North Carolina Department of Human Resources 0 Solid & Hazardous waste Management Branch P.O. BOX 2091 0 Raielgh, N.C. 27602-2091 0 (919) 733-2178

ISSUE I V F a l l 1987 Wi l l iam Paige. E d i t o r

E d i t o r i a l

It has been almost one year since the f i r s t FOCUS was plbl ished. The newsletter, w i t h a cur ren t c i r c u l a t i o n of approximately 3.000, i s j u s t one way the S o l i d and Hazardous Waste Management Branch provides nonregulatory technical assistance t o industry. Other methods inc lude on-s i te consul ta t ions w i t h generators t o promote waste minimization and voluntary canpliance w i t h the regulations.

Each issue of FOCUS contains several se lec t case studies on waste minimization techniques t h a t can p o t e n t i a l l y be adopted by your company. I f you have a vaste minimization case study tha t you w w l d l i k e t o share you are encouraged t o contact the Technical Assistance/Support Unit. We w i l l be happy t o a s s i s t i n prepar ing an a r t i c l e for the newsletter. Most a r t i c l e s can be w r i t t e n i n a general fashion which does n o t reveal t rade secrets.

Included i n t h i s issue i s a sumnary o f f indings from the waste minimization questionnaire which was a p a r t o f the 1986 Annual Report. As s ta ted i n the previous issue of FOCUS a m j o r problem i n evaluat ing waste redrct ion trends i s deciding exact ly how i t should be measured and described. True waste

reduction can be obscured i n waste generation trends by changes i n prodrct ion, changes i n the amount o f non-hazardous const i tuents i n waste streams, regulatory changes, and cross-media s h i f t s . I n l i g h t of these circumstances one should be c a u t i w s when comparing annual waste generation f igures fran one year t o the next. The questionnaire vas thus designed t o complement the Annual Report by a l low ing companies t o v o l u n t a r i l y submit information on t h e i r waste minimization e f f o r t s and needs. Thirty-two percent of the respondents ind ica ted t h a t they wanted t o a t tend workshops focusing on waste minimization. As a r e s u l t o f t h i s need the S o l i d and Hazardous Waste Management Branch, Department of Human Reswrces, i s under contract w i t h North Carolina State Un ivers i ty t o design and conduct two p i l o t workshops on Waste Minimization. The 1988 workshops are aimed a t North Carolina generators and small generators, t reaters , s torers and disposers of hazardous waste. The workshops w i l l be headed by Professor Jer ry Kohl, I n d r s t r i a l Extension Service. Professor Kohl cur ren t ly conducts a ser ies of hazardous waste mnagement workshops t h a t have been qu i te successful.

I n a w r d i n g the cont rac t t o North Carolina State Univers i ty , B i l l Meyer, Head, S o l i d and Hazardous Waste Management Branch, s ta ted tha t he hoped the p i l o t programs would be so

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successful t h a t the workshop would become self-supporting and o f fe red on a continuing basis s imi l a r t o o t h e r North Carolina State University workshops. Current plans a r e for the workshop t o cover:

o k s t e minimizat ion c e r t i f i c a t i o n . o Factors motivating heste minimization:

psycho1 ogi cal , economic, rew l a tory , l i a b i l i t y .

o Cr i t i ca l elements of a Caste Minimization Plan: i n p l t from participants on their plans, discussion of North Carolina policy. Conac t ing a Waste Minimization Audit. Implementing a Waste Minimization Plan.

o o o Examples of waste minimization. o Assistance ava i l ab le on m s t e minimization

For addi t iona l in fonmt ion contac t William Paige, So l id and Hazardous Waste Management Branch, (919) 733-2178 or Je r ry Kohl, North Carolina S t a t e University (919) 737-2303.

Also i n this i ssue i s an announcement f o r a Waste R e a c t i o n - Pollution Prevention Conference t o be held a t North Carolina S t a t e University. The conference i s sponsored by the U N C Water Resources Research I n s t i t u t e , the North Carolina Pollution Prevention Pays Program of the Division of Environmental Management and and co-sponsored by the S o l i d and Hazardous Caste Managwent Branch, Department of h m a n Resources.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA James 6. Martin

Governor

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES David Flaherty

Secretary So l id and Hazardous Waste Management Branch

Yil l ian L. k y e r Head

Technical Assistance U n i t

(919) 733-2178 Personnel R@sponsi b i l I t y

William Paige Supervisor Beverlie Wonble Secretary Jud i th Lund Small m a n t i t y Generators Margaret Eabb Generators B i l l Pitchford Waste Minimization James Edwards Data Management Steve Reid Edi tor ia l Consul tan t

Proposed mule: Burners of Hazardous Waste Fuel

By Margaret Babb

Under the proposed requirements i n the Federal Regis te r May 6, 1987, na t iona l performance standards would be used t o control emissions of t o x i c organic compounds, t ox ic metals and hydrogen ch lo r ide (HCl) from bo i l e r s and inastr ia l furnaces burning hazardous waste. The general standards app l i cab le t o a l l hazardou's waste treatment, storage and disposal f a c i l i t i e s such a s c losure , f inanc ia l and the preparehess and prevention requirments a l s o would apply t o burners of hazardous m a t e . A f a c i l i t y could apply f o r a penni t t o bum hazardous wste i n bo i l e r s and i n h s t r i a l furnaces f o r energy o r energylmaterial recovery. Interim s t a t u s will be granted t o e x i s t i n g bumers permitted before the e f f e c t i v e date, bu t certain requirements will have t o be met u n t i l penmnent s t a t u s i s granted.

