cardiovascular, immune, and lymphatic systems and blood chapter 10 copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005,...

Cardiovascular, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems and Blood

Chapter 10

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lesson 10.1

Chapter 102


Objectives3

Identify the organs and structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood and the function of the immune system.

Define and spell word parts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.

Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.


Cardiovascular System4

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and a closed

network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries,

and veins.


Function of the Cardiovascular System

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The heart pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues through the arteries.

The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries.

The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is carried from the tissues through veins to organs of excretion.


Cardiovascular System6

heart: - muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a

closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs; the pumping action circulates blood throughout the body

upper chambers: right and left atria

lower chambers: right and left ventricles


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Interior of the Heart


Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

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Atrioventricular valves: - consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves,

which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.

semilunar valves: - pulmonary and aortic valves, located

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.



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pericardium: - two-layer sac surrounding the heart; an

external fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart

Three layers of the heart:epicardium: covers the heartmyocardium: middle, thick, muscular layerendocardium: inner lining of the heart



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blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

arteries: carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs

arterioles: smallest arteries aorta: largest artery in the body


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Types of Blood Vessels



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veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

venules: smallest veins in the body venae cavae: largest veins in the body capillaries: connect arterioles with

venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries


Function of Blood13

Maintains internal balance in the body. Activities of the blood include

transportation, such as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by certain cells that protect the body against microorganisms, and regulation by controlling temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.


Composition of Blood15

plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended

cells: formed elements erythrocytes: red blood cells that

carry oxygen leukocytes: white blood cells that

combat infection thrombocytes (platelets):

responsible for aiding in the clotting process


The Lymphatic System17

The lymphatic system consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland.


Function of the Lymphatic System

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Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood. Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from

the small intestine and transports them to the blood and provides defense against infection.

Collected interstitial fluid called lymph travels away from body tissue toward the heart and is drained into the cardiovascular system through ducts in the upper chest. Breathing and muscle action help propel lymph through the vessels.


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Lymphatic System


Threaded Case Study: Li Chen

Before we begin to explore the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, let's meet Li Chen. Li and his wife Mai own a small, cozy antiquities and gift shop in San Francisco, specializing in "fine china—old and new—art prints, textiles, and a little furniture," he says.

Li has come to Dr. Stamatis because sometimes his heart races or starts to pound. He also says that he seems to be catching colds more easily. He wonders if his frequent bouts of rhinitis could be related to allergies. He mentions that he often feels fatigued and has lost a little weight. Hearing this, Dr. Stamatis decides that a good first step is to do a blood analysis.

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Lymphatic System (cont’d)21

lymph: transparent, colorless tissue fluid;

lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes

lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood


Lymphatic System (cont’d)22

spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body

thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system


The Immune System: Functions

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The immune system does not have its own organs and structures.Functions: protects the body against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (e.g., cancer).Three lines of defense: First line: mechanical and chemical barriers Second line: natural killer cells—protective proteinsThird line: specific immunity, formation of specific antibodies to fight against the infectious agent


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Three Lines of Defense…


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Threaded Case Study

Let's return to Li Chen, whose doctor has begun the physical examination. Dr. Stamatis is gathering a wealth of data about the functioning of Li's heart and blood vessels. Dr. Stamatis listens to Li's heart sounds.

Li will describe his personal health habits, review his health history, and be encouraged to recall any additional symptoms he's experienced. We'll return soon to see how his exam is progressing.

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Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood28

angi/o aort/o arteri/o atri/o cardi/o lymphaden/o lymph/o myel/o

phleb/o plasm/o splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ventricul/o


Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems29

ather/o ech/o electr/o isch/o therm/o thromb/o


Prefix30

brady-


Suffixes31

-ac -apheresis -graph -penia -poiesis -sclerosis


Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms

32

Suffix Meaning Chapter-gram record, radiographic 6

image-graphinstrument used to 10

record; record-graphy process of recording, 5

radiographic imaging


Clicker Question33

Which of the following means vein?a) arteri/ob) phleb/oc) valv/o


Speak and Spell

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

angioma angiostenosis aortic stenosis arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis bradycardia cardiomegaly cardiomyopathy

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from

Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

endocarditis ischemia myocarditis pericarditis phebitis polyarteritis tachycardia thrombophlebitis valvulitis

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood

hematoma multiple myeloma pancytopenia thrombosis thrombus

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System

lymphadenitis lymphadenopathy lymphoma splenomegaly thymoma

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Clicker Question

Which of the following is analyzed correctly?

a) ather/o/sclerosisb) ather/o/scler/osisc) ather/o/sclero/sis

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

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Threaded Case Study

Dr. Stamatis realizes that an inflammatory disease is certainly a possibility for Li Chen, especially considering the fact that he feels exhausted so much of the time.

By now, you're well aware that many of the medical terms built from word parts indicate inflammation by adding the suffix -itis to the end of a word root. Let's look at several new terms that use this suffix.

42

Threaded Case Study

One thing Li has had for some time now is a slight heart murmur. His wife Mai asks, "Could all this fatigue have to do with his heart murmur?"

"That's a good question," Dr. Stamatis says. "In Li's case, though, the heart murmur is a result of mitral valve prolapse, which is not dangerous and also cannot really be treated. That condition makes him slightly more prone to lowered blood pressure and occasional dizziness if he stands or sits up too fast. But the prolapse in itself, and the murmur in itself, would not cause this kind of fatigue. There are other possibilities, though, and that's what we're checking out."

