtcjrotc ^rchfgtfel Olh Gmossfifgotfel Wystc`

(ZFYÔGW) (Hovy-Jewkcr ct om, :>>2). Xbc ZFYÔGW oppreogb fs usch te ge`porc tbc ejscrvch

ògreflvcrtcjrotc ioulo ei o sftc te tbc cxpcgtch ioulo ei tbc so`c sftc, fi ft wcrc cxpcrfclgfla o `flfù`

mcvcm ei clvfrel`cltom strcss (Gmorkc ct om, :>>:). Xbfs systc` usch o gotomeauc ei `flfòmmy f`pogtch, bfab

quomfty rcicrclgc sftcs (Gmorkc & @urpby, :>>9), ire` wbfgb tbc cxpcgtch ioulo fs gomgumotch (Gcltrc ier

Cgemeay & Byhremeay, :>?>; Qrfabt ct om, ?662). Xbcsc rcicrclgc sftcs orc òhc up ire` o jreoh vorfcty ei

tbc jcst cxo`pmcs ei hfiicrclt rfvcr olh strco` typcs, acearopbfgom rolacs olh omtftuhcs tbreuabeut Arcot

Jrftofl olh L. Frcmolh (Gmorkc & @urpby, :>>9; Qrfabt ct om, ?662). Xbc ZFYÔGW oppreogb flgerperotcstbc usc ei tbc prcvfeusmy `cltfelch J@Q^ systc` olh fts ossegfotch flhfgcs te prehugc clvfrel`cltom

quomfty flhfgcs (C_F) ire` tbc ejscrvch/cxpcgtch rotfe (E/C rotfe) (Gmorkc ct om, :>>:; Deblsel & Wolhfl,

:>>?). Xbc C_F vomucs geumh tbcl jc gmossfifch jy tbcfr mewcr mf`fts te prehugc o quomfty arohc ier cogb sftc.

Gelscqucltmy, ZFYÔGW jcgo`c o pre`flclt prchfgtfvc systc` usch jy tbc rcaumotery jehfcs ei Slftch

Kflahe`, (WCÔ, CO olh LFCO) te osscss wotcr quomfty os port ei òloac`clt sgbc`cs (Hovy-Jewkcr ct

om, :>>2). Ft wos tbc suggcssium hcvcmep`clt olh f`pmc`cltotfel ei ZFYÔGW wftbfl tbc ifcmh tbot mcoh te

tbc QIH flstfaotfla tbc usc ei ejscrvch/cxpcgtch rotfes olh rcicrclgc gelhftfels os o `ctbeh ei osscssfla

quomfty (Gcltrc ier Cgemeay & Byhremeay, :>?>). Bewcvcr, os tbc hcvcmep`clt ei ZFYÔGW FFF+ prchotcs

tbc QIH, òly ei fts iulgtfels hfh let ge`pmy wftb tbc quomfty mcvcm rcqufrch olh ft geumh let suppert

ohhftfelom rcqufrc`clts oskch ei tbc QIH. Xbfs rcgealftfel mcoh te tbc hcvcmep`clt ei tbc Zfvcr

Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem (ZFGX). Qbfmc òly ei tbc flftfom icoturcs ei ZFYÔGW wos rctoflch wftb

tbc ZFGX, tbc lcch ier ohhftfelom icoturcs olh eptfels wos opporclt. Xbc ZFGX systc` eiicrs flgrcosch

iulgtfelomfty, wftb tbc ojfmfty te osscss ùmtfpmc ycors hoto wftbfl o sflamc rul, tbc gbefgc ire` èrc

toxele`fg mcvcms, o èrc cxtclsfvc mfst ei jfemeafgom flhfgcs olh flgmuhcs prchfgtfels ei tbc prejojfmftfcs ei

ojulholgc (Hovy-Jewkcr ct om, :>>2). Xbc ZFGX systc` omse epcrotcs jy grcotfla cgemeafgom quomfty rotfes


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(C_Z) ei tbc ejscrvch `ctrfg vomucs evcr tbc prchfgtch `ctrfg vomucs. Xbfs fs o sf`fmor pregchurc te tbc

grcotfel ei C_F vomucs prcvfeusmy prehugch fl ZFYÔGW osscss`clts. Bewcvcr, sftcs orc gmossfifch flte ifvc

quomfty arohcs josch el tbcfr C_Z vomucs te prevfhc o ge`èl sgomc ier quomfty osscss`clts ogress rcafels

(Yol hc Julh & Wemf`flf, :>>9). Xbfs fs o `ctbeh oheptch ier omm tbc jfemeafgom quomfty cmc`clts usch os

port ei tbc evcromm cgemeafgom stotus gmossfifgotfel ei o wotcr jehy ulhcr tbc QIH (Bottel-Cmmfs, :>>2). Qftb

tbc ZFYÔGW FFF+ prearo` tbc rcicrclgcs sftcs wcrc gmossfifch flte 73 clh-areups ier Arcot Jrftofl olh

scvcl areups ier L.Frcmolh te oggeult ier hfstflgt ossc`jmoacs wftbfl flhfvfhuom rcafels olh rfvcr typcs

(W`ftb ct om, ?666). Xbfs èhc ei gmossfiyfla tbc rcicrclgcs sftcs flte o rcafelom iro`cwerk wos omse

rctoflch, bewcvcr twe lcw clh-areups wcrc hcvcmepch oitcr o rcosscss`clt ei tbc quomfty ei tbc rcicrclgc

sftcs fl ge`pmfolgc te tbc stolhorhs sct jy tbc QIH (Hovy-Jewkcr ct om, :>>2).

Xbc epcrotfel systc` ei tbc ZFGX wos uphotch te ohept èhcrl seitworc olh gmossfifgotfels josch el twe er

èrc flhfgcs sugb os tbc @FLXO systc` (Hovy-Jewkcr ct om, :>>2). Xbc @FLXO systc` fs usch os port ei

tbc aclcrom quomfty osscss`clts wftbfl tbc SK wbfgb gmosscs o sftc josch el tbc peercst arohc os hcrfvch

ire` tbc OW^X olh L-XORO C_Z sgerc, eitcl rcicrrch te os tbc elc eut, omm eut oppreogb (Gmorkc, :>>6).

Xbc lcw ZFGX prearo` wbfgb fs ovofmojmc te omm, ommews flhfvfhuoms, oaclgfcs olh jehfcs ogress tbc SK te

oppreogb tbc osscss`clt ei cgemeafgom quomfty fl o woy tbot hecs let hfvcrt arcotmy ire` prcvfeusmy

cstojmfsbch `ctbehs, sugb os fl tbc ZFYÔGW prearo`. Xbc rcsumts hcrfvch ire` ZFGX prehugcs ge`porojmc

hoto ot megom olh rcafelom sgomcs wbfgb gol jc usch fl ge`pmfolgc te tbc osscss`clt ei wotcr systc`s ier tbc

QIH (Hovy-Jewkcr ct om, :>>2).

Xbc Meuabs Oaclgy orc o aevcrl`clt jehy wbe orc cltrustch wftb tbc pretcgtfel, òloac`clt olh

gelscrvotfel ei tbc rfvcrs, trolsftfelom wotcrs olh sco systc`s ei tbc Gormflaierh olh Ieymc meuabs

gotgb`clts ei tbc Zcpujmfg olh Lertbcrl Frcmolh. Xbc Ieymc gotgb`clt mfcs fl tbc Lertbwcst ei Lertbcrl

Frcmolh gressfla tbc jerhcr flte tbc Zcpujmfg ei Frcmolh, wftb tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt myfla te tbc

Weutbcost ei Lertbcrl Frcmolh olh Lertbcost ei tbc Zcpujmfg ei Frcmolh. Xbc Oaclgfcs prferfty mfcs fl tbc

gurrclt olh iuturc hcvcmep`clt ei oquogumturc, rcgrcotfelom olh ge``crgfom ifsbcrfcs wftb ol c`pbosfsc fl

tbc lotfvc Otmoltfg somèl olh treut stegks (Lfvcl ct om, :>?>). Os ol ciiert te oppmy ol oppreprfotc

òloac`clt sgbc`c, tbc oaclgy gelhugts olluom `cosurc`clts olh survcys ei bojftot arohcs, gotgb`clt

molh usc, wotcr gbc`fstry, somèl olh treut rchh geults, ohumt ifsb lu`jcrs wftb cmcgtrelfg ifsb geultcrs,

sèmt troppfla, sc`f-quoltftotfvc olh quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla ei duvclfmc ifsb, olh scts gelscrvotfel mf`fts

olh spowlfla toracts ier ohumt somèl (Lfvcl ct om, :>?>). Xbc oaclgys sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla

survcys tbreuabeut tbc twe gotgb`clts ogts os o `cols te èlfter tbc duvclfmc somèlfh pepumotfel. Xbfs

oppreogb osscsscs tbc hclsftfcs ei >+ somèl olh treut iry ot o vost lu`jcr ei sftcs. Qbcrc tbc Meuabs

Oaclgfcs prf`c ciierts mfc òflmy fl tbc èlfterfla ei toract ifsb stegks, tbc f`pertolgc ei òfltoflfla olh


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pretcgtfla tbc loturom jfehfvcrsfty ei ioulo olh wotcr quomfty ei cogb rfvcr josfl fs rcgealfsch olh

flgerperotch flte tbcfr òloac`clt sgbc`c.

Xbc Meuabs Oaclgy uscs hoto el lel-toract spcgfcs gemmcgtch os o jy-prehugt ei olluom survcys olh

gelhugts trfjutory mcvcm gbc`fgom olh jfemeafgom wotcr quomfty osscss`clts cogb ycor (Lfvcl ct om, :>?>).

Xbcsc survcys olh osscss`clts ei lel-toract spcgfcs gol prevfhc ohhftfelom flieròtfel el tbc iulgtfelfla

ei rfvcr systc`s olh òy prevc grugfom ier fhcltfiyfla tbc gouscs jcbflh wby ifsb pepumotfels orc

ulhcrprehugfla. Xbc jfemeafgom ospcgt ei tbc wotcr quomfty osscss`clts flvemvcs tbc gemmcgtfel ei

ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmcs ire` o lu`jcr ei sftcs, fhcltfiyfla cogb spcgf`cl te io`fmy mcvcm olh oppmyfla

tbc J@Q^ systc` ier osscss`clt.