Toxic organic compounds wi l l be con t ro l l ed w i t h des t ruc t ion and removal e f f i c i ency ( O R E ) and carbon monoxide ( C O ) performance standards. A O R E of 99.99% f o r principal organic hazardous cons t i tuents (POHCs) wi l l be required except t h a t a 99.9999% ORE would be required f o r dioxin l i s t e d hazardous waste (F020-FO23, F026, F027). Emissions of p r u d x t s of incomplete combustion will be con t ro l l ed ind i r ec t ly by l i m i t i n g f l u e (es CO l eve l s . Also, the proposed ru l e uses risk-based emission l e v e l s f o r a rsen ic , cadnium, chromium, n icke l , l ead and hydrogen ch lor ide .

Compliance w i t h the requirements fo r toxic organic hazardous compounds may be demonstrated by a t r i a l bum. Boilers may apply f o r a t r i a l burn waiver under ce r t a in design and operating requi rmencs including l imi t a t ion on percent of vaste i n the fuel f i r e d and on the operating load of the bo i l e r , cons t r a in t s on hazardous waste fuel heat content, l i m i t a t i m s on the types of devices used ( i . e . . f i r i n g methods) and compliance w i t h the carbon monoxide f l u e gas requirements.

Emissions of metals and HCl will be con t ro l l ed by demonstration of compliance w i t h any one of 4 tiers. Tier I i s a spec i f ica t ion e s t ab l i sh ing maxinum allowable contaminant l e v e l s a s shown by a chemical ana lys i s . Tier I 1 sets l imi t s on the feed r a t e s of wastes in to

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the device, tak ing i n t o account the hazardous r s s t e . other f u e l s where appropriate and i n c h s t r i a l furnace feedstocks. T ier 111 sets emission l i m i t s f o r i n d i v i d a l contaminants (pwrtds o f contaminant per m i l l i o n Btu's of heat i n p l t ) . T i e r I V uses s i te -spec i f i c dispersion m d e l i n g to show t h a t contaminant emissihns from the f a c i l i t y n i l 1 n o t exceed the reference a i r concentrations.

Small QIantfty Generators Who A r e On-slte Burners would be exempt p r o v i Q d that:

0 The q i a n t i t y burned i o a calendar month does n o t exceed the l i m i t s provided in 40 CFR 264.34-1(b). The threshold for "smll quant i t ies" var ies w i t h the s ize of the device. The s ize o f the b o i l e r o r i n c h s t r i a l furnace means maxims r a t e d heat i n p l t capacity. For instance, the proposal for b o i l e r s i s i n the fo l low ing char t :

0.4 b 1 . 5 .................................... > 1 . 5 b u ) ................................. >u)t050. ................................. ) 50 to 150 .................................. >mt040 ................................ )4cQ .......................................

7 u 26 55 m 33

S i m i l a r proposals e x i s t fo r b l a s t furnaces, s u l f u r recovery furnaces, and v a r i w s k i l n s .

0 No nore than one type of device m y burn hazardous waste a t a given s i t e and the number o f devices of each type tha t can burn w s t e s a t a given s i t e i s 1 i m i ted.

o The hazardous waste fue l does not c o n t i i n (and i s n o t der ived from) E P A Hazardws Waste Nos. FOZO, FO21, FO22. F023, F026. F027.

o The mxirmm hazardous w s t e f i r i n g r a t e does n o t exceed a t any time 1% o f the tot31 b o i l e r or i n c h s t r i a l furnace fue l on a volume basis.

o A one t i m e w r i t t e n no t ice to EPA i s f i led.

o C e r t i i n recormteeping requirements are met t o ind ica te compliance.

F i n a l Regil lations are expected to be published i n Mdrch. 1988. The a n t i c i p a t e d e f f e c t i v e & t e fo r most o f the r e g l a t i o n 5 on the burning of hazardws waste fue l i s October, 1988. -

hall Quant i ty Gnera tor Exception Reporting

By Judy Lund

As o f March 23, 1988, the s m l l quant i ty generator (100 - 1000 kglnw) rmst f i l e a modi f ied exception repor t i f they do n o t receive c o n f i r m t i m of de l i very o f hazardous w s t e t o a designated f a c i l i t y ( re turned signed copy of the m n i f e s t ) . A l e g i b l e copy of the m n i f e s t and a no te i n d i c a t i n g that confirmation o f de l i very has n o t been received nus t be submitted t o the EPA Regional Administrator or authorized state (i.e., North Carol ina) by the s m l l quant i t y generator (SQG), wi th in 60 &ys o f the chte the wste r a s accepted by the i n i t i a l transporter. The S@ i s n o t reql l i red t o t rack dorm the shipment. The submission need on ly be a handwritten o r typed note on the m n i f e s t o r on an attached sheet o f paper. For more in fonmt ion . see Federal Register, September 23, 1987, f o r the f i n a l mle.

