Carbon Stripping

CARBON STRIPPING THE PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVES

Presented at the  International Gold Expo

September 7, 1989

Reno. Nevada

John L. Fast, P.E.

Consulting Process Engineer

Denver Mineral Engineers, Inc.

Many methods are used commercially for recovering gold and silver from loaded activated

carbon. The major processes include:

(1) Atmospheric Zadra Stripping

(2) Pressurized Zadra Stripping

(3) Anglo American Research Laboratory (AARL) Method

(4) Alcohol Stripping

(5) Micron Elution Procedure

Each process is briefly described. Variations to and combinations of the basic methods

are also highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of each procedure are discussed.

I. INTRODUCTION

Activated carbon has long been known to exhibit a strong affinity for the extraction of

gold from cyanide solutions. It was not, however, until methods for chemically desorbing

gold from loaded carbon were developed, that the process came into widespread use for gold

recovery from ore. These procedures allowed the carbon to be recycled for further gold

recovery.

Today, many options are available to the recovery plant designer and operator for the

stripping of gold from carbon. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, which should

be evaluated when deciding which process to use.

II. ATMOSPHERIC ZADRA STRIPPING

Atmospheric pressure Zadra stripping was the first commercially successful process

developed for stripping gold from carbon. The process was developed by J. B. Zadra, and

others, at the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in the early 1950′s. The results of their

research were first applied at Golden Cycle Gold Corporation’s Carlton Mill at Victor,

Colorado in 1951. The results of Zadra’s work were published by the USBM as RI #4843 (1).

This publication is still in print and is actually the foundation for the other stripping

processes. The process is still widely used today because of its simplicity.

The Zadra process consists of circulating a 1% sodium hydroxide and 0.1% sodium cyanide

water based solution upflow through a stationary bed of loaded carbon at a flow rate of

about 2 bed volumes per hour at about 200 deg-F. Gold that was previously adsorbed on the

carbon as a sodium or calcium/gold cyanide ion pair (2) is desorbed from the carbon by a

reversal of the adsorption kinetics. Gold is recovered from the pregnant strip solution by

electrowinning onto steel wool.

The gold depleted solution is then reheated and recycled to the carbon bed for reuse

(see Figure 1).

The process generally takes about 48 to 72 hours. Typically the gold content of carbon

is reduced from 150 oz Au/ton of carbon to less than 3 oz. Au/ton of carbon.

The Zadra process is characterized by simplicity of system design and operation. Mild

steel equipment is normally used. Manual control is the standard. Fluctuations in flow and

temperatures can reduce stripping efficiency but the only adverse effect is an extension of the

required stripping cycle time. After the desorption vessel has been filled with loaded carbon

and solution flow is started, the only operator attention required is periodic system checks

typical of any process plant operation.

The main disadvantage of the original Zadra process is its low rate of desorption. It

is much slower than the alternatives. This necessitates larger carbon inventories and

larger equipment than other faster processes.

Stripping temperature is the most significant operating parameter so solutions are kept

as close to boiling temperature as is practical. Since many mines are at high elevations,

with resultant low boiling points, the reduction in stripping rate can be significant when

compared with operations at near sea level altitudes.

Buildup of miscellaneous ions in solution after continued recycling also reduces

stripping efficiency. To alleviate this problem, most operations routinely bleed a

fraction of their strip liquor inventory and replenish with fresh solution.

The efficiency of the electrowinning cells is also significant to stripping efficiency.

High levels of gold in recycled eluant result in a reduction in stripping rate as

illustrated typically by Figure 2(3).

III. PRESSURE ZADRA STRIPPING

Continued research at the USBM revealed that the Zadra process stripping rate could be

increased greatly by stripping at higher temperatures (4). A comparison of the increase in

stripping rate with temperature is shown in Figure 3. To operate at higher temperatures, the

process must operate at pressures higher than the vapor pressure of the solution. High

pressure operation is accomplished by means of a high pressure solution pump and a stripping

column

pressure control regulator.