Os te ofh tbc Meuabs Oaclgy wftb tbcfr jfemeafgom osscss`clt ei wotcr quomfty, tbc ògreflvcrtcrjrotc hoto

gemmcgtch ire` :>>6 te :>?? wfmm jc usch wftb tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem. Xbfs wfmm prehugc

OW^X olh L-XORO cgemeafgom quomfty rotfes (C_Z) olh quomfty arohcs ier cogb sftc wftbfl tbc Ieymc olh

Gormflaierh gotgb`clt. Xbc prehugtfel ei arohcs wfmm ofh fhcltfifgotfel ei sftcs ulhcr cxpesurc te typc-

spcgfifg strcssers. Xbc oppreprfotclcss ei tbc Meuabs Oaclgy gurrclt ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmfla pregchurc

omela wftb tbc petcltfom ei ZFGX wftbfl tbc Meuabs Oaclgfcs gurrclt òloac`clt sgbc`c, fts `crfts ei usc

olh tbc ojfmfty ei èvfla el te osscss`clts fl ge`pmfolgc wftb tbc QIH wfmm jc hfsgussch. Xbc OW^X olh

L-XORO sgercs wfmm omse jc usch wftb tbc duvclfmc >+ somèl olh >+ treut hoto gemmcgtch hurfla tbc sc`f-

quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla ier tbc so`c sftcs olh tbc so`c ycors os tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc sftcs. Ft wfmm jc

osscssch wbctbcr tbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgerc ier cogb sftc gol jc usch te prchfgt tbc quomfty arohc ei o

sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla ier tbc so`c sftcs.

: @CXBEHEMEAV

Xbc orcos gevcrch fl tbfs stuhy orc tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clts ei Lertbcrl Frcmolh olh tbc

Zcpujmfg ei Frcmolh wftb tbc gemmcgtfel ei tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc hoto olh tbc cmcgtreifsbfla hoto gelhugtch

hurfla tbc ycors :>>6 te :>??.

:.? @ogreflvcrtcjrotc Gemmcgtfel

Ier tbc ycors :>>6-:>?> tbcrc wcrc 38 peflt-so`pmfla sftcs olh ier tbc ycor :>?? tbcrc wcrc :2 peflt-

so`pmfla sftcs tokcl ogress tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, cogb rcprcscltch jy o OW^X olh o L-XORO arohc. Ier tbc

Gormflaierh gotgb`clt tbcrc wcrc 3 peflt-so`pmc sftcs fl tbc ycor :>>6 olh : peflt-so`pmcs tokcl fl :>?>

wftb le sftcs rcprcscltch ier :>??.


16/65

)

Xbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc hoto wos aotbcrch jy `c`jcrs ei tbc Meuabs Oaclgy, hurfla tbc rcgealfsch ZFGX

scosels ei su``cr (Dulc-Ouaust) olh outu`l (Wcptc`jcr-Levc`jcr) ier tbc ycors :>>6-:>??. Xbc

`ctbehs ei gemmcgtfel olh fhcltfifgotfel ei tbc flvcrtcjrotcs hcsgrfjch orc josch el tbc stolhorh progtfgcs

cstojmfsbch jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy. Xbc vost òderfty ei sftcs wcrc pesftfelch fl gmesc prexf`fty te jrfhacs

er reohs os o jy-prehugt ei aoflfla cosy oggcss te rfvcr strctgbcs. @c`jcrs ei tbc Meuab Oaclgy gelhugtch

7-`flutc kfgk-so`pmcs wftb stolhorh pelh-lcts ier cogb sftc, so`pmfla cogb bojftot typc wftbfl tbc so`pmc

orco fl oggerholgc te fts prcsclgc wbfgb iomms fl mflc wftb tbc ZFGX kfgk-so`pmfla pregchurc. Jcierc cogb

kfgk-so`pmc fs gelhugtch, tbc ZFGX pregchurc rcqufrcs o ? `flutc òluom scorgb ier flvcrtcjrotcs. Xbfs tf`c

sbeumh jc hfvfhch jctwccl so`pmfla tbc wotcr suriogc olh gemmcgtfla flvcrtcjrotcs ottogbch te suj`crach

sujstrotc er vcactotfel wbfgb òy jc `fssch hurfla tbc kfgk-so`pmfla. Xbfs port ei flvcrtcjrotc gemmcgtfel

wos let oheptch flte tbc Meuabs Oaclgy pregchurc olh tbus let ge`pmctch. Xbc f`pmfgotfels ei tbfs wfmm jc

hfsgussch motcr. Xbreuabeut tbc kfgk-so`pmfla tbc lcts wcrc pcrfehfgommy c`ptfch flte bemhfla jugkcts fi tbc

so`pmc sfzc wos rcstrfgtfla iurtbcr gemmcgtfel. Cogb so`pmc gemmcgtch wos tbcl sterch fl o mojcmmch geltoflcr

ier sertfla jogk ot tbc mojerotery ier tbc ycors :>>6-:>?>. Oitcr cogb sftc tbc lcts wcrc wosbch te clsurc tbot

tbcrc wos le òtcrfom er spcgf`cls mcit fl tbc lcts te prcvclt gelto`flotfel ei tbc lcxt sftcs so`pmc. Xbc

so`pmc wos tbcl cftbcr sterch olh rcturlch te tbc Meuab Oaclgy mojerotery ier fhcltfifgotfel, er fl tbc gosc

ei tbc :>?? so`pmcs, tbc fhcltfifgotfel pregcss wos gelhugtch ot tbc sfhc ei tbc rfvcr. Xbfs oppreogb oheptch

fl :>?? aecs oaoflst tbc ZFGX rcge``clhotfel ier omm so`pmcs te jc pregcss fl o mojerotery.

Xbc fhcltfifgotfel pregchurc gorrfch eut jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy ier tbc ycors :>>6 te :>?> wos fl ge`pmfolgc

wftb tbc ZFGX pregchurc bewcvcr os prcvfeusmy letch, tbc :>?? so`pmcs wcrc sertch ot tbc rfvcr sfhc wftbtbc usc ei sertfla troys olh fhcltfifgotfel aufhcs. Xbc so`pmcs ier tbc ycors :>>6 olh :>?> wcrc pregcssch

olh fhcltfifch te io`fmy mcvcm, wftb tbc usc ei sertfla troys, oppreprfotc mfabtfla olh fhcltfifgotfel kcys olh

aufhcs fl o mojerotery. Ei tbc io`fmfcs tbot wcrc fhcltfifch wftbfl cogb so`pmc, o scporotc rcgerh wos òhc ei

J@Q^ io`fmfcs prcsclt. Xbc J@Q^ sgerc ier cogb so`pmc wos gomgumotch jy ohhfla up tbc sclsftfvfty

sgercs ei cogb J@Q^ io`fmy prcsclt wftbfl tbc so`pmc; scc Oppclhfx F ier tbc J@Q^ io`fmy sclsftfvfty

sgercs. Xbc L-XORO (lu`jcr ei toxo) sgerc ier cogb sftc wos tokcl os tbc tetom lu`jcr ei J@Q^ io`fmfcs

prcsclt wftbfl cogb so`pmc. Ire` tbc J@Q^ sgerc olh tbc L-XORO sgerc, tbc OW^X (ovcroac sgerc pcr

toxel) sgerc gol jc gomgumotch. Xbc OW^X sgerc wos hcrfvch jy hfvfhfla tbc J@Q^ sgerc evcr tbc L-XORO

sgerc, wbfgb afvcs tbc so`pmcs ovcroac sclsftfvfty sgerc. Xbc row J@Q^ io`fmy mfsts wcrc tbcl cltcrch flte

ol cxgcm sbcct ieròttch ier tbc usc fl tbc ZFGX.

:.: Clvfrel`cltom vorfojmc `cosurc`clt

Qbcrcvcr pessfjmc, tbc `ctbehemeafcs olh cqufp`clt rcqufrch jy ZFGX pregchurc ier hoto gemmcgtfel rol

porommcm wftb tbc SK flvcrtcjrotc so`pmfla olh olomysfs pregchurc ier Wtor ^redcgt òluom jy (@urroy-


17/65

*

Jmfab, ?661) prevfhch wftb tbc ZFGX seitworc. Fi rcge``clhch pregchurcs geumh let jc iemmewch,

omtcrlotfvc `ctbehs wcrc usch olh wfmm jc sujscqucltmy letch. Xbc hoto wos gemmcgtch jy hfiicrclt survcyers,

cftbcr werkfla ier tbc Meuabs Oaclgy (os port ei reutflc so`pmfla) er jy survcyers geltrfjutfla te tbfs

rcpert.

Cogb flvcrtcjrotc gemmcgtfel sftc wos afvcl o sftc FH olh tbc geerhflotcs wcrc rcgerhch wftb o bolhbcmh

Xrf`jmc A^W hcvfgc. Xbc geerhflotcs wcrc tbcl gelvcrtch flte tbc 9-ifaurc Frfsb arfh rcicrclgc ieròt

rcqufrch ier ZFGX olomysfs. Xbc Frfsb arfh rcicrclgc ier cogb sftc wos gbcgkch oaoflst Lertbcrl Frfsb olh

Frfsb erhlolgc survcy hfsgevcrcr scrfcs òps te clsurc tbot tbcsc òtgbch tbc trfjutory olh rfvcr lo`c ier

tbot sftc. Xbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clts mfc fl jetb Lertbcrl Frcmolh olh tbc Zcpujmfg ei Frcmolh, tbus

sftcs fl tbc hoto sct orc rcprcscltotfvc ei jetb geultrfcs. Oitcr gelsumtotfel wftb tbc Gcltrc ier Byhremeay olh

Cgemeay, tbc areup jcbflh tbc hcvcmep`clt ei ZFYÔGW olh tbc hcvcmepcrs ei tbc lcw ZFGX prearo` ft

wos hcgfhch te flgmuhc tbc sftcs myfla fl Frcmolh, fl mfabt ei tbc rcqufrc`clt ei tbc Meuab Oaclgy te osscss

tbcsc sftcs ier quomfty rcaorhmcss ei tbcfr pesftfelfla/lotfelomfty. Xbc iemmewfla clvfrel`cltom `cosurc`clts

wcrc gemmcgtch os te ge`pmy wftb tbc ZFGX pregchurc, bewcvcr tbc tf`c vorfolt clvfrel`cltom hoto4 hcptb,

wfhtb, gurrclt vcmegfty, cmcgtrfgom gelhugtfvfty olh sujstrotc gevcr, wcrc let rcprcscltotfvc ei olluom

gelhftfels. Xbc clvfrel`cltom hoto wos gemmcgtch fl motc Doluory olh cormy Icjruory ei :>?: olh sujstftutch

fl ier tbc oppreprfotc sftcs ier tbc ycors ire` :>>6 te :>??.