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Waste Audit Review of Infornation

By Margaret Babb

Our l a s t i s sue presented suggestions f o r information the waste review team might need. The included c h a r t s provided much information i n only a few pages f o r a quick overa l l review of mste management.

Before condrcting a tour of the s i t e , the a i d i t team should review:

o The information furnished by the company. N o t e c o m n t s or suggestions. Write questions to be asked l a t e r .

o Previcus a u d i t information. Were the recomnendations followed? Why? Why no t? Have process changes or any o ther changes been nade?

o Required p e n i t s . These might include RCRA permits f o r storage, NPOES permits f o r sewer discharges, or a i r emissions permit.

Each member of the a u d i t team should become fami l i a r w i t h the p l a n t layout. processes, points of po ten t ia l waste generation, types of waste generated, etc. An exce l l en t source of information is the opera tor or person closest to the p o i n t of generation. The team should ask f o r permission to speak to these workers.

A tour i s then s c h e h l e d no t ing questions to ask and a r e a s needing c l a r i f i c a t i o n .

Tour - A check l i s t shculd be used by the a u d i t

team t o insure t h a t a l l pe r t inen t information i s co l lec ted . Such a checklist has been developed by the Technical A s s i s t a n t I S u p p r t Unit. We wculd be g lad t o furn ish you a conplete copy if you write o r c a l l US.

Modification may be necessary t o meet i n d i v i d a l needs. Also ko will be happy t o h e l p you with your keste a u d i t . The balance of this a r t i c l e wi l l d i scuss the s t eps involved i n a p l a n t tour.

Following the process flow diagram, m e should account f o r a l l s o l i d and hazardous waste generation sources. Key po in t s t o remember: are a l l know sources found? are un iden t i f i ed sources found?

One should a l s o inspec t f o r co l l ec t ion , handling and storage of a l l waste. Inspect a l l treatment a reas , s tag ing or holding a r e a s and disposal a r eas (both a c t i v e and inac t ive ) . Record observations on layout, housekeeping, conta inmen t, emergency d e v i c e s l m t e r i a l , s a t e l l i t e storage area. This approach helps to insure t h a t a comprehensive waste management plan i s developed.

Also iden t i fy a r e a s of po ten t i a l hazardous waste generation - possibly & e t o "poor housekeeping p rocedres . " Examine c lose ly the measures taken t o prevent s p i l l s , o v e r f i l l i n g of vats and the l i k e . Check to see i f there are containment dikes, e t c . t o prevent any po ten t i a l acc identa l s p i l l from reaching a sewer or stream.

In conclusion the important ob jec t ive t o achieve i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of each cu r ren t o r po ten t ia l waste stream. Once this task has been accanplished a de t a i l ed examination of each waste should be made t o determine t o t a l redction o r recycyl ing po ten t i a l . Minimization of waste i n one area should no t cause an increase i n another area.

On-Site Solvent Recycling i n Vehicle fkintenance

By Judy Lund

Many vehicle mintenance shops a r e small quant i ty generators o f hazardous waste. h o n g the types of vas tes generated a r e spent so lvents from parts washing or degreasing, and painting. Spent solvents can be recycled and reused. On-site recycllng by small batch d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t s have been employed by d i f f e r e n t small businesses such a s vehicle maintenance shops. %ny s m l l businesses a r e sanewhat intimidated by the i n i t i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n f ee , b u t on-site small batch d i s t i l l a t i o n usua l ly has a pay back period Of one t o two years.

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On-site recycling redrces disposal/treaiment costs ( s t i l l bottoms my s t i l l be hazardous waste), the amounts of new solvent purchased and l i ab i l i t y incurred when shipping hazardous waste off-site. Below i s an e s n p l e of a business that has benefited economically from installation of an on-site s m l l ba tch dist i l lat ion uni t t o recycle spent solvents generated from the body shop.

Recycling Paint Thinner By Janet Radford

On-site recycling of paint thinner a t Paul Berry Chevrulet, Inc. of Wilson, North Carolina has proven very beneficial for the canpany. The body shop does not have the extra cost of hiring a hazardous waste service conpany to pick u p the used paint thinner for off-si te treatment or disposal. This alone i s a savings of approximately $1 125.00/year. Another benefit to the company i s that 90 to 97% of the dirty p a i n t thinner i s reusable when the Downar dist i l lat ion uni t i s used.

In the past. the canpany has purchased approximtely eight 55-gallon drums of paint thinner a year. With the addition of the disti l lat ion unit , a mximm of three 55 gallon drums per year will be purchased. A t a cost of approximtely $180.00 per 55 gallon barrel, this i s a savings of $900.00 per year.

The Oomr disti l lat ion unit allows the recovery a n d reuse of solvents used t o wash equipment a n d nachines for paintwork. The uni t i s based on the principles of simple disti l lat ion; contaminated paints are separated from the original solvents. The clean solvent i s collected outside the uni t a n d reused while the paint r e s i d e s remin on the bottan of the s t i l l . The s t i l l bottoms are easily removed a t the end of the cycle by t i l t i ng the unit. The uni t uses disposable bags for easy cleaning of the s t i l l bottom. When cool, these paints a r e solid. The original nature of the solvents i s n o t al tered by the process.

