Cardiovascular Cardiovascular ProblemsProblems

Chapter 11Chapter 11

External Heart External Heart AnatomyAnatomy

Left and right coronary arteries – delivers oxygen to the heart muscle

IschemiaIschemia

inadequate flow of blood to a part of the inadequate flow of blood to a part of the bodybody

caused by constriction or blockage of the caused by constriction or blockage of the blood vessels supplying it blood vessels supplying it

HypoxiaHypoxia where the whole body or a region of the where the whole body or a region of the

body is deprived of adequate oxygen body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply supply

Clubbing- The tips of the fingers enlarge

and the nails become extremely curved from front to back due chronic lack of

oxygen.

Causes of reduced Causes of reduced blood flowblood flow

blood clotsblood clots -blood -blood thickens and form thickens and form a clot of blood cells a clot of blood cells

can moves through can moves through blood vessels and blood vessels and block arteries block arteries leading to organsleading to organs

Causes of reduced Causes of reduced blood flowblood flow

Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic PlaquesPlaques – causes a – causes a deposit of fat and deposit of fat and other substances other substances that accumulate in that accumulate in the lining of the the lining of the artery wall. artery wall.

Narrowing of Narrowing of vessel prevents vessel prevents blood flowblood flow

Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris medical term for chest pain or discomfort medical term for chest pain or discomfort

due to coronary heart disease. due to coronary heart disease.

associated with uncomfortable pressure, associated with uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest.  The discomfort also may be felt the chest.  The discomfort also may be felt in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.

caused by lack of oxygen from reduced caused by lack of oxygen from reduced blood flow. blood flow.

““Feels like a heart Feels like a heart attack”attack”

Angina Pectoris

Myocardial Myocardial Infarction Infarction

HEART ATTACKHEART ATTACK a heart attack is the death of heart muscle a heart attack is the death of heart muscle

from the sudden blockage of a coronary from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot artery by a blood clot

Heart Heart MurmursMurmurs a heart murmur is an extra a heart murmur is an extra

or unusual sound heard or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. during a heartbeat.

two types of heart murmurs: two types of heart murmurs: innocentinnocent (harmless) and (harmless) and abnormalabnormal..

Abnormal murmurs usually Abnormal murmurs usually occurs because of a problem occurs because of a problem with one of the heart valves with one of the heart valves not closing properly not closing properly

“I have a heart murmur!”

Causes of Heart Causes of Heart MurmursMurmurs Mitral StenosisMitral Stenosis - a narrowing of the mitral - a narrowing of the mitral

valve opening that increases resistance to valve opening that increases resistance to blood flow from the left atrium to the left blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. ventricle.

Causes of Heart Causes of Heart MurmursMurmurs

Mitral InsufficiencyMitral Insufficiency - - incomplete closure of incomplete closure of the mitral value which the mitral value which causes backflow of causes backflow of blood from the left blood from the left ventricle to the left ventricle to the left atrium of the heart. atrium of the heart.

Also called mitral valve Also called mitral valve regurgitationregurgitation

ArrhythimiaArrhythimia arrhythimia is a term used to arrhythimia is a term used to

describe an abnormal electrical describe an abnormal electrical activity in the heart.activity in the heart.““An irregular rhythm of the heartAn irregular rhythm of the heart.”.”

Types of arrhythimias:Types of arrhythimias:• heart blockheart block• atrial flutteratrial flutter• atrial fibrilationatrial fibrilation• ventricular fibrillation ventricular fibrillation

Heart Block – one Heart Block – one arrhythimiaarrhythimia the signal from the heart's upper to the signal from the heart's upper to

lower chambers is slowed or doesn't lower chambers is slowed or doesn't transmit all.transmit all.

This is "heart block" or "AV block." This is "heart block" or "AV block." This does This does notnot mean that the blood mean that the blood flow or blood vessels are blocked. flow or blood vessels are blocked.

Can be mild and unnoticeable or Can be mild and unnoticeable or extreme which can cause death since extreme which can cause death since ventricles never receive signal to ventricles never receive signal to contractcontract

Atrial Flutter – another Atrial Flutter – another arhythimiaarhythimia

Atrial flutter occurs when electrical Atrial flutter occurs when electrical impulses take an abnormal path impulses take an abnormal path through the atriathrough the atria

Causes atria to contract faster Causes atria to contract faster resulting in less blood for the resulting in less blood for the ventricles to pump out during every ventricles to pump out during every beat.beat.

The heart beats in a regular rhythm, The heart beats in a regular rhythm, but it beats rapidly. but it beats rapidly.

Atrial Fibrillation – Atrial Fibrillation – another arrhythimiaanother arrhythimia

the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating effectively. Blood isn't pumped effectively. Blood isn't pumped completely out of them, so it may completely out of them, so it may pool and clot. pool and clot.

If a piece of a blood clot in the atria If a piece of a blood clot in the atria leaves the heart and becomes lodged leaves the heart and becomes lodged in an artery in the brain, a stroke in an artery in the brain, a stroke results. results.

Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Fibrillation – –

the last arrhythimiathe last arrhythimia Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very rapid, ineffective contractions of the rapid, ineffective contractions of the ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical impulses. impulses.

Tachycardia vs. Tachycardia vs. BradycardiaBradycardia

Tachycardia – fast heart rateTachycardia – fast heart rate Bradycardia – slow heart rateBradycardia – slow heart rate

Regular beat

Slow beat

Fast beat

Congestive Heart Congestive Heart FailureFailure

Congestive heart failure occurs when Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs. to the body's other organs.

The "failing" heart keeps working but The "failing" heart keeps working but not as efficiently as it should not as efficiently as it should

As blood flow out of the heart slows, As blood flow out of the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing the veins backs up, causing congestion in the tissues congestion in the tissues

So, how healthy is So, how healthy is your heart?your heart?