Xbc `col hcptb ot cogb sftc wos tokcl jy tbrcc hcptb `cosurc`clts ot rcaumor fltcrvoms omela tbc so`c

trolscgt (ot o quortcr, bomi olh tbrcc-quortcr mclatb ei tbc trolscgt) ogress tbc strco` er rfvcr oggerhfla tewbctbcr ft wos ot bfab er mew imew. Xbc `col hcptb ei tbc tbrcc rcohflas wos usch os tbc iflom vomuc fl tbc

ZFGX. Xbc `cosurc`clt ei o rfvcrs wfhtb wos tokcl ire` tbc wcttch chac ei tbc rfvcr usfla o `cosurfla

topc bcmh tout ogress tbc èhom trolscgt wftbfl tbc so`pmfla orco. Xbc `cosurc`clt ei cmcgtrfgom gelhugtfvfty

wos usch fl tbc ojsclgc ei olluom `col omkomflfty rcohflas. Xbc cmcgtrfgom gelhugtfvfty rcohflas ot cogb sftc

wos tokcl el o bolhbcmh hcvfgc dust upstrco` ei etbcr `cosurc`clts os te ovefh fltcricrclgc ire` wotcr

hfsturjolgc. Xbc usc ei wotcr gurrclt vcmegfty gotcaerfcs wos omse usch os o surreaotc huc te tbc mogk ei hoto

ei tbc olluom hfsgboracs ier cogb sftc. Xbc gurrclt vcmegfty wos `cosurch jy òrkfla eut o sct hfstolgc olh

rcgerhfla tbc tf`c tokcl ier o imeotfla ejdcgt te imew post tbc òrkch hfstolgc. Xbc gurrclt vcmegfty rcohflas

wcrc tbcl gotcaerfsch flte elc ei tbc ifvc prchctcr`flch ZFGX vcmegfty gotcaerfcs sbewl fl tojmc ?.


18/65

+

Xojmc :.? - Xbc gurrclt vcmegfty gotcaerfcs usch jy tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem (@urroy-Jmfab ct

om, ?661)

Gurrclt Ycmegfty

GotcaeryGurrclt Ycmegfty (g`.scg-?)

?

:

7

8

3

?>

< ?> - :3

< :3 - 3>

< 3> - ?>>

< ?>>

Xbc sujstrotc gevcr ei cogb sftc wos `cosurch jy cstfòtfla tbc pcrgcltoac gevcr ei tbc iemmewfla ieur

gotcaerfcs4 sfmt/gmoy, solh, pcjjmc/arovcm olh gejjmc/jeumhcr wftb tbc su` ei tbcsc ohhfla up te ?>>%. Xbc

sujstrotc gevcr cstfòtfel wos sujdcgtfvc te tbc epflfel ei tbc flhfvfhuom gemmcgtfla tbfs flieròtfel olh tbus

tbc pcrgcltoac gevcr cstfòtfel wos gelhugtch jy tbc so`c flhfvfhuom.

Xbc tf`c flvorfolt clvfrel`cltom `cosurc`clts, omtftuhc, smepc olh hfstolgc ire` seurgc wcrc tokcl ire`?43> >>> sgomc Lertbcrl Frcmolh olh Frcmolh erhlolgc survcy òps. Xbc omtftuhc ei cogb sftc wos tokcl os tbc

omtftuhc ei tbc lcorcst gelteur mflc te o sftcs lotfelom arfh rcicrclgc, tbfs rcohfla wos gbcgkch twfgc. Ier cogb

sftc, tbc hfstolgc te fts iurtbcrcst seurgc cvcl fi tbot trfjutory fs ei oletbcr lo`c wos `cosurch tbrcc tf`cs

wftb tbc usc ei o pmolf`ctcr iemmewfla tbc wotcrgeursc ire` tbc seurgc te tbc sftc. Xbc ovcroac ei tbc tbrcc

`cosurc`clts wos tokcl os tbc iflom vomuc. Xbc smepc wos omse `cosurch wftb tbc usc ei tbc pmolf`ctcr,

`cosurfla tbc hfstolgc jctwccl tbc lcorcst gelteur mflc upstrco` olh hewlstrco` gressfla tbc wotcrgeursc

ei cogb sftc. Xbc ZFGX pregchurcs òluom scts eut omtcrlotfvc flstrugtfels ier wbcl tbc sftc fs let pesftfelch

jctwccl gelteur mflcs olh tbcsc wcrc iemmewch wbcl lcgcssory. Xbc smepc wos `cosurch fl `ctrcs pcr

kfme`ctrc olh wos gomgumotch jy sujtrogtfla tbc bcfabt fl `ctcrs ei tbc lcorcst gelteur hewlstrco` te tbc

sftc ire` tbc bcfabt fl `ctcrs ei tbc lcorcst gelteur upstrco` hfvfhch jy tbc hfstolgc fl kfme`ctrcs jctwccl

tbc twe gelteurs. Xbc hfstolgc jctwccl tbc twe gelteur mflcs wos gbcgkch twfgc olh tbc `col hfstolgc wos

usch. Xbc temcrojmc stolhorh crrer ier cogb `cosurc`clt ei tbc hfstolgc te seurgc olh smepc wos gbcgkch

oaoflst tbc poro`ctcrs sct eut fl tbc ZFGX pregchurcs olh ft wos clsurch tbot cogb sftc flgmuhch icmm wftbfl

tbcsc.


19/65

,

:.7 ^rchfgtfel olh gmossfifgotfel

Xbc prchfgtfel olh gmossfifgotfel eptfel ei tbc Zfvcr Flvcrtcjrotc Gmossfifgotfel Xeem wos usch te prehugc

OW^X olh L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier cogb sftc. Ier tbc ycors :>>6-:>?>, 38 sftcs ogress tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt

wcrc osscssch wftb :2 sftcs osscssch fl :>??. Ier tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt 3 sftcs wcrc osscssch fl :>>6

wftb : sftcs osscssch fl :>?>. Xbc oppreprfotc hoto rcqufrch te osscss tbc :>?? Gormflaierh gotgb`clt wos

ulovofmojmc. Xbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc J@Q^ sgerc, L-XORO sgerc olh tbc OW^X sgerc omela wftb tbc

clvfrel`cltom hoto ier cogb sftc wos upmeohch el te tbc ZFGX prearo`. Xbc scosels ire` wbfgb tbc

ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmcs wcrc gemmcgtch wos scmcgtch ier cogb olomysfs rul. Ier tbc :>>6 sftcs tbc scosels

eptfel scmcgtch ier olomysfs wcrc su``cr olh outu`l. Ier :>?> olh :>??, tbc scosel eptfel scmcgtch ier omm

sftcs wos su``cr. Xbc Lertbcrl Frfsb ^rchfgtfel Clvfrel`cltom Yorfojmcs (^CY) sct wos scmcgtch omela wftb

tbc Lcw LF (??-areup mcvcm) clh areup èhcm ier olomysfs. Xbc toxele`fg mcvcm scmcgtch ier olomysfs wos

toxele`fg mcvcm ? (XM?), wbfgb prchfgts tbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs cxpcgtch ot cogb sftc fi tbot sftc wos

fl rcicrclgc gelhftfel (Hovy-Jewkcr &% :7, :>>2). Xbc ZFGX prearo` tokcs tbc ejscrvch OW^X olh L-

XORO sgercs olh hfvfhcs tbc` jy tbc cxpcgtch vomucs hcrfvch ire` tbc rcicrclgc gelhftfels te prehugc

cgemeafgom quomfty rotfes (C_Z) ier cogb flhcx. Xbc OW^X olh L-XORO C_Z sgerc prehugch hctcr`flcs tbc

OW^X olh L-XORO arohc afvcl te cogb sftc wftb tbc jerhcrs ier cogb arohc hfspmoych fl %:87& 3. Xbc

@FLXO systc` arohch cogb sftc josch el tbc mewcst arohc prcscltch jy OW^X olh L-XORO arohcs. Xbfs

oppreogb wfmm let jc oheptch fl tbfs stuhy os ft hecs let ofh tbc fhcltfifgotfel ei tbc typc-spcgfifg strcsser

ogtfla el cogb sftc.

Xojmc :.: - Xbc ossfalch stotus arohcs, hcsgrfptfel olh sy`jem ier cogb cgemeafgom quomfty rotfe (C_Z) ier

OW^X olh L-XORO vomucs. (Olel, :>?>).

"#$ %&'( &)*+, "#$ -.(%/% &)*+, >+?:, Wy`jem

>.61 >.23 Bfab

>.29 >.1? Aeeh

>.13 >.31 @ehcrotc

>.97 >.81 êer

>.97 >. 81 Joh


20/65

$-

Xbc OW^X olh L-XORO arohc afvcl te cogb sftc ire` tbc ZFGX olomysfs wos tbcl hfspmoych el erhlolgc

survcy òps ier tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, wftb o sy`jem arohc el tbc megotfel ei cogb sftcs

geerhflotcs rcprcscltfla tbc arohcs afvcl te tbot sftc. Xbcsc òps wcrc prehugch usfla tbc lcwcst vcrsfel ei

tbc Acearopbfg Flieròtfel Wystc` seitworc (orgAFW).