Paul Berry Chevrolet, Inc. purchased the Domr unit a t a cost of approximately $2,000.00. I t i s estimted that within one year from date of plrchase, enough revenues will have been saved t o actually pay for the unit. The recycling uni t i s a safe and convenient method of minimizing the quantity of waste requiring disposal f o r our canpany.

Prucess Modification: h e Alternative To Chlorinated Solvents

By Bill P i t c h f o r d

There are mny kays of redrcing the amount of hazardous waste a canpany generates. Solvent recovery, burning wastes for energy recovery and use of new equipment to concentrate v~s tes (ie.. a f i l t e r press) a re a l l t r ied and true methods of waste minimization. But the ultimate goal of a waste mnagment program shculd be t o totally eliminate hazardous waste streams from the prudrction process. (kre effective means of achieving this kind of canplete waste redrction i s t o replace a s mny hazardous waste materials a s possible with less hazardars ones.

There are mny advantages to eliminating hazardous waste generation; rebced insurance l iab i l i ty , recbced disposal costs a n d inproved employee moral are just a few. Also, significant cost redc t ions my be realized by investigating a1 temative prudrction methods; replacing an oil-based ink w i t h a water-based one i s one example.

This a r t i c l e documnts how one North Carolina canpany has step by step. modified i t s prodction process to rebce i t s waste generation significantly with the end goal of totally eliminating the generation of hazardous waste.

Hamil t o n Beach-Scovil 1 , Inc. of C1 in ton , North Carolina, i s a m j o r mnufacturer of s m l l home appliances such a s blenders a n d toaster ovens. me phase of i t s prudrction involves a stanping process. Before stanping. each part i s coated with a lubricant film t o protect the stanping dyes and provide cooling for the parts. After stamping. this oil film m s t be removed.

According to Q I Y Tilford, Tool Engineer a t Hamilton Beach, this cleaning step once prodced the m j o r i t y of the company's hazardous waste. Prior t o 1983, the majority o f these parts were cleaned using 1.1 ,I-trichloroethane a s a degreaser. The spent solvent was then disposed of a s hazardous waste. Mr. Tilford explained that a s disposal costs for the solvent became unacceptable, he began searching for solvent substitutes.

The f i r s t substitute for 1,l.l-trichloroethane involved use of a water

soluble o i l . Parts coated in this o i l were then cleaned using a n a l k a l i n e cleaner. This method s i y i f i c a n t l y redrced the use of the solvent but caused de ter iora t ion of t h e stamping dyes. Because of these e f f e c t s , a new solution was needed.

In order t o dispense w i t h t h e cleaning s t ep a l toge the r , the stanping process was reemmined. A new lub r i can t was se l ec t ed w h i c h could be used i n the nex t process step: annealing. The prodrc t s e l ec t ed had the dral merits of being noncorrosive t o the s t amping dies and a l s o could be burned of f & r i n g the annealing cycle. This e f f e c t i v e l y e l imina ted t h e need f o r any cleaning s tep .

This i s j u s t one example of how a comitment t o waste minimization can prodrce s i y i f i c a n t and p ro f i t ab le r e su l t s . Hamilton Beach has been a b l e t o redrce i t s generation of hazardous waste from approximately 30,000 pounds i n 1982 t o approx imte ly 13,000 pounds in 1986. This represents a rough cos t savings o f $12,000.00 per year in disposal cos ts , raw m t e r i a l c o s t s , a n d labor costs involved i n the use of both 1,l , I - t r ich loroe thane and the a l k a l i n e cleaner. I t a l s o improved employee working condi t ions by removing the unpleasant odors accompanying these cleaners. By applying t h i s successful method t o o the r pa r t s of the p r o h c t i o n process, Hamilton Beach expects t o v i r t u a l l y e l imina te 1 , l , l - t r i ch lo roe thane use in the near fu ture .

Advantages Of Solvent Recovery To The Small Business

By Bi l l Pitchford

As the recent ly canpleted TASU repor t on waste minimization i n North Carolina repor t s , redrced raw m t e r i a l a n d disposal costs are very important reasons fo r improving a Waste Minimizat ion program. T h i s a r t i c l e presents a c a s e study of one e f f e c t i v e method of waste minimization: solvent recovery.

Triangle Coatings, Inc. i s a small metal f in i sh ing company loca ted i n Morr i sv i l le , North Carolina employing fewer than 20 employees. Working on a per job bas is , the company provides a va r i e ty of pa in t ing se rv ices t o the metals indrs t ry . Because of the wide va r i e ty of d i f f e r e n t p a i n t fo rnula t ions used, pa in t e r s

nus t clean their pa in t guns frequently and often have t o dispose of excess p a i n t upon job completion. According to Mr. Terry Overton, company p res iden t , plrchasing v i r g i n p a i n t thinner and the subsequent disposal o f spent pa in t thinner has a l w y s been a very expensive problem. To a t the thinner's e sca l a t ing disposal c o s t , a small (15-gallon capac i ty) so lvent recovery s t i l l was plrchased i n l a t e 1986 a t an I n i t i a l cost o f $6,000.

