cardiovascular system physiology. pulmonary circulation: path of blood from right ventricle through...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY
![Page 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pulmonary circulation:Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart.
Systemic circulation:Oxygen-rich blood pumped to all organ systems to supply nutrients.
Rate of blood flow through systemic circulation = flow rate through pulmonary circulation.
Fig. 13.9P. 379
![Page 3: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig. 13.10bP. 380
![Page 4: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves
• Atria and ventricles are separated by AV (atrioventricular) valves.– One way valves.
• At the origin of the pulmonary artery and aorta are semilunar valves.– One way valves.– Open during ventricular contraction.
• Opening and closing of valves occur as a result of pressure differences.
Fig. 13.10aP. 380
![Page 5: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cardiac Cycle
• Refers to the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.– Systole:
• Phase of contraction.
– Diastole:
• Phase of relaxation.
![Page 6: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 13.12P. 381
![Page 7: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
End-diastolic volume - Amount of blood in the ventricles before they contract - also known as preload. Ave = 110 - 130 ml.
Stroke volume - Amount of blood ejected from the heart in a single beat. Ave = 70 - 80 ml.
End-systolic volume - Amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after they contract. Ave = 40 - 60 ml.
![Page 8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Closing of the AV and semilunar valves.Lub (first sound):
Produced by closing of the AV valves during isovolumetric contraction.
Dub (second sound):Produced by closing of the semilunar valves when pressure in the ventricles falls below pressure in the arteries.
Heart Sounds
Murmur - Abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal
patterns of blood flow in the heart.
Fig. 13.14P. 383
![Page 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig. 13.13P. 382
![Page 10: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electrical Activity of the Heart
• Autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells: – Demonstrates automaticity:
• Sinoatrial node functions as the pacemaker.
– Spontaneous depolarization (pacemaker potential):• Caused by diffusion of Ca2+ through slow
Ca2+ channels.– Cells do not maintain a stable RMP.
![Page 11: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 13.17P. 385
![Page 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Electrical Activity of the Heart
• Myocardial cells:– have a RMP of –90 mV.
• SA node spreads APs to myocardial cells. – When myocardial cell reaches threshold,
these cells depolarize.
![Page 13: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig. 13.18P. 385
![Page 14: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fig. 13.19P. 386
![Page 15: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Electrical Activity of the Heart
• Sinus rhythm - SA node is the pacemaker. Heart rate of 70 - 80 bpm
• Ectopic focus:– Pacemaker other than SA node:
• If APs from SA node are prevented from reaching these areas, these cells will generate pacemaker potentials.
– Junctional rhythm - AV node is the pacemaker. Results in heart rate of 40 - 60 bpm.
![Page 16: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fig. 13.20P. 386
![Page 17: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Heart Muscle
• Depolarization of myocardial cell stimulates opening of VG Ca2+ channels in sarcolemma.– Ca2+ diffuses down gradient into cell.
• Stimulates opening of Ca2+-release channels in SR.
– Ca2+ binds to troponin and stimulates contraction (same mechanisms as in skeletal muscle).
• During repolarization Ca2+ actively transported out of the cell via a Na+-Ca2+- exchanger.
![Page 18: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
• The body is a good conductor of electricity.– Tissue fluids have a high [ions] that move in
response to potential differences.
• Electrocardiogram:– Measure of the electrical activity of the heart
per unit time.• Potential differences generated by heart are
conducted to body surface where they can be recorded on electrodes on the skin.
![Page 19: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
• The ECG helps the physician gain insight into:– The anatomical orientation of the heart– Relative sizes of its chambers– Disturbances of rhythm and conduction– The extent, location, and progress of ischemic
damage to the myocardium– The effects of altered electrolyte concentrations– The influence of certain drugs ( i.e. digitalis, calcium
channel blockers, and antiarrhythmic agents)
![Page 20: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig. 13.22P. 388
![Page 21: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
• P wave:– Atrial
depolarization.
• QRS complex: – Ventricular
depolarization.– Atrial
repolarization.
• T wave:– Ventricular
repolarization.
Fig. 13.23P. 389
![Page 22: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
P-R interval - Length of time between the P waveand the beginning of the QRS complex. Normal range = 0.12 - 0.20 sec.
Fig. 13.21P. 387
![Page 23: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
QRS complex - Normal range = 0.06 - 0.10 sec.
Fig. 13.21P. 387
![Page 24: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
S-T segment - Length of time during which the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized. About 0.12 sec. Myocardial ischemia may be detected by changes in this segment.
Fig. 13.21P. 387
![Page 25: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 13.31P. 397
![Page 26: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Q-T interval - From the beginning of ventricular depolarization through their repolarization. Ave. = 0.36 - 0.40 sec; varies inversely with heart rate.
Fig. 13.21P. 387
![Page 27: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SINUS RHYTHM
![Page 28: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM
![Page 29: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SECOND DEGREE HEART BLOCK
![Page 30: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cardiac Rate Imbalances
Tachycardia - Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm).
Bradycardia - Abnormally slow heart rate (<60 bpm).
![Page 31: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fig. 13.32P. 398
![Page 32: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 13.33P. 399
![Page 34: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 13.24P. 390
![Page 35: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig. 13.25P. 391
![Page 36: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig. 13.26P. 392
![Page 38: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Discontinuous
![Page 41: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fig. 13.28P. 394
![Page 42: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Atherosclerosis
• The narrowing of the blood vessel lumen.
• Responsible (indirectly) for half the deaths in the Western world.
• Often begins with a tear in the tunica interna - and progressively builds up fatty plaque. - It usually ends in arteriosclerosis: the death of the tunica media and deterioration of elastic fibers.
Fig. 13.30aP. 395
![Page 43: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Fig. 13.34P. 400
![Page 44: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 13.35P. 400
![Page 45: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY. Pulmonary circulation: Path of blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic circulation:](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e455503460f94b3a010/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 13.36P. 401