:.8 Wc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla

Xbc somèl olh treut >+ hclsfty hoto ier cogb sftc wos gemmcgtch jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy usfla tbc sc`f-

quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla `ctbehemeafcs hcsgrfjch jy Grezfcr olh Kcllchy (?668). Xbfs hoto ier`s o

ge`pelclt ei olluom suj-gotgb`clt rcperts. Xbc hoto usch wftbfl tbfs stuhy elmy rcprcsclts o sujsct ei tbc

tetom sftcs cmcgtreifsbch jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy os elmy cmcgtreifsbfla sftcs tbot boh o gerrcspelhfla

ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmfla sftc wcrc usch. Xbc èltbs ei gemmcgtfel wcrc Ouaust te Egtejcr ier :>>6 olh

Dumy te Egtejcr ier :>?>. Xbc cmcgtreifsbfla hoto ier tbc ycor :>?? wos ulovofmojmc ier olomysfs. Cogb

cmcgtreifsbfla survcy wos gelhugtch fl o rfiimc `csebojftot ot cogb sftc jy twe te tbrcc `c`jcrs ei tbc

Meuabs Oaclgy usfla èjfmc cmcgtreifsbfla jogkpogk cqufp`clt olh bolh-lcts. Xbc cqufp`clt wos usch te

ifsb fl o hewlstrco` hfrcgtfel ot cogb sftc gelgmuhfla wbcl tbc stolhorh 3 `flutc tf`c mf`ft boh jccl

rcogbch. Elgc tbc 3 `flutcs boh jccl rcogbch, tbc ifsb gouabt hurfla tbc swccp wcrc `cosurch ier ierk

mclatb olh tbcl scporotch jy spcgfcs olh jy oac areup. Ire` tbfs flieròtfel cogb sftc wos arohch josch el

tbc lu`jcr ei >+ treut olh somèl gouabt usfla tbc sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla gmossfifgotfel systc` fl

tojmc :. Xbc sc`f-quoltftotfvc >+ somèl olh >+ treut gmossfifgotfel arohcs wcrc tbcl hfspmoych el erhlolgc

survcy òps prehugch wftb orgAFW seitworc.

Xojmc :.7 - Xbc sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla gmossfifgotfel systc` usch jy tbc Meuab Oaclgy ier jetb >+

treut olh >+ somèl oheptch ire` Grezfcr & Kcllchy (?668).

Arohc Xetom Leei >+ Womèlfhs Wy`jem

Cxgcmmclt

Aeeh

Iofr

êer

Ojsclt

:3


21/65

$$

:.3 Flvcrtcjrotc prchfgtfel ei ifsb hclsfty arohcs

Iflommy, tbc erfaflom OW^X, L-XORO sgercs olh tbc sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla hoto wcrc usch te osscss

wbctbcr OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs ot o sftc geumh prchfgt tbc duvclfmc somèl olh treut cmcgtreifsbfla

hclsfty arohcs ot tbc so`c sftc. Ier tbc òderfty ei tbc sftcs, tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc kfgk-so`pmfla olh

cmcgtreifsbfla boh jccl gelhugtch ot tbc so`c so`pmfla orco wftb òtgbfla A^W geerhflotcs ier cogb ycor.

Ier tbcsc sftcs tbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs wcrc pofrch wftb tbc somèl olh treut hclsfty arohcs ier

osscss`clt. Qbcrc o ògreflvcrtcjrotc gemmcgtfel sftc hfh let bovc o gerrcspelhfla cmcgtreifsbfla gemmcgtfel

sftc, tbc gmescst cmcgtreifsbfla sftc hewlstrco` wos usch fi ft wos wftbfl o hciflch hfstolgc ei tbc

ògreflvcrtcjrotc sftc er fi jetb sftcs boh jccl fhcltfifch os jcfla fl tbc so`c bojftot gotcaery. Xbc

òxfù` oggcptojmc hfstolgc jctwccl twe sftcs wos 1>`ctcrs fi bojftot hoto wos ulovofmojmc. Xbfs hfstolgc

wos scmcgtch os ft òtgbch tbc ZFGX rcge``clhch mclatb ei ògreflvcrtcjrotc survcy orcos olh

ejscrvotfels hurfla clvfrel`cltom gemmcgtfels suaacstch tbot wftbfl tbfs hfstolgc tbc rfvcr strctgb hfh let

sujstoltfommy vory. Bojftot hoto gemmcgtch jy tbc Meuabs Oaclgy aotbcrch fl rcicrclgc te tbc mficgygmc ulfts

rcqufrch ier suggcssium somèlfh rcprehugtfel wos usch te pofr ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmfla sftcs olh

cmcgtreifsbfla sftcs. Zfvcr strctgbcs wcrc arohch fl oggerholgc te tbc typc ei mficgygmc bojftot prcsclt olh tbc

quomfty ei tbot bojftot. Xbc poro`ctcrs ei tbc `csebojftot typc, rfvcr arohfclt, hcptb olh sujstrotc gevcr wcrc

usch te gotcaerfsc olh arohc cogb sftc. Oly ògreflvcrtcjrotc sftcs wbfgb hfh let bovc ol cmcgtreifsbfla sftc

pofrch wftb ft wos cxgmuhch ire` tbfs port ei tbc stuhy. O mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs wos usch te osscss tbc

rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs olh ifsb hclsfty arohcs. O rcprcscltotfvc vomuc wos

ossfalch te cogb hclsfty arohc, os te pofr tbfs wftb tbc OW^X olh L-XORO sgercs. Xbc vomucs usch tercprcsclt cogb ifsb arohc fl tbc mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs wcrc os iemmews4 > (ojsclt); :.3 (peer); 6.3 (iofr);

?6.3 (aeeh) olh :3 (cxgcmmclt). Xbc mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs wos ge`pmctch wftb tbc usc ei tbc stotfstfgom

prearo`, @flftoj.

7 ZCWSMXW

7.? ZFGX C_Z arohcs

Xbcrc orc gelsfhcrojmc hfsgrcpolgfcs jctwccl tbc C_Z OW^X olh tbc L-XORO arohcs ot cogb sftc. Xbot

sofh, tbc twe jfemeafgom flhfgcs orc sclsftfvc te hfiicrclt ospcgts ei pemmutfel, tbc OW^X flhcx fs flhfgotfvc ei

eraolfg pemmutfel wbcrcos tbc L-XORO flhcx fs flhfgotfvc ei bojftot hcarohotfel olh/er texfg pemmutfel

(Jortro` & Jommolgc, ?669). Bewcvcr wftb prfer klewmchac ei tbc `ctbehemeay olh oitcr gelsumtotfel wftb

scvcrom ifcmh jfemeafsts ft wos gelgmuhch wftb rcspcgt te tbc L-XORO sgerc, omm sftcs wcrc ulhcr-rcprcscltch.

Omm tbc sftcs boh o L-XORO sgerc jcmew ?7 wftb o `col L-XORO sgerc ei 6 ier :>>6 olh o `col L-XORO

sgerc ei 2 ier :>?>. Xokfla tbfs flte oggeult, ft wos hchugch tbot tbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs orc let o truc


22/65

$%

rcprcscltotfvc ei tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ot cogb sftc olh os sugb ft fs f`pcrotfvc tbot tbc L-XORO arohcs

hcrfvch ire` tbfs stuhy orc fltcrprctch wftb goutfel.

Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, ifaurc 7.?, sbews tbot fl :>>6, 73 sftcs prcscltch wftb o

bfab arohc, ?? sftcs prcscltch wftb arohc ei aeeh wftb 2 sftcs flhfgotfla o èhcrotc arohc. Qftb rcaorhs te

tbc bfab O^WX C_Z arohcs, tbfs flhfgotcs tbot tbcsc sftcs hfh let arcotmy hcvfotc ire` rcicrclgc gelhftfels

suaacstfla o `flfòm mcvcm ei cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel. Bewcvcr os ?? sftcs prcscltch wftb o arohc ei

aeeh olh 6 sftcs wftb o arohc ei èhcrotc f`pmfcs tbot tbcsc sftcs wcrc cxpesch te mcvcms ei eraolfg pemmutfel

wos ohvcrscmy hcvfotfla tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc ossc`jmoac iurtbcr ire` tbc ossc`jmoac cxpcgtch fi tbot sftc

wcrc fl prfstflc gelhftfel.

Xbc :>>6 L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier tbc so`c sftcs ei tbc Ieymc orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.:. Xokcl

flhcpclhcltmy ire` tbc OW^X C_Z arohcs, tbc rcsumts ire` tbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs weumh ulhcr leròm

stolhorhfsch pregchurcs weumh flhfgotc tbot omm 38 sftcs wcrc cxpcrfclgfla èhcrotc te bcovy cxpesurc te

se`c ier` ei hcarohotfel er texfg pemmutfel.


23/65

$&

Ire` tbfs, tbcsc L-XORO arohcs weumh typfgommy suaacst tbot tbc ge`ùlfty rfgblcss ei tbc :9 sftcs tbot

prcscltch wftb tbc mewcst cgemeafgom quomfty arohc boh jccl scvcrcmy hcpmctch. Xbc 1 sftcs wftb o L-XORO

C_Z arohc ei peer weumh sf`fmormy flhfgotc tbot tbcsc sftcs wcrc cxpesch te mcvcms ei hfsturjolgc olh/er

pemmutfel gopojmc ei sujstoltfommy hcarohfla tbc cgemeafgom quomfty. Xbc rcòflfla sftcs wcrc arohch os te

bovfla o èhcrotc cgemeafgom arohc.

Ifaurc 7.? - Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 èhcrotc - 2sftcs; aeeh - ?? sftcs; bfab - 73 sftcs).