The f i r s t use of the s t i l l was the recovery o f spent pa in t thinner f r m spray gun cleanup buckets. When t h i s proved successful, a more ambitious program of recovering thinner from excess pa in t batches was a l s o attempted. Reports t o d l t e ind ica te the s t i l l has performed well in both ins tances w i t h s l i g h t l y l e s s e f f i c i ency on the excess pa in t .

Since beginning operation, 1003 ga l lons of spent pa in t th inner and pa in t have been processed th rough the s t i l l . Of this amunt, 745 ga l lons of clean th inner have been recovered fo r a recovery r a t e of almost 75 percent. In terms of the price o f new th inner alone, this represents a cost savings of approximately $300.00 per month.

Cost savings a l s o come by way of redrced disposal cos ts . Prev iars disposal c o s t f o r one 55 g a l l m drum of spent pa in t thinner was approximately $300.00 t o a l oca l hazardous waste firm. If disposed of i n this mnner , 1003 gallons o f spent pa in t th inner would have c o s t approx imte ly $450.00 per month n o t including the cost of the drums o r the a s soc ia t ed labor. The s t i l l p r o b c e s a t most only a t h i r d as nuch waste and the waste i s redrced t o a s o l i d form which can be handled e a s i l y , t h u s s i y i f i c a n t l y redrcing the cost of drums and drumning labor. These subs tan t ia l savings have allowed the s t i l l t o pay f o r i t s e l f i n l e s s than one year.

Operating costs fo r the s t i l l a r e minimal. The u n i t has a 15 gallon per batch capac i ty and i s a r r e n t l y r u n twice weekly. E lec t r ica l c o s t s a r e approximately $2.00 per batch. Water usage by t h e s t i l l has been d r a s t i c a l l y r e b c e d by r ec i r cu la t ing the condenser water through a c losed loop system t h a t cools the r a t e r and re turns i t t o the

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u n i t . Addit ional water i s added to the system on ly to account f o r evaporative losses.

This case stuQ i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t waste minimization programs can r e s u l t i n substant ia l Cost savings for even s m l l businesses as wel l a s l a rge ones. As r e w l a t o r y r e s t r i c t i o n s t igh ten and hazardous ras te disposal costs increase, so lvent recovery and o ther recyc l ing methods becom more and more p r o f i b b l e .

k s t e Reac t ion - Po l l u t i on Prevention Conference

A two Q y conference on WASTE REDUCTION - POLLUTION PREVENTION i s sched led t o be he ld i n Raleigh on March 30 and 31. 1988. The conference i s p r imar i l y aimed a t pranoting the concept of waste r e a c t i o n among i n d i s t r y and government personnel. A ser ies o f technical workshops dll be presented dealing with the waste problems of spec i f i c i nd i s t r i es .

Program and m g i s t r a t i o n i n fo r im t ion i s ava i l ab le from Or. Jams M. Stewart, UNC Water Research I n s t i i x t e , Box 7912, North Carolina State h i v e r s i t y , Raleigh, North Carol ina 27695791 2 (91 91737-281 5).

Snall Cuant i ty e n e r a t o r Workshops By Judy Lund

Sma l l quant i t y generators are encouraged t o a t tend the Hazardous Waste Management Workshops developed and presented by North Carolina State h i v e r s i i y I n a s t r i a l Extension Service .

The workshops cover hazardous waste management and disposal opttons fo r various s m l l business i nc lud ing vehicle and ewipnent repa i r shops, pes t ic ide appl i a t o r s , dry cleaners, p r in te rs , manufacturers, hospi ta ls, etc.

The program c l a r i f i e s cur ren t North Carol ina r e ~ l a t i o n s governing hazardous waste mnagement. Par t i c ipants o f the workshops are encouraged to discuss problems and opt ions on how t o get r i d o f t h e i r wastes.

I n t e r e s t among s m l l quant i ty generators has increased as demonstrated by the attendance a t the workshops. The i n f o r m t i o n a t the workshops has been very valuable according to attendees. A new add i t ion t o the small quant i ty generator workshops t h a t has been o f benef i t i s an explanation o f and i n f o r m t i o n on SARA (Superfund Prnendnents and Reauthorization kt o f 19861, inc lud ing T i t l e 111. hergency Planning and No t i f i ca t i on , and C m n i t y Right To Know. h o t h e r top ic addressed a t the workshops t h a t i s always o f major concern are the rules. mwlatims and mnagement s t ra teg ies pe r ta in ing to used o i l . The workshops a lso qua l i f y as a r e c e r t i f i c a t i o n for pest ic ide appl icators.

The workshops are he ld from 9:00 am to 3:OO pm. There i s a $55.00 fee which includes a mnual which contains i n f o r m t i o n prepared f o r North Carolina waste proacers.

