cardiovascular health
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Cardiovascular Health. Chapter 15. Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Leading cause of death in the U.S. Affects nearly 81 million Americans Claims one life every 38 seconds About 2,300 Americans die every day CVD is largely due to our way of life. The Cardiovascular System. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Health
Chapter 15
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Affects nearly 81 million Americans
Claims one life every 38 seconds
About 2,300 Americans die every day
CVD is largely due to our way of life
*
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
With lungs, known as the cardiorespiratory system
The Heart
Blood travels through two separate circulatory systems:
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Left side of heart pumps blood through the rest of the body
Path of blood flow:
From atrium to ventricle (right lower chamber)
Pulmonary artery to the lungs
In lungs, picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide
Through pulmonary veins into heart’s left atrium
Left atrium fills, pumps blood into left ventricle
When left ventricle full, pumps blood through aorta for
*
Systole
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels, created by pumping action of the heart
Heartbeat
Blood Vessels (classified by size and function)
Veins
Thin walls
Carry blood away from the heart
Thick elastic walls expand and relax with the volume of blood
Coronary arteries
Capillaries
Venules
Blood empties from capillaries into venules that connect to veins that return the blood back to the heart
*
*
Two categories of increased risk for CVD
Major risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Major risk factors that can be changed
American Heart Association identified six major risk factors.
Tobacco use
1 in 5 deaths from CVD is a smoker
Smokers have 2 to 3 times higher risk of death from a heart attack than do nonsmokers
Smoking doubles risk of stroke
Damages the lining of arteries
Reduces HDL (“good” cholesterol)
Raises triglycerides and LDL
CO displaces O2
*
*
Hypertension
Too much pressure against blood vessel walls
Short periods of high blood pressure are normal, but chronic high blood pressure is a health risk
Atherosclerosis
Heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries narrow, scar, and harden
About 33% (73 million) of adults have hypertension
37% of adults have prehypertension
*
*
*
*
Fatty, waxlike substance that circulates through the bloodstream
Important component of:
Protective sheaths around nerves
Increased risk of CVD
Good versus bad cholesterol
Shuttle cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) (“good” cholesterol)
Shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, HDL helps protect against atherosclerosis
Recommended blood cholesterol levels
Benefits of controlling cholesterol
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
40-60 million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing CVD
Exercise reduces risk
Closest thing we have to a magic bullet against heart disease
Controls blood pressure and resting heart rate
Lowers LDL
Increases HDL
Maintains weight
Helps prevent or controls diabetes
*
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely in obese people (BMI ≥ 30)
Increased strain on the heart
Strongly associated with:
Hypertrophy (ventricular enlargement)
Doubles the risk of CVD for men
Triples the risk of CVD for women
Loss of 5-10 years off your life
Higher risk
Unhealthy blood lipid levels
Elevated blood glucose and insulin can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries
More vulnerable to atherosclerosis
High triglyceride levels
Blood fats that are a reliable predictor of heart disease
Psychological and social factors
Heredity
CVD has genetic component; high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity
Aging
Being male
Ethnicity
African Americans higher risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater risk of HBP and angina;
Asians lower rates of CVD
*
*
Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
Homocysteine
Infectious agents
Lipoprotein(a) – Lp(a)
Blood viscosity (thickness) and iron
Uric acid
Time of day and time of year
More heart attacks and sudden death occur between 6:00AM and noon
*
*
Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty deposits
Plaques accumulate in artery walls
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Heart attack – heart tissue is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood
Myocardial infarction (MI)
American Heart Association
470,000 people have recurrent attack
*
*
*
*
Chest pain or pressure
Difficulty breathing
Excessive sweating
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Angina – arteries narrowed by disease, but under stress heart cannot receive enough oxygen
Angina pectoris
Usually felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back
Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death – electrical conduction system is disrupted
*
Most victims die within 2 hours from initial symptoms
Give one adult aspirin tablet (325 mg)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
*
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT)
2 million brain cells die per minute during a stroke
Ischemic stroke – blockage in a blood vessel
Thrombotic stroke - clot forms in a cerebral artery
Embolic stroke - wandering blood clot
Hemorrhagic stroke - blood vessel ruptures in the brain
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
*
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Interruption of the blood supply to any area of the brain prevents the nerve cells from functioning, in some cases causing death
Usually suffer some lasting disability
Paralysis
Prompt recognition of symptoms:
Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, or one side of the body
Loss of speech or difficulty speaking
“Three Simple Ways to Recognize a Stroke”
Ask the person to smile. If her smile droops on one side, or if she is unable to move or open one side of her mouth, she may be having a stroke.
Ask the person to hold his arms out. If the person cannot move one arm or hold one arm still, it may be a sign of a stroke.