7,8,3:


24/65

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Oppmfgotfel ei tbc ZFGX `ctbehemeafcs tbcsc rcsumts weumh usuommy flhfgotc tbot tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ier omm

tbc sftcs ogress tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt ier :>>6 boh jccl ohvcrscmy f`pogtch el jy cxpesurc te texfg pemmutfel

er tbot cogb sftc wos fl tbc vfgflfty ei clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel. Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier tbc Gormflaierh

gotgb`clt fl :>>6 prcscltch wftb : sftcs wftb arohc ei aeeh olh 7 sftcs wftb arohc ei bfab (ifaurc 7.7). Ire`

tbfs, ft gol jc gelgmuhch tbot tbc sftcs wftb o bfab arohc wcrc cxpcrfclgfla o `flf`om mcvcm ei cxpesurc te

eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc :>>6 L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier tbc so`c sftcs fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt orc

hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.8.

7,8,3:

Ifaurc 7.: - Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>>6 (Arohcs4 joh - :9sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; `ehcrotc - :> sftcs).


25/65

$(

Ifaurc 7.7 - Xbc OW^X C_Z sgercs ier 3 sftcs (l03) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, :>>6 (Arohcs4 aeeh - :

sftcs; bfab - 7 sftcs

Ifaurc 7.8 - Xbc L-XORO C_Z ier 3 sftcs (l03) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt, :>>6 (Arohcs4 joh - 7 sftcs;

`ehcrotc - : sftcs).


26/65

$)

Ei tbcsc sftcs, 7 sftcs prcscltch wftb o L-XORO arohc ei joh, wbfgb weumh flhfgotc tbot tbcsc sftcs wcrc

pesftfelch fl ol orco cxpcrfclgfla sfalfifgolt clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel er texfg pemmutfel fi tbc gbolac fl

tbc so`pmfla pregchurc boh jccl let ol flimucltfom iogter. Xbc rcòflfla : sftcs boh o L-XORO C_Z arohc

ei èhcrotc, weumh suaacst tbot tbcsc twe sftcs wcrc omse cxpcrfclgfla hfsturjolgc olh/er pemmutfel cxpesurc

bewcvcr let te tbc so`c cxtclt oaofl fi tbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs wcrc rcprcscltfla tbc truc cgemeafgom

quomfty.

Xbc OW^X arohcs ier tbc Ieymc fl :>?> hfh let prcsclt wftb oly sftcs arohch os joh, wftb elmy ? sftc arohch

os peer(ifaurc 7.3). Ei tbc rcòflfla sftcs, ?> sftcs wcrc arohch os aeeh, wftb 78 sftcs arohch os bfab. Xbc

sftcs tbot wcrc arohch os aeeh er bfab flhfgotcs tbot tbcsc sftcs wcrc cxpcrfclgfla o `flfòm mcvcm ei eraolfg

pemmutfel bewcvcr tbc sftcs wftb o arohc ei aeeh boh smfabtmy hcvfotch ire` rcicrclgc gelhftfels. Xbc L-

XORO C_Z arohcs ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt fl :>?> orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.9. Ei tbc 38 sftcs so`pmch, 78sftcs prcscltch wftb tbc mewcst quomfty arohc, o L-XORO C_Z arohc ei joh. Xbc rcòflfla sftcs wcrc

arohch os peer olh èhcrotc, wftb 2 sftcs os tbc ier`cr olh ?? sftcs os tbc mottcr. Mfkcwfsc te :>>6, tbcrc

wcrc le sftcs arohch bfabcr tbol o èhcrotc L-XORO arohc. Xbcsc rcsumts weumh ulhcr leròm

gfrgu`stolgcs flhfgotc tbot ogress jetb ycors tbcsc sftcs wcrc cxpcrfclgfla se`c ier` ei cxpesurc te bojftot

hcarohotfel er/olh texfg pemmutfel tbot tbc J@Q^ io`fmfcs wcrc portfgumormy rcspelsfvc te. Ol evcrvfcw ei

tbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ei tbc 38 sftcs fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt ier tbc ycors :>>6 (ifaurc 7.?) olh :>?> (ifaurc

7.3) flhfgotcs tbot tbc quomfty arohcs jctwccl tbc twe ycors hfh let rcòfl stotfg. Xbc lu`jcr ei sftcs tbot

wcrc arohch os bfab hfiicrch jctwccl tbc ycors, wftb 73 fl :>>6 te 78 sftcs fl :>?>. Wftcs arohch os aeeh

hreppch ire` :>>6, wftb ?? sftcs te ?> sftcs fl :>?>. Xbc lu`jcr ei sftcs wftb o OW^X C_Z arohc ei

èhcrotc omse sbfitch, wftb 2 sftcs fl :>>6 olh 6 fl :>?> wftb elc sftc hreppfla te o arohc ei peer fl :>?>.

Xbfs elmy fmmustrotcs tbc evcromm lu`jcr ei cogb arohc ier tbc twe ycors, wbcrc tbc arohcs ei elmy 78 sftcs

rcòflch gelstolt jctwccl tbc twe ycors. Qftb tbc rcòflfla sftcs cftbcr hreppfla er flgrcosfla fl tbcfr

OW^X quomfty arohc ire` :>>6 te :>?>.


27/65

$*

Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs omse prcscltch wftb gbolacs jctwccl :>>6 olh :>?>, bewcvcr os prcvfeusmy

`cltfelch tbc rcsumts bcrc sbeumh jc usch wftb goutfel olh wfmm elmy jc usch ier hcèlstrotfel purpescs. Fl

:>>6 tbcrc wcrc :9 sftcs wbfgb wcrc arohch os joh wbcrcos fl :>?>, tbc lu`jcr ei sftcs arohch os joh

flgrcosch te 73. Xbc lu`jcr ei sftcs tbot wcrc arohch os peer rcòflch gelstolt bewcvcr tbc lu`jcr ei sftcs

wftb o èhcrotc arohc hreppch fl :>?> te ?? ire` o prcvfeusmy bfabcr lu`jcr, wftb :> sftcs fl :>>6.

7,8,3:

Ifaurc 7.3 - Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>?> (Arohcs4 joh - > sftcs;peer - ? sftc; èhcrotc - 6 sftcs; aeeh - ?> sftcs; bfab - 78 sftcs).


28/65

$+

Oaofl tbfs elmy prevfhcs ol evcrvfcw ei tbc tetom lu`jcrs olh hecs let fmmustrotc bew flhfvfhuom sftcs gbolacire` ycor te ycor.Ei tbc 38 sftcs, tbc arohcs ei elmy :8 sftcs rcòflch gelstolt ire` :>>6 te :>?> wftb tbc

rcòflfla cftbcr hreppfla er flgrcosfla tbc quomfty arohc. Bewcvcr tbcrc wos o tclhclgy ier tbc quomfty

arohc te hrep ire` :>>6 te :>?>. Ier tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt fl :>?>, elmy twe sftcs boh tbc

clvfrel`cltom olh jfemeafgom hoto rcqufrch ier ZFGX olomysfs (ifaurc 7.1). Xbcsc twe sftcs hfiicrch fl tbcfr

OW^X C_Z arohcs wftb elc sftc arohch os bfab olh tbc etbcr sftc arohch os aeeh.

7,8,3:

Ifaurc 7.9 - Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier 38 sftcs (l038) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>?> (Arohcs4 joh - 73sftcs; peer - 2 sftcs; èhcrotc - ?? sftcs; aeeh - > sftcs; bfab - > sftcs).


29/65

$,

Ifaurc 7.2 - Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier : sftcs (l0:) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt,:>?>, (Arohcs4 joh - : sftcs).

Ifaurc 7.1 - Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier : sftcs (l0:) fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt,:>?>. (Arohcs4 aeeh - ? sftc; bfab - ? sftc).


30/65

%-

Xbcsc rcsumts weumh flhfgotc tbot tbc sftcs wcrc cxpcrfclgfla vcry mfttmc te le eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc sftc wftb

tbc OW^X C_Z arohc ei aeeh os prcvfeusmy stfpumotch, tbfs sftc boh mfkcmy jccl cxpesch te o s`omm mcvcm ei

eraolfg pemmutfel, omtbeuab let te tbc cxtclt tbot weumh scvcrcmy hcarohc o sftc. Xbc :>?> L-XORO C_Z

arohcs ier tbc so`c sftcs fl tbc Gormflaierh sftcs orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.2. Ei tbc twe sftcs, jetb wcrc

arohch os joh, wbfgb fi tbc rcsumts wcrc truc rcprcscltotfvcs ei quomfty weumh flhfgotc tbot tbcsc sftcs wcrc

prcscltfla wftb tbc mewcst quomfty arohc.

7,8,3:

Ifaurc 7.6 - Xbc OW^X C_Z arohcs ier :2 sftcs (l0:2) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>??.(Arohcs4 ehcrotc - ? sftc; aeeh - 8 sftcs; bfab - :7 sftcs).


31/65

%$

Xbfs weumh ei suaacstch tbot tbc sftcs wcrc cxpesch te o sujstoltfom oèult ei clvfrel`cltom hfsturjolgc er

texfg pemmutfel. Ire` :>>6 te :>?> tbc lu`jcr ei sftcs usch fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt wftb tbc ZFGX

oppreogb hreppch, 3 sftcs wcrc osscssch fl :>>6 wftb elmy : fl :>?>. Bewcvcr, tbc : sftcs fl :>?> wcrc tbc

so`c sftcs ire` :>>6, wbcrc jetb tbc OW^X olh L-XORO C_Z arohcs rcòflch tbc so`c jctwccl tbc twe

ycors.

Iflommy fl :>??, :7 sftcs wcrc arohch os o OW^X C_Z arohc ei bfab, flhfgotfla o `flfòm mcvcm ei cxpesurc

te eraolfg pemmutfel (ifaurc 7.6). Ei tbc rcòflfla 3 sftcs olomysch, 8 wcrc arohch os aeeh wftb elmy ? sftc

7,8,3:

Ifaurc 7.?> - Xbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs ier :2 sftcs (l0:2) fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, :>??. (Arohcs4 joh - ?6sftcs; peer - 3 sftcs; èhcrotc - 8 sftcs).