For more i n fo rmt ion . contact Dora M. Shel l IPat Hi l lsgove o f the D iv is ion of L i fe long E d c a t i m , McKimnon Center a t (919) 737-2261, o r Je r ry Kohl, I n a s t r i a l Extension Special ist , NCSU, Box 7909, Raleigh, North Carolina 276957909. (919) 737-2303.

Sumnary of Waste Minimization k e s t i o n n a i r e Results

By B i l l P i tch ford

In t r o d c t i o n

Information on the subject o f hazardous m s t e minimization has become increasingly ava i l ab le to the average i n a s t r i a l generator. Numerous s ta te agencies, un i ve rs i t i es and c i v i c organizations have p roaced pub l ica t ions d e t a i l i n g waste minimization methods through successful case studies and pra is ing the economic and environmental benef i t s of e f f e c t i v e waste minimization programs. The a v a i l a b i l i t y of so m c h i n f o m t i o n on waste minimlzation poses a serious question: How e f f e c t i v e have these reswrces been i n improving the waste minimization programs of North Carol ina's hazardous m s t e g%erators7

To provide sane answers t o t h i s question the Technical Assistance/Support U n i t (TASU) o f the S o l i d and Hazardous Waste bnagement Branch inc luded a w s t e minimization questionnaire i n the 1986 "Annual Report o f Hazardous Waste k t i v i t y " forms t h a t a l l la rge quantify generators nus t canplete. This a r t i c l e s u m r i z e s the r e s u l t s o f two o f the i n p o r t a n t questions asked on the questionnaire:

1. Why have you improved your w s t e minimlzation program?

2. What waste minimization technologies are a p a r t of your program?

Reason For Waste Minimization

The haste minimization questionnaire asked generators t o p ick from a l i s t o f reasons f o r improving w s t e minimization programs which reason(s) best app l i ed t o t h e i r ow program. The l i s t o f reasons and responses are shown bel ow.

Reason f o r Waste Minimization Re s p m s e

Redrced L i a b i l i t i e s 53% Reaced Costs 68% Canply w i t h Rep la t i ons 58% Redrce Raw b t e r i a l Use 52% Be a Bet ter Neighbor 26% Improve Prodrct 19%

The r e s u l t s of t h i s questionnaire conf i rm the opin ion o f many: Waste minimization e f f o r t s a r e fueled by economic concerns. The top three reasms chosen i n the questionnaire a r e a l l econmic i n nature.

Waste Minimization Methods

What p a r t i c u l a r process technologies have been used t o achieve w s t e minimization? TASU surveyed the various methods a v a i l a b l e and asked generators which app l i ed t o t h e i r program. The methods surveyed were:

1. Chemical Subs t i tu t ion - Replacing a hazardous chemical with a l e s s hazardous one. For example. us ing hater-based inks instead o f solvent-based inks.

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On-s i te , In-process Recycling - Continuous reuse of w s t e streams w i th minimal treatment. For exanple, concentrat ing e l e c t r o p l a t i n g w s t e w ter by evaporation and re tu rn ing chemical-rich streams t o the p l a t i n g tanks.

On-site, Out-of-Process Recycling - S imi la r t o " I n Process Recycling" b u t waste streams nus t be removed t o separate treatment f a c i l i t i e s . For example, reuse o f a separate batch d i s t i l l a t i o n system t o reclaim spent solvents.

O f f - s i t e Recycling - Recyclable mater ia ls are transported o f f -s i te t o p r i v a t e recyc lers and recyc led mater ia l i s re turned to the generator f o r a fee. For example, most autanotive shops use par ts degreasers whose solvent i s supplied m a cont rac t bas is by an outs ide recyc le r who c o l l e c t s the spent m t e r i a l and recycles it.

Other Process Modi f icat ion - Ih add i t iona l process step change t h a t redrces waste. For exanple. dewatering by use of a f i l t e r press, i n s t a l l a t i o n of more e f fec t i ve equipnent, o r changing the p r o a c t fornula t ion.

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s por t ion o f the survey are shown below:

Method % o f Generators Who Use Method

Chemical Substi b t i o n 26%

In-Process Recycling 2 3%

( I r t -O f Process Recycling 13%

O f f - s i t e Recycling 2 6%

Other Process Modi f icat ion 58%

(Some generators use more than one mthod) .

These r e s u l t s show t h a t the major i t y o f programs have focused on "end-of-pipe" so lu t ions t o w s t e minimization w i t h on-site recyc l ing (in-process and wt-of-process) a s the nex t most favorable method. Hwever. for s i m i f i c a n t fu tu re h a s t e r e a c t i o n , nmre emphasis must be placed i n the areas of chemical s u b s t i b t i o n o f hazardous mater ia ls w i t h l e s s hazardous m t e r i a l s and on process engineering changes.

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b e s t i c n s and hswers By J u w Lund

Q I n a vehic le imintenance shop, what wastes are counted as hazardous waste and what wastes a r e no t?

A. The prodicts used &y-to-chy i n a vehic le maintenance shop m y contain hazardous m t e r i a l s , and the wastes generated by us ing these prod ic ts may be hazardous mstes.

Examples o f hazardous wastes tha t you count a re spent solvents fran degreasing (ex. par ts vnsher), corrosive l i q u i d s such as N s t removers, paints, p a i n t thinners, pa in t removers, used an t i f reeze and rad ia to r f lushings (may have high heavy metal concentrat ion such as lead).