"You see?" Li assures his wife. "It's all being checked out. Stop your worrying."

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System(cont’d)

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) hypertensive heart disease (HHD) intermittent claudication mitral valve stenosis myocardial infarction (MI) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) rheumatic heart disease varicose veins

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)

anemia embolus (pl. emboli) hemophilia leukemia sepsis

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System (cont’d)

Hodgkin disease infectious mononucleosis

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48

Aortic Stenosis


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Atrial Fibrillation


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Aneurysm


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Coarctation of the Aorta


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Bacterial Endocarditis

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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a

condition in which the heart is unable to pump

the amount of blood required to meet the

body's metabolic needs.

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Splenomegaly

Speak and Spell57


Threaded Case Study Dr. Stamatis is interested in doing more blood

tests. Blood tests are the perfect place to start looking for the source of Li Chen's fatigue, because fatigue is often a symptom of anemia. If that's the case with Li Chen, his main symptom can be remedied fairly easily.

Let's begin by looking at sepsis, a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms invade the blood or other tissues causing an overwhelming blood infection (seps/o) and leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Sepsis is sometimes referred to as septicemia.

58

CHAPTER 10

Lesson 10.2

59


Objectives

Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.

Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms related to the cardiovascular system and blood.

60


Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

Cardiovascular System angioplasty atherectomy endarterectomy pericardiocentesis phlebectomy phlebotomy valvuloplasty

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Lymphatic System splenectomy splenopexy thymectomy


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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A, Balloon dilation. B, Coronary arteriogram before PTCA. The arrow indicates the stenotic area, estimated at 95% minimum blood flow distal to the lesion. C, Coronary arteriogram after PTCA in the same patient. Blood flow is estimated to be 100%.

Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

aneurysmectomy bone marrow transplant cardiac pacemaker coronary artery bypass

graft (CABG) coronary stent embolectomy

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femoropopliteal bypass

implantable cardiac defibrillator

intracoronary thrombolytic therapy

coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty


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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft


65

Treatment of CHF often includes pharmacologic and

nutritional components. Medications may be given to

improve the pumping action of the heart and to promote the

excretion of fluids. Dietary sodium and fluid intake may

also be restricted.

If efforts to control CHF with medications and diet fail, heart

transplantation may be required. Heart transplantation

is the surgical removal of a donor heart and transfer of the organ to a recipient, as shown in the line drawing to the right.

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Coronary Stent

a) Stent at site of plaque formationb) Inflated balloon and expanded stent c) Implanted stent

A

B

C


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Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator


Clicker Question

Which of the following is performed to remove fatty plaque from an artery?a) angioplastyb) aneurysmectomyc) atherectomy

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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood

bone marrow aspiration bone marrow biopsy bone marrow transplant

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71

Bone Marrow Aspiration


Bone marrow aspiration. Study of the bone marrow can be used to identify the presence of leukemia or other malignancies or to determine the cause of anemia.

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Placement of Defibrillator Paddles


Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

Diagnostic imaging angiography angioscope angioscopy aortogram arteriogram venogram venography

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Arteriogram showing the right main pulmonary

artery. This procedure

(arteriography) is performed after

injection of contrast material.

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Digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A, Lateral digital nonsubtracted carotid artery. B, Lateral digital subtracted carotid artery. By removing unwanted anatomy, the image of the carotid artery is of high quality.

Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

echocardiogram (ECHO) electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) electrocardiograph electrocardiography

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77

Electrocardiogram


Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

Diagnostic imaging digital subtraction angiography (DSA) Doppler ultrasound exercise stress test single-photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT) thallium test transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d) Cardiovascular Studies

cardiac catheterization impedance plethysmography (IPC)

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d) Other diagnostic terms

blood pressure pulse sphygmomanometer

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81

Measurement of Blood Pressure


Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

Laboratory C-reactive protein creatine phosphokinase (CPK) homocysteine lipid profile troponin

82


Clicker Question

Which measures the number of times per minute the heart beat is felt on the arterial wall?a)IPGb)blood pressurec)pulse

83


Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)

Laboratory coagulation time complete blood count and

differential count (CBC and Diff) hematocrit (HCT) hemoglobin (Hgb) prothrombin time (PT)

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CHAPTER 10

Lesson 10.3

86


Objectives

Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the cardiovascular and immune systems and blood.

Interpret the meaning of abbreviations presented in the chapter.

Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.

87


Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

atrioventricular (AV) cardiac cardiogenic cardiologist cardiology hypothermia intravenous phlebologist phlebology

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)

hematologist hematology hematopoiesis hemolysis hemostasis myelopoiesis plasmapheresis thrombolysis

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Clicker Question

A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek treatment from a:a)hematologistb)cardiologistc)phlebologist

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System

91

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) defibrillation diastole extracorporeal extravasation fibrillation heart murmur hypercholesterolemia hyperlipidemia


Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

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hypertension hypertriglyceridemia hypotension lipids lumen

occlude systole vasoconstrictor vasodilator venipuncture


Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood

93

anticoagulant blood dyscrasia hemorrhage


Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Immune System

94


Abbreviations95


Abbreviations (cont’d)96

Hgb HHD ICD IV MI PAD

PT RBC SPECT TEE WBC


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Read Medical Terms in Use

A 55-year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in the calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Three days prior, the patient had completed trans-Pacific airline travel, spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed an edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The pedal pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained, which revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will be monitored monthly by prothrombin time.


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