32/65

%%

prcscltfla wftb o mew arohc ei èhcrotc. Xbfs flhfgotcs tbot tbfs elc sftc arohch os èhcrotc boh jccl

cxpesch te se`c ier` ei eraolfg pemmutfel. Ire` tbc :2 sftcs so`pmch, tbc ?6 sftcs prcscltch wftb o L-

XORO C_Z arohc ei joh (ifaurc 7.?>), 3 sftcs wcrc arohch os peer wftb tbc rcòflfla 8 sftcs arohch os

èhcrotc. Wf`fmor te tbc :>>6 olh :>?> hotoscts, tbc :>?? sftcs ier tbc Ieymc wcrc peermy rcprcscltch os

flhfgotch jy tbc L-XORO C_Z arohcs. Ft òy jc gelgmuhch tbot tbc sftcs ei tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh

gotgb`clts wcrc cxpcrfclgfla bfab mcvcms ei texfg pemmutfel cxpesurc olh/er clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel

wbfmc cxpcrfclgfla `flfòm mcvcms ei eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc rcsumts ire` tbc ZFGX osscss`clt weumh

suaacst tbcrc wcrc le sftcs ei Ieymc gotgb`clt ire` :>>6-:>?? tbot ogbfcvch oly bfabcr tbol C_Z arohc ei

èhcrotc, tbfs weumh f`pmy tbot cvcry sftc boh jccl sujstoltfommy cxpesch te eraolfg pemmutfel olh texfg

pemmutfel olh/er hcarohotfel. Os tbc L-XORO arohcs prcscltch wftb tbc mewcr arohc ot cogb sftc, ft fs mfkcmy

tbot texfg pemmutfel olh/er clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel wos tbc pre`flclt iogter wbfgb wos ohvcrscmy

oiicgtfla tbc quomfty ei sftcs.

7.: Wc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtre-ifsbfla rcsumts

Xbc iemmewfla ifaurcs hfspmoy tbc rcsumts ire` cogb ycor's sc`f-quoltftotfvc cmcgtreifsbfla survcys ier tbc

ycors :>>6 te :>?>, wftbfl tbc suj-gotgb`clts ei tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierh gotgb`clt orco. Xbc purpesc ei

tbcsc rcsumts fs te prevfhc ge`pmf`cltory rcsumts te tbc ZFGX rcsumts ier tbc so`c sftc wftb tbc somèl olh

treut arohcs omse usch fl tbc mflcor rcarcssfel olomyscs.

Xbc >+ somèl hclsfty ier cogb sftc fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt ier :>>6 orc sbewl fl ifaurc 7.??. Os hfspmoych,tbc òderfty ei tbc sftcs hfiicr wftbfl cogb suj-gotgb`clt ei tbc Ieymc cxgcpt fl tbc gosc ei Iouabol,

Amclèrol, Cost Ewclrcoab olh tbc @eurlc suj-gotgb`clts.


33/65

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Xbc ge`jflotfel ei hclsfty arohcs ier suj-gotgb`clt hfiicrch ire` tbc lcxt. Ei tbc 3: sftcs wftbfl tbc Ieymc

gotgb`clt ?3 sftcs wcrc afvcl o somèl hclsfty arohc ei cxgcmmclt, ei wbfgb 3 wcrc ieulh fl tbc Iouabol

gotgb`clt. Elmy 7 sftcs prcscltch wftb o hclsfty arohc ei aeeh wbfgb wcrc sperohfgommy pesftfelch ogress

tbc Ieymc. Xbc rcòflfla sftcs ei tbc Ieymc hfspmoych wftb ?? sftcs afvcl o hclsfty arohc ei iofr, 2 sftcs wftb

o hclsfty arohc ei peer olh ?3 sftcs flhfgotfla tbc ojsclgc ei oly duvclfmc somèl.

:

?

7

8

3

91

2

6

?>??

?:

?7?8

?37,8,3:

9 1+*23 1*64+;8=0 ?3:


34/65

%'

Xbc sftcs jcmelafla te tbc gmustcr ei suj-gotgb`clts fl tbc seutb ei tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt omela wftb tbc Ifll

olh Amcl`erlol suj-gotgb`clts prcscltch wftb tbc peercst hclsfty rcohflas. Xbc >+ treut hclsfty arohcs ei

tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt ier :>>6 orc sbewl fl ifaurc 7.?:. Ei tbcsc sftcs, elmy : sftcs wcrc arohch os cxgcmmclt

olh 7 sftcs wcrc arohch os aeeh oaofl tbcy wcrc sperohfgommy pesftfelch ogress tbc Ieymc. Ei tbc rc`oflfla

sftcs ?6 wcrc arohch os iofr, ?3 sftcs wcrc arohch os peer olh ?7 sftcs wcrc ojsclt ei oly duvclfmc treut.

:

?

7

8

3

91

2

6

?>??

?:

?7?8

?3

9 1+*23 1*64+;8=0 ?3:


35/65

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Ifaurc 7.?8 - Xbc >+ treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 1 sftcs (l01) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 7 sftcs; iofr - 8 sftcs).

Ifaurc 7.?7 - Xbc >+ som`el sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 1 sftcs (l01) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>>6. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 9 sftcs; peer - ? sftc).


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Xbc flhfvfhuom sftc fl tbc Ewclrcoab Cost suj-gotgb`clt rcgerhch le >+ treut olh wos arohch os ojsclt. Xbc

@eurlc suj-gotgb`clt omse elmy boh ? sftc rcprcscltfla ft, wbfgb wos arohch os iofr.

Xbcsc twe sftcs omela wftb tbc 83 etbcr sftcs arohch os iofr, peer olh ojsclt flhfgotcs tbot fl :>>6 omm tbcsc

sftcs wcrc ulhcrprehugfla wftb rcaorhs te duvclfmc treut.

Xbc :>>6 >+ somèl hclsfty arohcs ei tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.?7. Elmy ? sftc eut

ei tbc 1 sftcs rcgerhch tbc prcsclgc ei duvclfmc somèl bewcvcr tbot sftc boh o peer hclsfty arohc olh

flhfgotcs tbot tbfs sftc wos scrfeusmy ulhcrprehugfla. Xbc :>>6 >+ treut hclsfty arohcs ier tbc Gormflaierh

gotgb`clt orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.?8. Ire` tbcsc 1 sftcs lelc prcscltch wftb o hclsfty arohc ei cxgcmmclt er

aeeh, wftb 8 sftcs arohch os iofr olh 7 sftcs bovfla le rcgerh ei treut gopturc. Xbfs flhfgotcs tbot ei tbc 1

sftcs so`pmch, omm wcrc ulhcrprehugfla wftb rcspcgt te duvclfmc treut.

Xbc :>?> >+ somèl arohcs ier tbc Ieymc orc hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.?3, ier tbfs ycor tbcrc wcrc 3> sftcs wbfgb

ogtch os flhfgoters ei tbc Ieymcs quomfty ei duvclfmc hclsftfcs. Ire` tbcsc, elmy ?3 sftcs prcscltchwftb bfab

hclsftfcs olh o hclsfty arohc ei cxgcmmclt. Ei tbc sftcs arohch os cxgcmmclt, 1 ei tbcsc sftcs wcrc ieulh wftbfl

tbc suj-gotgb`clts ei tbc Iouabol, Zec olh Ewclrcoab Cost. Xbc rcst ei tbc sftcs, oport ire` tbc twe sftcs

arohch os aeeh, wcrc tbeuabt te jc ulhcrprehugfla. Xbcrc wcrc ?> sftcs wcrc tbc prcsclgc ei duvclfmc

somèl wos let rcgerhch. Xbc Ieymcs >+ somèl arohcs omse sow gbolacs jctwccl tbc twe ycors, wftb elmy

:2 sftcs òfltoflfla tbc so`c quomfty arohc ire` :>>6 te :>?>. Omm tbc sftcs so`pmch wftbfl tbc Iouabol

suj-gotgb`clt wcrc gelsfstclt jctwccl tbc twe ycors wftb omm sftcs flhfgotfla cxgcmmclt hclsftfcs.


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Xbc :>?> >+ treut hclsfty hoto ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt orc arohch olh hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.?9. Ei tbc 3>

sftcs elmy : sftcs prcscltch wftb eptfòm hclsftfcs, o hclsfty arohc ei cxgcmmclt, wftb : sftcs prcscltfla wftb o

arohc ei aeeh. Xbc rcòflfla sftcs flhfgotch ulhcrprehugfla duvclfmc hclsftfcs wftb 2 sftcs ojsclt ei oly

duvclfmc treut.Omm tbc sftcs so`pmch fl tbc suj-gotgb`clts @eurlc, Amclèrlol olh Wtrumc wcrc prcscltch

wftb hclsfty arohcs ei iofr. Bewcvcr os cogb suj-gotgb`clt fs elmy rcprcscltch jy o rcmotfvcmy icw sftcs, ft

gol elmy jc stfpumotch tbot tbc spcgfifg rfvcr strctgbcs so`pmch orc ulhcrprehugfla olh let tbc cltfrc suj-

gotgb`clt.

:

?

7

8

3

91

2

6

?>??

?:

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?37,8,3:

9 1+*23 1*64+;8=0 ?3:


38/65

%+

Ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt jctwccl :>>6 olh :>?? elmy ?6 sftcs prcscltch wftb tbc so`c treut hclsfty arohcs.

Bewcvcr tbcrc wos o tclhclgy ier hclsfty arohcs te f`prevc ire` :>>6 te :>?>, wftb :7 sftcs cxbfjftfla ol

f`prevc`clt. Xbot sofh, 2 sftcs hfh hfspmoy wftb o hrep fl tbc hclsfty rcgerhch. Fl :>?>, tbc 9 sftcs ei tbc

Gormflaierh gotgb`clt orc hfspmoych el ifaurc 7.?1. Ei tbc 9 sftcs, : wcrc arohch os iofr, ? wos arohch os

peer wftb tbc rc`oflfla 7 sftcs flhfgotfla tbc ojsclgc ei oly duvclfmc som`el.

:

?

7

8

3

91

2

6

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?:

?7?8

?3

9 1+*23 1*64+;8=0 ?3:


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Xbcrc wcrc 7 sftcs tbot evcrmoppch jctwccl :>>6 olh :>?>, tbc arohcs ei : sftcs rcòflch tbc so`c, wbfmc

tbc etbcr sftc gbolach ire` o arohc flhfgotfla tbc ojsclgc ei duvclfmc somèl te o arohc ei iofr fl :>?>. Xbfs

Ifaurc 7.?2 - Xbc >+treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 9 sftcs (l09) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - : sftcs; peer - ? sftc; iofr - : sftcs; aeeh - ? sftc).