Examples o f non-hazardous wastes, o r wastes you don‘t count a re lead-ac id ba t te r i es shipped o f f - s i t e to be reclaimed or regenerated. used o i l t h a t i s p icked up by a c o l l e c t o r t o be recycled as fuel, o i l y f i l t e r s or rags (as long as they are d r ip f ree and are n o t contaminated w i t h hazardous mater ia ls) . Asbestos generated f ran brake l i n i n g s i s n o t a hazardous waste. Also, wastes t h a t have already been counted once and have been reused o r reclaimed, such as degreasing solvents fran par ts washers. For exaonple, 25 g l l o n s o f spent degreasing solvent A i s generated i n the beginning of the month, d i s t i l l e d and used a g i n i n the same month. The same solvent i s used a g i n f o r degreasing u n t i l spent and d i s t i l l e d f o r the second t i m e i n the same month. The amount of degreasing solvent A generated and counted f o r t h a t month would be 25 gallcns. The nex t month. the counting s t a r t s over a g i n . However. hazardous waste s t i l l bottoms generated are counted every time.

Q. What types o f l abe ls are requ i red f o r on-site hazardous waste containers?

A. A l l containers accunulat ing hazardous waste m s t have the words “hazarcbus waste” and the accunulat ion s t a r t &te on them. If accunulat ing wastes under the s a t e l l i t e accunulat ion provis ion (see previous newsletter) the words “hazardous waste“ m s t be present on the container.

Q. What i s a m i l k w n service?

A. A m i l k run service i s defined as a hazardous waste co l l ec t i on route i n which l e s s than f u l l - l o a d quant i t ies o f s im i l a r wastes are co l l ec ted from a number o f generators. I n tha t m y , f u l l loads of waste nay be gathered, transported and disposed, Such a prac t ice should r e s u l t i n substant ia l economic bene f i t f o r small quant i t y generators. However. we are unaware of any hazardous vnste service cmpany tha t offers t h i s service a t savings ( ie . cheaper). Please l e t us know o f canpanies tha t a l l ow s m l l generators to d iv ide the f re igh t cost.

Q. I s a p e r m i t requ i red t o recycle hazardous waste on-si te?

A. Generators tha t store recyclable m t e r i a l s f o r more than 90 Qys f o r 180 d y s if snal l quant i t y generator) before they are recycled are subject t o 40 CFR 261.6 as adopted i n 10 NCAC 1OF .0029-8 - .0029-9 which includes: appl icable treatment, storage and disposal f a c i l i t y standards; and appl icable permi t t ing procedrres. The recyc l ing process i t s e l f i s exempt from r e y l a t i o n (eg. on-si te d i s t i 1 l a ti on 1.

Q. Can I apply my used o i l t o a road, driveway o r parking l o t for QIst con t ro l?

A. Yes, a s long as the used o i l does no t meet the d e f i n i t i o n of a hazardous waste and i t i s app l ied properly to the surface.

A r t i c l e 21A of the General Statutes of North Carolina states the provis ions fo r O i l Po l l u t i on and Hazardous Substance Control . The a r t i c l e does n o t p r o h i b i t the o i l i n g of driveways, roads o r streets for red i c t i on o f d i s t or rou t ine mintenance. However the D iv is ion o f Environmental Manapment which actninistrates the a c t requires tha t the o i l be app l ied t o the surface i n such a way t h a t f t does no t run o f f the road surface and threaten surface and ground waters.

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Section 3004(1) o f RCRA. which i s adminis t ra ted by the Sol id and Hazardous Waste hnagement Branch, prohib i t s the use of o i l t h a t h a s been mixed with a l i s t e d hazardous vaste or t h a t e x h i b i t s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of hazardous huste (o ther than i g n i t a b i l i t y ) from being used a s a h s t suppressant.

What o the r a l t e m a t i v e s to used a i l are the re for &s t con t ro l ?

In addi t ion t o the t r a d i t i m a l usage of calcium ch lo r ide , o ther p ro&ct s a r e ava i l ab le fo r the use of & s t control. Prodlcts cu r ren t ly knom by the Sol id and Hazardous Waste Management Branch a r e PMC-Dustacide. Coherex and Soil-Senent.

Are PCB's hazardous waste under RCRA?

In North Carolina, PcB's are not cu r ren t ly c l a s s i f i e d a s a hazardous waste under RCRA. They a r e however r e y l a t e d under t h e Toxic Substance and Control A c t (TOSCA). For i n fo rmt ion on PCB huste handlers you m y con tac t t h i s of f ice . For a l l o t h e r PCB vas te mnagement i n f o r m t i o n con tac t Cmnie Jones, EPA Region I V , (404) 347-3865.

If I work i n a l a b , what waste chemicals can and c a n ' t be washed down the drain to a sewer?