In practice, a solution containing about 1% sodium hydroxide and 0.1% sodium cyanide at

about 280 deg-F and 65 PSIG, is circulated through a pressure vessel filled with loaded

carbon at a flow rate of 2.0 bed volumes per hour. The time required for pressure

stripping is generally from 10 to 14 hours.

Barren strip solution is typically pumped through a heat recovery heat exchanger and a

solution heater. The solution then flows up through the bed of carbon and overflows near

the top of the stripping vessel. The solution is cooled by exchanging heat with barren

solution and flows through a back pressure control valve, to the pregnant solution holding tank.

Pregnant solution is pumped from the pregnant solution tank through electrowinning cells

where gold is recovered by electrolysis. Barren solution is then returned to the barren solution

tank

for recycle (see Figure 4).

High temperature limits are generally constrained by pressure and temperature

limitations of system components, such as vessel design pressures and gasket temperature

limits. USBM research indicated that increases in stripping efficiency could be achieved

up to 356 deg-F. Above 356 deg-F cyanide was decomposed and metallic gold precipitated in

the carbon. Plant practice generally indicates that about 300 deg-F is the upper limit for

maximum stripping efficiency.

Pressure stripping columns are normally sized with a height to diameter ratio of about

4 to 1. Internal solution distributors and collectors are used to provide even flow of

solution throughout the carbon bed. The majority of pressure strip vessels are constructed from

stainless steel, but many carbon steel vessels are providing satisfactory service.

Solution flow rate has little effect on stripping efficiency in the range of 1 to 4 bed

volumes per hour. Low solution flow rates produce slightly higher efficiencies in most

cases, but the increase is not significant. Stripping efficiency decreases as flow rates

are increased above 3 to 4 bed volumes per hour. The design solution flow rate is

generally based on a compromise between reduced elution time and increased equipment

costs at higher flow rates.

Most columns are operated with upflow of solution, but some plants have selected to

elute by downflow. The advantage to downflow is reduced potential for binding of flow

distribution screens by tramp material in the carbon. Upflow operation means that the

carbon bed is always flooded, and insures that the carbon is continually contacted by

strip solution.

The extent of instrumentation is generally determined by operator preference. Automatic

solution temperature control and column back pressure control are the minimum automation

required.

Solution bleeding is required to prevent the buildup of contaminants, which reduce

stripping efficiency. The amount of solution bleed required varies from about 1/3 of the

eluant volume per cycle, to as low as the residual eluant on the carbon during carbon

transfer. Control of the amount of solution purged from the system is done either on a

routine scheduled basis or by monitoring stripping efficiency and bleeding as efficiency

drops.

OPERATING SCHEDULE:

The following is a typical operating schedule for a Pressure Zadra stripping cycle:

 

SOLUTION TIMELoad Column Transfer Water 90 minutesElution 0.1% NaCN, 1% NaOH 480 minutesCarbon Cooling Fresh Water 60 minutesUnload Column Transfer Water 30 minutes

TOTAL 11 hours

 

IV. AARL STRIPPING

The Anglo-American Research Laboratories (AARL) stripping procedure (5) was first used

on a large scale in 1980 at the President Brand Gold Mine in South Africa. Since that

time, its application has become standard practice in South Africa and Australia.

The process involves a series of procedures generally starting with an acid wash

followed by a water wash to remove residual acid. The carbon is then soaked for about 30

minutes in a solution containing about 3% sodium cyanide and 1% sodium hydroxide. High

quality fresh water at about 230 deg-F is then pumped through the pressurized stripping

vessel to produce the pregnant eluant. Gold is recovered from the pregnant eluant by

electrowinning and the barren eluant is discarded (See Figure 3).

It is interesting to note that the Zadra stripping procedures researched by the USBM,

originally envisioned presoaking carbon with a caustic cyanide solution followed by

elution with deionized water. This idea was discarded in practice, in favor of the simpler

one step caustic cyanide elution.