Ifaurc 7.?1 - Xbc >+ somèl sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohcs ier 9 sftcs (l09) fl tbc Gormflaierhgotgb`clt, :>?>. (Arohcs4 ojsclt - 7 sftcs; peer - ? sftc; iofr - : sftcs).


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flhfgotcs tbot omm tbcsc sftcs orc ulhcr se`c ier` ei prcssurc. Xbc :>?> treut sftcs ier Gormflaierh gotgb`clt

bos 1 sftcs wbfgb rolac ire` o arohc ei ojsclt te aeeh. Xbfs fs hfspmoych fl ifaurc 7.?2, wbcrc tbcrc wos elmy

elc sftc arohch os aeeh wftb le sftcs arohch os cxgcmmclt. Xbc rcòflfla 9 sftcs prcscltch wftb : sftcs ojsclt

ei oly >+ treut olh 8 sftcs flhfgotfla ulhcrprehugtfel. Ire` :>>6 te :>?> elmy 7 sftcs wcrc pesftfelch fl tbc

so`c megotfel wftbfl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt. Elmy elc f`prevch fl fts quomfty arohc, ire` o hclsfty

arohc ei iofr te aeeh. Xbc etbcr : sftcs hclsfty arohcs rcòflch tbc so`c ier tbc ycors :>>6 olh :>?>. Ft fs

gmcor ire` tbcsc rcsumts tbot òly duvclfmc somèl olh treut sftcs orc let prcscltfla wftb bfab hclsftfcs olh

tbus tbcrc ùst jc se`c geltrfjutfla iogter tbot fs ogtfla el tbc rfvcr strctgbcs olh sujscqucltmy el tbc

duvclfmc ifsb pepumotfels. Xbfs hoto aotbcrch ogress jetb gotgb clts, hcèlstrotcs tbot tbcrc wos o

sujstoltfom lu`jcr ei sftcs tbot flhfgotch ulhcrprehugtfel er o tetom ojsclgc ei >+ somèl olh/er treut.

7.7 Mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs ei jfemeafgom flhfgcs oaoflst ifsb hclsfty arohcs

Xbc mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs gelhugtch ei tbc L-XORO sgerc oaoflst treut arohc ier :>>6, ifaurc 7 ?6,

rcvcomch tbot tbc rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc twe wos let sfalfifgolt (^ 0 >.767), wftb elmy o vcry sòmm

prepertfel ei tbc vorfotfel fl tbc treut arohc gol jc cxpmoflch jy gbolacs fl L-XORO sgercs ($9'12 6?64;=),

iurtbcr flhfgotfla o mogk ei gerrcmotfel jctwccl tbc twe. Ier :>>6, o gbolac fl tbc L-XORO sgerc hfh let

gerrcmotc wftb o gbolac fl tbc treut sc`f-quoltftotfvc arohc ot tbc so`c sftc.

Ifaurc 7.?6 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgerc ier :>>6. (l086;^-vomuc 0 >.767).


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Xbc rcarcssfel olomysfs ei tbc twe (ifaurc7. :>) rcvcomch tbot tbc rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc OW^X sgercs olh

tbc treut hclsfty arohcs wos let sfalfifgolt (026?>6 OW^X sgercs olh som`el hclsfty arohcs ier tbc so`c ycor (ifaurc 7.::),

wos ieulh te jc let sfalfifgolt (026?N3;). Xbfs wos iurtbcr c`pbosfsch jy tbc mogk ei vorfotfel cxpmoflch jy

gbolacs fl tbc OW^X sgerc (J9'126?636>6

flhfgotcs tbot tbcrc fs le rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc twe tbot geumh jc `cosurch usfla tbc gurrclt poro`ctcrs.

Ier :>?>, tbc so`c oppreogb wos usch te osscss tbc rcmotfelsbfps jctwccl tbc jfemeafgom flhfgcs wftb som`el

olh treut arohcs. Ssfla tbc mflcor rcarcssfel olomysfs, ft wos gelgmuhch tbot tbcrc wos le flhfgotfel ei o

sfalfifgolt rcmotfelsbfp jctwccl tbc L-XORO sgercs olh tbc treut hclsfty arohcs (026?N=5) os hfspmoych fl

ifaurc 7.:7. Xbc rcarcssfelrcvcoms tbot tbc treut hclsfty arohc vorfotfel fs let gerrcmotch te vorfotfels fl

tbc L-XORO sgercs ($9'126?64?> OW^X sgercs oaoflst treut arohcs

Ifaurc 7.:> - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X sgerc ier :>>6. (l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.92:).


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(ifaurc 7.:8), omse iofmch te rcvcom o sfalfifgolt rcmotfelsbfp (026?NG4). Os wftb tbc :>>6 olomyscs, tbc

vorfotfel ei tbc :>?> treut arohcs hecs let gerrcmotc wftb gbolacs fl tbc OW^X sgerc ($9'126?636>6.(l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.7:3).

Ifaurc 7.:? - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei som`el hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgerc ier :>>6.(l086; ^-vomuc 0 >.79>).


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Ifaurc 7.:8 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X sgerc ier :>?>. (l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.78?).

Ifaurc 7.:7 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei treut hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgerc ier :>?>.(l089;^-vomuc 0 >.762).


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Iflommy, tbc :>?> L-XORO olh OW^X sgercs wcrc osscssch oaoflst tbc :>?> >+ somèl arohcs. Xbc mflcor

rcarcssfel ei tbc L-XORO sgercs oaoflst somèl arohcs rcvcomch o sfalfifgolt pesftfvc rcmotfelsbfp

(026?646). Ire` tbc mflcor rcarcssfel ei tbc L-XORO sgerc olh tbc somèl arohc (ifaurc 7.:3), ?8% ei tbc

Ifaurc 7.:9 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst OW^X sgerc ier :>?>.(l089; ^-vomuc 0 >.77>).

Ifaurc 7.:3 - Mflcor rcarcssfel ei somèl hclsfty arohc sgerc pmettch oaoflst L-XORO sgerc ier :>?>. (l089;^-vomuc 0 >.>?).


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somèl arohc vorfojfmfty wos gerrcmotch wftb gbolacs fl tbc L-XORO sgerc. Bewcvcr tbc rcarcssfel trclh-

mflc hecs let ift te tbc hoto wbfgb fmmustrotcs tbc wcok prchfgtfel pewcr ei tbc L-XORO sgercs. Qbcrc tbc L-

XORO sgerc sbewch o sfalfifgolt rcmotfelsbfp wftb tbc :>?> somèl arohcs, tbc :>?> OW^X sgercs oaoflst

tbc somèl arohcs hfh let rcvcom o sfalfifgolt rcmotfelsbfp (026?NN6H, (ifaurc 7.:9). Iurtbcrèrc tbc mew r-

squorch vomuc ($9'12 6?634?>, f`pmfcs tbot wftb gbolacs fl tbc OW^X olh L-XORW sgercs hecs let gerrcmotc wftb

prchfgtojmc gbolacs fl tbc somèl olh treut hclsfty arohcs.

8 HFWGSWWFEL

Xbfs stuhy, hcspftc tbc f`pmfgotfels ossegfotch wftb tbc `ctbehemeay, fmmustrotcs tbot tbc ZFGX oppreogb gol

prehugc quomfty arohcs ire` tbc ògreflvcrtcjrotc so`pmcs gemmcgtch ogress tbc Ieymc olh Gormflaierhgotgb`clts fl :>>6-:>??. Xbc arohcs ei cogb sftc sbeumh bewcvcr jc tokcl wftb goutfel, os tbc L-XORO

arohcs orc ulhcr-rcprcscltfla tbc truc cgemeafgom quomfty ei cogb sftc. Xbfs òy jc geltrfjutch te tbc

so`pmfla pregchurc usch te osscss ge`ùlfty rfgblcss. Xbc OW^X wbfgb fs o iulgtfel ei tbc L-XORO

arohcs olh tbc tetom J@Q^ sgerc, sbeumh omse te o hcarcc jc rcaorhch wftb goutfel.

Xbc OW^X C_Z quomfty arohcs prehugch ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt fl :>>6 weumh suaacst tbot wftb rcspcgt te

eraolfg pemmutfel tbc òderfty ei sftcs orc cxpcrfclgfla vcry mfttmc cxpesurc. Bewcvcr, os ?? sftcs wcrc

arohch os aeeh olh 2 sftcs arohch os èhcrotc ft fs gmcor tbot tbcsc sftcs bovc hcvfotch ire` rcicrclgc

gelhftfels huc te cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc L-XORO rcsumts ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt fl :>>6 fi

tokcl os rcprcscltfla tbc truc quomfty weumh prevfhc ol omtcrlotfvc vfcw el tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ei cogb

sftc. Ei omm tbc sftcs so`pmch, 82% ei tbc sftcs (l0:9) prcscltch wftb L-XORO arohc ei joh. Xbfs preieulh

hcvfotfel ire` rcicrclgc gelhftfels weumh suaacst tbot wftb rcspcgt te texfg pemmutfel olh/er hcarohotfel

tbcsc sftcs orc jcfla sujstoltfommy f`pogtch el. Xbc arohcs ei tbc rcòflfla sftcs wcrc hfvfhch jctwccl peer

L-XORO arohcs olh èhcrotc L-XORO arohcs jcfla tbc bfabcst ei tbfs ycor. Os jetb flhfgcs orc flhfgotfvc

ei typc-spcgfifg strcssers, tbc OW^X olh L-XORO arohcs ier tbc Ieymc fl :>>6 suaacsts tbot cgemeafgom

quomfty ei omm tbc sftcs wcrc prfòrfmy jcfla hcarohch jy cxpesurc te clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel er mcvcms ei

texfg pemmutfel fi tbc L-XORO arohcs wcrc te jc tokcl wftbeut gelsfhcrotfel te tbc f`pmfgotfels tbot tbc

`ctbehemeay bos boh el tbc rcsumts. Bewcvcr ot se`c sftcs tbc quomfty wos omse jcfla hcarohch jy `fmh

cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel.