Hazardous vaste shculd n o t be i n t e n t i o n a l l y disposed of down the drain. However, smll amounts m y be unavoidable in certain s i tua t ions . For emanple, i n a histology l ab , s m l l a m u n t s of xylene from dipping a s l i d e m y be dripped i n t o the sink. If i t can not be co l l ec t ed , and i n most cases no t practical to c o l l e c t , i t i s acceptab le to rinse the carryover down the drain. h e should n o r m l l y consult the local POTW. which has f i n a l au tho r i ty a s t o what can and what c a n ' t be disposed i n the sewer, prior to disposing o f labora tory vaste t o the sewer.

What i s the d i f fe rence bebeen the terms l a n d f i l l and san i t a ry l a n d f i l l .

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(When the word l a n d f i l l is used i n the context of RCRA r e g l a t i o n (eg. the land ban) i t is r e fe r r ing to a hazardous waste permitted seare l a n d f i l l ) . In North Carolina a san i ta ry l a n d f i l l i s a s ta te permitted facil i ty for disposal of s o l i d non-hazardous waste such a s household garbage.

As a generator, can I al low my spent so lvents t o evaporate a s a means of disposa 1.

No, evaporation i s treabnent and therefore i s s u b j e c t t o app l i cab le treatment, storage and disposal f a c i l i t y stanards and pewnitting procedures.

When do I use the TCLP?

The TCLP (Toxicity Charac t e r i s t i c Leaching Procedure) was developed i n conjunction with the land ban r e s t r i c t ions . If you have hazardous huste t h a t i s destined fo r disposal i n a l a n d f i l l , the TCLP rmst be used t o determine i f i t conta ins any unacceptable l e v e l s of restricted c m s t i t u e n t s . The TUP i s a l s o proposed t o replace the e x i s t i n g EP t ox ic i ty t e s t by the f i r s t qua r t e r of 1988. The E P t o x i c i t y test is cu r ren t ly used a s the method f o r charac te r iz ing a hus te a s hazardous.

What i s the t a n k assessment deadline for e x i s t i n g hazardous waste tank systems owned or operated by TSD f a c i l i t i e s and 1 a rge quant i ty genera to r s?

By January 12, 1988, ovners or operators (genera tors ) of each t a n k system tha t does n o t have secon&ry containment nust obtain and keep on f i l e a written assessment o f the tanks i n t eg r i ty . The assessment nust be reviewed and c e r t i f i e d by an independent, qua l i f i ed , r eg i s t e red professional engineer t h a t the t a n k systems are not leaking or u n f i t fo r use. For a d d i t i o n a l i n f o m t i o n see 10 NUlC 1OF .0033-52, 265.191.

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0. Are businesses who lease solvents or contract a service which supplies fresh solvent a n d removes the spent solvent (ex. parts wsher solvents) considered generators of hazardcus waste?

A. Yes. Contracixal arrangements nade with a recycling firm do not exempt you fran generator status a n d the reg la t ions that apply. The only exemption i s fran the use of a manifest i f you are a sml l quantity generator. However, you s t i l l rus t mintain records o f the amounts and frequency of the spent solvent removed.

1988 UPCOMING PROGRPM DATES AND LOCATIONS

Hazardous M s t e bnagement Chemical S p i l l Prevention Under RCRA And Response Location

February 1 8 - 19, 1988 Greensboro (Four Seasons

H o l i d y Inn)

February 16 - 17, 1988

March 8 - 9. 1988

April 19 - 20, 1988

March 10 - 11, 1988 Charlotte (Shearton Airport

P1 aza )

April 21 - 22. 1988 McKimnon Center

To receive a desc r ip t ive brochure with r eg i s t r a t ion information p lease contact:

Dora M. Shel l IPa t Hillsgove Division f o r Lifelong Education McKimnon Center, Box 7401 North Carolina S t a t e University Raleigh, North Carolina 276957401 Phone: 919/737- 2261

Brochures f o r the upcoming programs will n o t be ava i lab le u n t i l l a t e Decenber, 1987.

For mre in fo rmt ion on program content and objec t ives contact either:

Jerane Kohl or L.A. “A1 ‘I Weaver Senior Engineering Extension S p e c i a l i s t Burl ington Building, Box 7909 North Carolina S t a t e l h i v e r s i t y Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7909 Phone: (919) 832-6242 Phone: 9191737-2303

Safety Engineer 308 E. Jones S t r e e t Raleigh, North Carolina 27601

Ed1 t o r i a i

P r o p o s e d R u l g : B u r n e r s o f H a z a r d o u s Waste F u e l

S m a l l Q u a n t i t y G e n e r a t o r E x c e p t i o n R e p o r t i n g

Waste A u d i t Rev iew o f l n f o r m a t l o n

O n - S i t e S o l v e n t R e c y c l i n g i n V e h i c l e M a i n t e n a n c e

P r o c e s s M o d l f i c a t l o n : One A l t e r n a t l v e To C h l o r i n a t e d S o l v e n t s

A d v a n t a g e s o f S o l v e n t R e c o v e r y To The S m a l l B u s i n e s s

Waste R e d u c t i o n - P o l l u t i o n P r e v e n t i o n C o n f e r e n c e

S m a l l Q u a n t i t y G e n e r a t o r Workshops

Waste M l n l m l z a t l o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e Summary

Q u e s t i o n s and Answers