carditis dr. fares. carditis: inflammation of the heart – pericarditis: inflammation of the...
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Carditis
Dr. Fares
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• Carditis: inflammation of the heart – Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium – Myocarditis: inflammation of the myocardium – Endocarditis: inflammation of the endocardium
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Causes of pericarditis
• Acute, nonspecific (idiopathic)• Infective: a) bacterial, b) viral, c) other infections• Immunologic: a) Rheumatic fever, b) other • Traumatic: a) uremic, b) myxedema, c)neoplastic• Neoplastic • Myocardial infarction • Connective tissue disorder
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Infectious Pericarditis
• Acute , chronic • Etiology: – Most common viruses: enteroviruses– Most common bacteria: staphylococcus, strep,
and Neisseria
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Pathogenesis
• Micro organisms reach the pericardium by:– Blood– Direct extension from lung (pneumococci) – Direct inoculation during surgery or trauma
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Pathology• Acute serous or serofibrous pericarditis (usually viral) mild
inflammatory reaction associated with focal damage to the adjacent myocardium – The response varies: small amount of serous fluid with mononuclear cells
and fibrinogen to large neutrophil rich, bloody effusions – Mild fibrosis and adhesion between visceral and parietal surfaces – Constrictive pericarditis (rare) – Usually self limiting and rarely fatal
• Acute purulent pericarditis (usually bacterial) – The purulent material contains large number of neutrophil in a large
volume of effusion – Healing is associated with extensive fibrosis that may progress to chronic
constrictive pericarditis – The mortality rate is 50%
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Pathology
• M. tuberculosis• 5% of cases with pulmonary TB will have pericardial
involvement • Early granulomatous stage: large pericardial
effusions (>300ml), serosanguinous, mononuclear cells
• As the disease evolves the inflammatory process become chronic– fusion of parietal and visceral pericardium– consecutive pericarditis and circulatory failure
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??• Acute serofibrous pericarditis
– Chest pain– Rapid in onset, persistent : hours
to days– Worse during inspiration and
recumbency but improves with leaning forward
– In the upper abdomen over the stomach and maybe sharp, dull constriction and/or crushing making clinical differentiation from mi difficult
– Fever not prominent – Malaise – …
• Acute purulent pericarditis -little , chest pain -Fever/chills from underlying infection -cardiac tamponade:
1. dyspnea2. agitation 3.orthopnea4.cough
- Pericardial friction rub- less than 50% of patients
- Pericardial friction rub triphasic sound that resembles scratches or…
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Treatment
• Bed rest • Pain control with NSAIDs• Abx based on the infecting agent and its
sensitivity pattern• +/- surgery
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