cardiovascular system

CardiovascuCardiovascularlar

SystemSystem

Evolution Of Evolution Of The Human HeartThe Human Heart

Muscular Tube Muscular Tube HeartHeart


2 Chambered 2 Chambered HeartHeart


3+ or 4- 3+ or 4- Chambered HeartChambered Heart

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular System:System:

The HeartThe Heart

• ““Cardio’ refers Cardio’ refers to heart.to heart.

• ‘‘Vascular” Vascular” refers to blood refers to blood vessels.vessels.

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The HeartThe Heart

• Heart pumps 30X Heart pumps 30X it weight in it weight in blood each blood each minute.minute.

• 1800 gallons of 1800 gallons of blood per dayblood per day

• 50,000 miles of 50,000 miles of blood vessels.blood vessels.

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The HeartThe Heart

Cardiology is Cardiology is study of heart study of heart and disease.and disease.

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Congestive Heart Failure

Location of the Location of the HeartHeart

The HeartThe Heart

• Lies between Lies between the two lungs.the two lungs.

• 2/3 of heart 2/3 of heart lies to left of lies to left of mid-line.mid-line.

• Apex is bottom Apex is bottom of left of left ventricle.ventricle.


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF68qhyfcoM&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnpLm9fzYxU&feature=related

PericardiPericardiumum

• Heart is Heart is enclosed by enclosed by pericardium.pericardium.

• Composed of:Composed of:– Outer fibrous Outer fibrous pericardiumpericardium

– Inner serous Inner serous pericardium.pericardium.

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PericardiPericardiumum

• Inner layer Inner layer creates creates pericardial pericardial fluid.fluid.

• Fluid lies in Fluid lies in the pericardial the pericardial cavity.cavity.

• Fluid prevents Fluid prevents friction.friction.


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Heart Heart WallWall

• Composed of Composed of three layers:three layers:– Epicardium Epicardium (outer)(outer)

– Myocardium Myocardium (Muscle)(Muscle)

– Endocardium Endocardium (Inner)(Inner)


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Video:Coronary

Circulation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBQa8IBzP6I&feature=related


• Heart has two Heart has two different different networks of networks of muscle fibers.muscle fibers.– AtrialAtrial– VentricularVentricular


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• Each muscle Each muscle fiber connects fiber connects with other with other muscle fibers.muscle fibers.– Intercalated Intercalated discs connect discs connect fibers.fibers.

– They aid in They aid in conducting conducting impulses.impulses.


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Heart WallHeart Wall

• Endocarium Endocarium lines the inner lines the inner surface of the surface of the heart.heart.

• Inflammation of Inflammation of the lining can the lining can occur.occur.– EpicarditisEpicarditis– MyocarditisMyocarditis– EndocarditisEndocarditis


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Chambers of Chambers of the Heartthe Heart

• Right and left Right and left atriaatria– Separated by Separated by interatrial septum.interatrial septum.

– Receives blood from Receives blood from body.body.

– Pumps blood to the Pumps blood to the ventricles.ventricles.

– Separated from Separated from ventricles by ventricles by sulcus.sulcus.


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Great Great Vessels of Vessels of the Heartthe Heart


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• Superior and Superior and inferior vena inferior vena cava.cava.– Returns blood Returns blood from body back to from body back to heartheart

• Pulmonary Pulmonary trunktrunk– Branches into rt. Branches into rt. and lt. pulmonary and lt. pulmonary arteries.arteries.

– Takes blood to Takes blood to the lungs.the lungs.

Great Great Vessels of Vessels of the Heartthe Heart


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• Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins– 4 in humans.4 in humans.– Carry oxygenated Carry oxygenated blood from lungs blood from lungs to heart.to heart.

• AortaAorta– Carries Carries oxygenated blood oxygenated blood to all of the to all of the body.body.

– Exits from left Exits from left ventricle.ventricle.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYZm5rEBfB4

AtrioventriclAtrioventriclular Valvesular Valves

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• TricuspidTricuspid– Three flapsThree flaps– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the right into the right atria.atria.