*
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Temporary stroke-like symptoms (ministroke)
Rehabilitation
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
PAD – atherosclerosis in the leg (or arm) arteries, which can limit or block the blood flow
Patients typically also have coronary artery disease
About 8 million people in the U.S. have PAD
Risk factors:
*
Number of conditions
High blood pressure
Heart can not maintain regular pumping rate; fluid backs up
Controlled by:
Congenital heart defects
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Occurs in 1 out of 500 people
Most common cause of sudden death in athletes younger than 35
May be identified by a murmur
Rheumatic heart disease
Streptococcal infections cause damage to the heart muscle and valves
Strep throat needs to be treated
Heart valve disorders
Mitral valve prolapse
Eat heart-healthy
Low saturated fats
Increase fiber intake
Moderation of alcohol
Omega-3 fatty acids
*
Moderate physical activity
Avoid tobacco
Know and manage your blood pressure (monitor once every two years)
Know and manage your cholesterol levels
Develop effective ways to handle
stress and anger
*
*
*
Chapter 15
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Affects nearly 81 million Americans
Claims one life every 38 seconds
About 2,300 Americans die every day
CVD is largely due to our way of life
*
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
With lungs, known as the cardiorespiratory system
The Heart
Blood travels through two separate circulatory systems:
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Left side of heart pumps blood through the rest of the body
Path of blood flow:
From atrium to ventricle (right lower chamber)
Pulmonary artery to the lungs
In lungs, picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide
Through pulmonary veins into heart’s left atrium
Left atrium fills, pumps blood into left ventricle
When left ventricle full, pumps blood through aorta for
*
Systole
Blood pressure
Force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels, created by pumping action of the heart
Heartbeat
Blood Vessels (classified by size and function)
Veins
Thin walls
Carry blood away from the heart
Thick elastic walls expand and relax with the volume of blood
Coronary arteries
Capillaries
Venules
Blood empties from capillaries into venules that connect to veins that return the blood back to the heart
*
*
Two categories of increased risk for CVD
Major risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Major risk factors that can be changed
American Heart Association identified six major risk factors.
Tobacco use
1 in 5 deaths from CVD is a smoker
Smokers have 2 to 3 times higher risk of death from a heart attack than do nonsmokers
Smoking doubles risk of stroke
Damages the lining of arteries
Reduces HDL (“good” cholesterol)
Raises triglycerides and LDL
CO displaces O2
*
*
Hypertension
Too much pressure against blood vessel walls
Short periods of high blood pressure are normal, but chronic high blood pressure is a health risk
Atherosclerosis
Heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries narrow, scar, and harden
About 33% (73 million) of adults have hypertension
37% of adults have prehypertension
*
*
*
*
Fatty, waxlike substance that circulates through the bloodstream
Important component of:
Protective sheaths around nerves
Increased risk of CVD
Good versus bad cholesterol
Shuttle cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) (“good” cholesterol)
Shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, HDL helps protect against atherosclerosis
Recommended blood cholesterol levels
Benefits of controlling cholesterol
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
40-60 million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing CVD
Exercise reduces risk
Closest thing we have to a magic bullet against heart disease
Controls blood pressure and resting heart rate
Lowers LDL
Increases HDL
Maintains weight
Helps prevent or controls diabetes
*
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely in obese people (BMI ≥ 30)
Increased strain on the heart
Strongly associated with:
Hypertrophy (ventricular enlargement)
Doubles the risk of CVD for men
Triples the risk of CVD for women
Loss of 5-10 years off your life
Higher risk
Unhealthy blood lipid levels
Elevated blood glucose and insulin can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries
More vulnerable to atherosclerosis
High triglyceride levels
Blood fats that are a reliable predictor of heart disease
Psychological and social factors
Heredity
CVD has genetic component; high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity
Aging
Being male
Ethnicity
African Americans higher risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater risk of HBP and angina;
Asians lower rates of CVD
*
*
Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
Homocysteine
Infectious agents
Lipoprotein(a) – Lp(a)
Blood viscosity (thickness) and iron
Uric acid
Time of day and time of year
More heart attacks and sudden death occur between 6:00AM and noon
*
*
Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty deposits
Plaques accumulate in artery walls
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Heart attack – heart tissue is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood
Myocardial infarction (MI)
American Heart Association
470,000 people have recurrent attack
*
*
*
*
Chest pain or pressure
Difficulty breathing
Excessive sweating
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Angina – arteries narrowed by disease, but under stress heart cannot receive enough oxygen
Angina pectoris
Usually felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back
Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death – electrical conduction system is disrupted
*
Most victims die within 2 hours from initial symptoms
Give one adult aspirin tablet (325 mg)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
*
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT)
2 million brain cells die per minute during a stroke
Ischemic stroke – blockage in a blood vessel
Thrombotic stroke - clot forms in a cerebral artery
Embolic stroke - wandering blood clot
Hemorrhagic stroke - blood vessel ruptures in the brain
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
*
*
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Interruption of the blood supply to any area of the brain prevents the nerve cells from functioning, in some cases causing death
Usually suffer some lasting disability
Paralysis
Prompt recognition of symptoms:
Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, or one side of the body
Loss of speech or difficulty speaking
“Three Simple Ways to Recognize a Stroke”
Ask the person to smile. If her smile droops on one side, or if she is unable to move or open one side of her mouth, she may be having a stroke.
Ask the person to hold his arms out. If the person cannot move one arm or hold one arm still, it may be a sign of a stroke.
*
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Temporary stroke-like symptoms (ministroke)
Rehabilitation
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
PAD – atherosclerosis in the leg (or arm) arteries, which can limit or block the blood flow
Patients typically also have coronary artery disease
About 8 million people in the U.S. have PAD
Risk factors:
*
Number of conditions
High blood pressure
Heart can not maintain regular pumping rate; fluid backs up
Controlled by:
Congenital heart defects
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Occurs in 1 out of 500 people
Most common cause of sudden death in athletes younger than 35
May be identified by a murmur
Rheumatic heart disease
Streptococcal infections cause damage to the heart muscle and valves
Strep throat needs to be treated
Heart valve disorders
Mitral valve prolapse
Eat heart-healthy
Low saturated fats
Increase fiber intake
Moderation of alcohol
Omega-3 fatty acids
*
Moderate physical activity
Avoid tobacco
Know and manage your blood pressure (monitor once every two years)
Know and manage your cholesterol levels
Develop effective ways to handle
stress and anger
*
*
*