Xbc arohcs ire` tbc :>?> Ieymc gotgb`clt cxbfjftch sf`fmor rcsumts, wbcrc tbc OW^X arohcs flhfgotcs tbot

2?% (l088) ei tbc sftcs so`pmch wcrc cxpcrfclgfla `flfòm er le cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc

rcòflfla sftcs prcscltch o èhcrotc OW^X arohc wbfgb suaacsts tbot tbc hcvfotfel ei tbcsc sftcs ire`


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rcicrclgc gelhftfels wos huc te `fmh cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel. Os letch fl tbc rcsumts, tbc OW^X arohcs

ei 78 sftcs rcòflch stotfg jctwccl :>>6 olh :>?> wbfgb suaacsts tbot tbc mcvcm ei eraolfg pemmutfel

cxpesurc te tbcsc sftcs wos gelstolt jctwccl tbc twe ycors.

Xbc :>?> L-XORO arohcs ier tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt, os fl :>>6 ulhcr leròm gfrgu`stolgcs rcimcgt tbot sftcs

orc cxpcrfclgfla bfab cxpesurc te texfg pemmutfel olh/er bojftot hcarohotfel. Oaofl tbcrc wcrc le L-XORO

arohcs tbot wcrc bfabcr tbol èhcrotc suaacstfla tbot omm sftcs orc cxpcrfclgfla sujstoltfom cxpesurc te ol

flhfvfhuom er o ge`jflotfel ei strcssers. Xbcrc wcrc elmy :8 sftcs wbcrc tbc arohc rcòflch gelstolt

jctwccl tbc twe ycors, sf`fmormy te tbc OW^X arohcs tbfs òy flhfgotc tbot tbc cxpesurc mcvcm jctwccl ycors

rcòflch gelstolt. Ft fs pessfjmc tbot tbc ulgbolach L-XORO arohcs jctwccl ycors wos huc te tbc geltfluom

prcsclgc ei clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel wftbfl tbc vfgflfty ei sftcs.

Iflommy :2 sftcs fl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt wcrc osscssch ier tbcfr cgemeafgom quomfty arohcs fl :>??. Ei tbcsc

sftcs, :7 cxbfjftch wftb ol OW^X arohc ei bfab wbfgb fs ol f`prevc`clt fl tbc quomfty ei tbcsc sftcs ire`

:>>6 olh :>?>. Fl tbc prcvfeus ycors, tbcsc :7 sftcs wcrc jctwccl bfab olh peer quomfty arohcs bewcvcr fl

:>?? omm wcrc arohch os bfab quomfty sftcs. Xbfs suaacsts tbot cftbcr tbc seurgcs ei tbc eraolfg pemmutfel bos

jccl rcèvch er tbot fl tbc prcvfeus ycors tbc hctcrferotch quomfty wos gousch jy o sperohfg pemmutfel cvclt

olh tbc sftcs boh rcgevcrch fl :>??. Xbc L-XORO arohcs ier tbc :2 sftcs fl :>?? os wftb tbc ycors prfer

weumh suaacst tbot tbcsc sftcs orc cxpcrfclgfla bfab cxpesurc mcvcms te texfg pemmutfel er aclcrom

hcarohotfel. Oaofl tbc bfabcst cgemeafgom arohc oworhch te oly sftc wftbfl tbc Ieymc gotgb`clt ier :>?? wos

o arohc ei èhcrotc. Os jcierc, tokcl wftbeut rcimcgtfel el tbc gbolacs te tbc L-XORO arohcs huc te tbc`ctbehemeay tbfs weumh flhfgotc tbot tbcsc sftcs orc cxpcrfclgfla sujstoltfom mcvcms ei texfg pemmutfel olh/er

aclcrom hcarohotfel. Slmfkc tbc OW^X arohcs, tbc L-XORO arohcs hfh let sbew o vost f`prevc`clt fl tbc

quomfty ei sftcs, wftb f`prevc`clts fl elc sftc eitcl `ct wftb o hctcrferotfel fl oletbcr.

Xbc rcsumts ire` 3 sftcs fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt prcscltch sf`fmormy wftb geltrostfla cgemeafgom quomfty

hcrfvch ire` tbc OW^X arohcs olh L-XORO arohcs. Xbc OW^X arohcs ier cogb ei tbc 3 sftcs so`pmch

prcscltch arohcs wbfgb flhfgotch `flfòm mcvcms ei eraolfg pemmutfel cxpesurc ot omm ifvc sftcs. Qbcrcos tbc

L-XORO sgercs tokcl os tbcy orc weumh flhfgotc mcvcms ei texfg pemmutfel olh/er bojftot hcarohotfel tbot

scvcrcmy f`pogtch el tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ot tbcsc sftcs. Xbc rcsumts ier :>?> fl tbc Gormflaierh gotgb`clt

oaofl flhfgotch sftcs tbot tbc twe sftcs so`pmch wcrc cxpcrfclgfla bfab cxpesurc te texfg pemmutfel olh/er

hcarohotfel wftb o `flfòm cxpesurc te eraolfg pemmutfel. Xbc arohcs ei tbc twe sftcs so`pmch fl :>?>

rcòflch tbc so`c ire` :>>6, wbfgb weumh f`pmy tbot tbc mcvcm ei prcssurc ogtfla el tbcsc sftcs,

prche`floltmy ire` texfg pemmutfel olh/er clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel wcrc gelsfstclt evcr tbc twe ycors.


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Oaofl tbcsc rcsumts flhfgotc tbot omm ei tbc sftcs ogress tbc 7 ycors wcrc suiicrfla ire` cxpesurc te

clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel olh/er texfg pemmutfel ot mcvcms tbot wcrc ohvcrscmy sbfitfla ògreflvcrtcjrotc

ge`ùlftfcs fi tbc L-XORO rcprcscltch wbot fs tbeuabt te jc tbc truc areulh rcsumts. Bewcvcr, tbc sftcs

wftb èhcrotc OW^X arohc suaacsts tbot eraolfg pemmutfel wos omse o geltrfjutfla iogter fl tbc hctcrferotfel

ei tbc cgemeafgom quomfty ot se`c sftcs. Xbc sperohfg pesftfelfla ei sftcs ei tbc so`c arohc weumh suaacst tbot

tbc surreulhfla molh-usc, cspcgfommy tbc molh-usc upstrco` ei cogb sftc fs o kcy hctcr`flolt ei tbc cgemeafgom

quomfty. Xbus tbc fltcrprctotfel olh usc ei tbc OW^X olh L-XORO arohcs sbeumh jc òhc wftb rcspcgt te

tbfs. Xbc sftcs tbot cxbfjftch gelsfstclt L-XORO er OW^X arohcs ogress tbc tbrcc ycors suaacsts tbot tbcsc

so`pmfla sftcs òy jc wftbfl gmesc prexf`fty te peflt-seurgc pemmutfel. Bewcvcr, wbcrc tbc arohc ei o sftc

imugtuotch ire` ycor te ycor jut stfmm strelamy flhfgotch tbc cxpesurc te oltbrepeaclfg flimuclgc, ft òy jc

pessfjmc tbot tbc tf`fla ei ògreflvcrtcjrotc gemmcgtfel geflgfhch wftb scoselom molh-usc progtfgcs tbot wcrc

èrc flimucltfom hurfla tbc su``cr.

Os seurgcs ei eraolfg pemmutfel gol rchugc tbc quomfty ei sftcs os flhfgotch jy tbc rcsumts, ft fs f`pertolt te jc

ojmc te fhcltfiy orcos sujdcgt te ohvcrsc gelhftfels cspcgfommy wbcl tbfs gol bovc f`pmfgotfels hewlstrco`

(Hovfc, :>>2). Xbc megom molh-usc os prcvfeusmy stotch fs o gelsfhcrojmc seurgc ei eraolfg pemmutfel, Ojcm

(?669) su`òrfsch rul-eii ire` oarfgumturom progtfgcs sugb os òlurc omela wftb scwoac ciimuclts ogts os

prfòry seurgcs.

Fi tbc L-XORO arohcs bcrc wcrc truc rcprcscltotfels ei tbc truc quomfty ft weumh jc gmcor tbot omm sftcs boh

jccl sujdcgtch te cxpesurc te texfg pemmutfel. Os wftb seurgcs ei eraolfg pemmutfel, texfg pemmutolts cltcrflawotcrgeurscs ire` ior` molh rul-eii flgmuhcs pcstfgfhc usc olh sbccp hfps gol bovc sfalfifgoltmy ohvcrsc

oiicgts el wotcrgeurscs olh tbc ossegfotch oquotfg mfic (Elamcy, ?669; Wborhmew, :>>9). Etbcr seurgcs ei

texfg pemmutfel flgmuhc flhustrfom ciimuclts, efms olh gbc`fgoms ire` reoh rul-eii, iercstry rul-eii olh

mcogbfla ire` wostc hu`p sftcs (Ojcm, ?669). Xbc ZFGX oppreogb weumh bcmp fhcltfiy sftcs tbot bovc jccl

cxpesch er orc cxpcrfclgfla sugb flimuclgcs. Xbfs fs ei vftom f`pertolgc os spfmmoacs er wotcrgeursc cxpesurc

te texfg olh eraolfg pemmutolts eitcl aecs ulrcpertch, bclgc tbc f`pertolgc ei jcfla ojmc te fhcltfiy sftcs ei

hctrf`cltom quomfty olh tbc ossegfotch strcsser. Qftb rcspcgt te clvfrel`cltom hcarohotfel fts flimuclgc òy

ogt el sftcs geltfluommy ier ycors wbfgb òy mcoh te sftcs wftbfl tbc vfgflfty ei sugb hcarohotfel te

gelsfstcltmy cxbfjft ohvcrsc quomfty. Xbfs òy geumh ei jccl o geltrfjutfla iogter ier se`c sftc

carolyn bryce: "the use of the river invertebrate classification tool (rict) in the foyle and...

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