• BicuspidBicuspid– Two flapsTwo flaps– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the left into the left atria.atria.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wj5j55oO_g&feature=related

Semilunar Semilunar ValvesValves


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• Pulmonary Pulmonary semilunar valve.semilunar valve.– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the right into the right ventricle.ventricle.

• Aortic semilunar Aortic semilunar valve.valve.– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the left into the left ventricle.ventricle.

– Valve replacement Valve replacement surgerysurgery

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY11g3VZGVI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0RD6-foBKQ&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyJhvC4oCHQ&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr-DAhgq75w&feature=related

EKGEKGTortoraTortora

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• Parts of EKG.Parts of EKG.– P waveP wave– QRS ComplexQRS Complex– T waveT wave

Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle

• Three PhasesThree Phases• First PhaseFirst Phase

– Relaxation periodRelaxation period• All chambers in All chambers in diastole.diastole.

• Blood fills SL Blood fills SL valvesvalves

• Blood flows into Blood flows into atria & atria & ventricles from ventricles from pulmonary veins pulmonary veins and vena cava.and vena cava.


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Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle

• Second PhaseSecond Phase– Ventricular Ventricular fillingfilling• SA node SA node stimulatedstimulated

• P wave occursP wave occurs• Atria contract Atria contract (systole)(systole)

• Additional 25% Additional 25% blood enters blood enters the the ventricles.ventricles.


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Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle• Third PhaseThird Phase

– Ventricular Ventricular SystoleSystole• AV node AV node stimulatedstimulated

• Ventricles in Ventricles in systole.systole.

• QRS wave QRS wave occursoccurs


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EKGEKGTortoraTortora

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• Parts of EKG.Parts of EKG.– P waveP wave– QRS ComplexQRS Complex– T waveT wave

Cardiac Cardiac OutputOutput

• Definition:Definition:– Amount of blood Amount of blood pumped by either pumped by either the Rt or Lt the Rt or Lt ventricle per ventricle per minute.minute.

– Stroke volume X Stroke volume X beats per minute.beats per minute.

– 70ml X 75 /min = 70ml X 75 /min = 5.25 Liters/min.5.25 Liters/min.


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Control of Control of Heart RateHeart Rate

• Cardiovascular Cardiovascular center.center.– Cardiac accelerator Cardiac accelerator nerves. nerves. (sympathetic )(sympathetic )

– Vagus nerve Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)(parasympathetic)

– Autonomic control Autonomic control results from results from opposing opposing sympathetic and sympathetic and parasympathetic parasympathetic systems.systems.


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Factors That Factors That Effect Heart Effect Heart

RateRate• ChemicalsChemicals

– Epinephrine increases heart rate.

– Increased levels of K+ & Na+ slow heart rate.

– Excess Ca++ increases heart rate.

– Low oxygen demands increase heart rate.

• Temperature – Increased heat accelerates

heart– Decreased temperature

decreases heaert rate.


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Risk Factors Risk Factors For Heart For Heart Disease.Disease.

• High Blood High Blood CholesterolCholesterol

• High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure• SmokingSmoking• ObesityObesity• Lack of exerciseLack of exercise• DiabetesDiabetes• GeneticsGenetics• Being Male until age Being Male until age 7070


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Conduction Conduction System System ReviewReview

• Name structure Name structure A,B,C,D.A,B,C,D.

• Where does the delay Where does the delay occur.occur.

• Describe the rhythm Describe the rhythm that must be created.that must be created.

• Why is this rhythm Why is this rhythm needed?needed?

• How does each cell f How does each cell f the heart receive the the heart receive the impulse?impulse?

• What is the name of What is the name of the nerve that leads the nerve that leads to the SA node?to the SA node?


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AA BB

CC

DD

Vascular Vascular SystemSystem

• System of blood System of blood vessels.vessels.

• 50,000 miles in 50,000 miles in length.length.

• Blood vessel types:Blood vessel types:– Artery Artery (carries (carries blood away from the blood away from the heart)heart)

– Vein Vein (Carries blood (Carries blood to the heart)to the heart)

– Capillary Capillary (all gas (all gas exchange occurs exchange occurs here)here)


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• Hollow center is Hollow center is referred to as a lumen.referred to as a lumen.

• Wall is contructed of Wall is contructed of three layers. three layers.

• Inner layer (Tunic Inner layer (Tunic Interna)Interna)– EndotheliumEndothelium– Elastic tissueElastic tissue

• Middle layer (Tunic Middle layer (Tunic Media)Media)– Smooth muscleSmooth muscle– Elastic fibersElastic fibers

• Outer layer (Tunic Outer layer (Tunic Externa)Externa)– Elastic fibers– Callagen


365365ArterieArterie

ss

• Arteries are Arteries are capable of capable of elasticity.elasticity.– Expand under the Expand under the pressure of the pressure of the ventricles ventricles contracting.contracting.

– Constrict when the Constrict when the ventricles are ventricles are relaxing.relaxing.

• Constriction is due Constriction is due to smooth muscle.to smooth muscle.• Constrict when Constrict when

injured.injured.



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• Vasodialation Vasodialation – Lumen increased in Lumen increased in size due to smooth size due to smooth muscle relaxation.muscle relaxation.

– Decreased Decreased stimulation from stimulation from sympathetic sympathetic system.system.

• VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction– Lumen decreased in Lumen decreased in size due to smooth size due to smooth muscle muscle constriction.constriction.

– Increased Increased stimulation from stimulation from sympathetic sympathetic system.system.



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• Smaller Smaller branches from branches from arteries.arteries.

• Arterioles take Arterioles take blood to blood to capillaries.capillaries.

• Small Small arterioles have arterioles have mostlymostly– EndotheliumEndothelium– Smooth muscleSmooth muscle

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ArterioleArterioless

• Connect Connect arterioles to arterioles to veins.veins.

• Gas, waste, and Gas, waste, and nutrient nutrient exchange takes exchange takes place here place here between blood between blood and cells.and cells.


365365CapillariCapillari

eses

CapillarCapillariesies

• Composed of a Composed of a single layer of single layer of endothelium and a endothelium and a basement membrane.basement membrane.

• All cells must be All cells must be close to a close to a capillary.capillary.

• Tissues using a lot Tissues using a lot of energy must have of energy must have more capillaries.more capillaries.

• Capillaries form Capillaries form networks to networks to increase surface increase surface area.area.

• Pre-capillary Pre-capillary sphincter.sphincter.


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• Blood is returned Blood is returned to veinules from to veinules from capillaries.capillaries.

• Blood is on way Blood is on way back to heart.back to heart.

• Same in structure Same in structure as arterioles.as arterioles.

• Veinules get Veinules get larger as they larger as they move towards move towards heart.heart.


365365VeinuleVeinule

ss

• Similar in structure Similar in structure to arteries except;to arteries except;

• Middle layer is Middle layer is reduced.reduced.

• Inner layer folds Inner layer folds inward to form inward to form valves.valves.

• Varicose veins.Varicose veins.• Veins act as blood Veins act as blood reservoirsreservoirs

• Contain Contain approximately 60% of approximately 60% of blood.blood.


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• Blood Pressure Blood Pressure caused by heart caused by heart approx. 5 mmhg approx. 5 mmhg after after capillaries.capillaries.

• Blood is moved Blood is moved due to skeletal due to skeletal muscle muscle contraction.contraction.

• Backwards Backwards movement is movement is prevented by prevented by valves.valves.


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How Blood Is How Blood Is Pumped Back To Pumped Back To

The HeartThe Heart

• Circulation that Circulation that serves the heart serves the heart muscle.muscle.– leads from the leads from the aorta.aorta.

– Carries oxygen Carries oxygen to heart muscle.to heart muscle.

– Returns to the Returns to the coronary sinuscoronary sinus

• Effects of Effects of atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

• TreatmentTreatment


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Coronary Coronary CirculationCirculation

cardiovascular system

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