The main advantage

of the AARL process is the ability to strip a batch of carbon to low gold residuals in an

8 hour shift. This offers the potential of either designing for multiple stripping cycles

each day and reducing equipment sizes in new plant design, or increasing daily capacity in

existing mills by stripping on additional shifts each day.

Disadvantages of the AARL process include the requirement for high quality water, high

water consumption, the potential for mixing acid with cyanide, and the necessity for

automated controls.

ACID WASHING

With the AARL process, elution is normally proceeded by acid washing the carbon. Acid

washing is used with all of the other stripping systems, but it is mentioned specifically

with the AARL procedure, because AARL systems generally use the stripping vessel to acid

wash and acid washing is, therefore, controlled as part of the stripping sequence. Acid

washing has been shown to typically increase the efficiency of AARL stripping.

Hydrochloric acid is always used in AARL systems with concentrations generally around 3%

by volume.

Acid washing is currently being done both in a separate vessel from the stripping

column and in the elution vessel. Factors favoring acid washing in the elution vessel

include: (1) eliminating a carbon transfer which reduces gold losses from fine carbon

breakage of loaded carbon, (2) conservation of heat if hot acid washing is employed and

(3) reduction in stripping cycle time by eliminating a carbon transfer. Factors favoring

installation of a separate acid wash vessel include: (1) less potential for mixing acid

and. cyanide in the event of operator error or equipment malfunction, and (2) less

rigorous requirements for materials of construction in the stripping circuit since acid

proof equipment is not required.

Following acid washing, the carbon is rinsed with fresh water to prevent acid and

chlorides from entering the strip circuit.

PRESOAK

The presoak step is started by preheating the carbon with hot water. This is followed

by soaking the carbon bed with hot (90 deg-C) 3 WT% NACN/1 WT% NAOH solution for about

30

minutes. Reduced elution efficiency is experienced if soak solutions concentration are

less than 3% NACN but elution rates remain relatively constant with soak solution

concentrations above 3% NACN. Changes in the duration of soaking time, for most carbons,

has little effect on stripping efficiency.

ELUTION

Elution is generally performed using about 6 bed volumes of good quality water at a

rate of about 2 bed volumes/hour.

The quality of water used has a substantial effect on stripping efficiency with the

AARL procedure. The implementation of a hot acid wash step has been shown to reduce water

quality requirements to a certain degree.

The stripping efficiency is virtually independent of eluant water flow rate in the

range of 1 to 5 bed volumes per hour. Selection of design and operating flows is made on

the basis of equipment costs and time constraints

Eluant water temperature has a very significant effect on stripping efficiency.

Operation at 236 deg-F requires operating pressures of 10 to 15 PSIG to prevent flashing

steam in the system. Operating temperature limits of 236 deg-F are widely specified

because of temperature limitations of the butyl rubber lining material utilized to line

the strip vessel. Higher temperatures also accelerate the decomposition of cyanide.

The last bed volume of eluant water is generally introduced at ambient temperature to

cool the carbon for transfer out of the column.

PROCESS CONTROL

Due to the timed cyclical nature of the procedure, a programmable logic controller

(PLC), automatic pump starting and automatic valves are generally used to time and

sequence the system. Carbon is loaded and transferred manually, but the sequencing of’

valves and pumps during the strip cycle is controlled by the PLC.

ELECTROWINNING

Electrowinning of gold from the pregnant solution is done on a batch basis. The

solution pH is increased to 12 by the addition of sodium hydroxide and electrowinning is

started. Solution is circulated through electrowinning and back to the pregnant solution

tank until acceptable barren levels are achieved. The solution is then discarded.

OPERATING SCHEDULE:

The following is a typical operating schedule for an AARL stripping cycle:

 

SOLUTION TIMELoad column Carbon 90 minutesAcid Wash 3% HCl 20 minutesWater Rinse Potable Water 90 minutesPre Heat  Potable Water 30 minutesPre Soak 3%NaCN,1%NaOH 30 minutesElution Potable Water 180 minutesCooling Potable Water 30 minutesCarbon Transfer Transfer Water 30 minutes

TOTAL 7 hours 50 minutes

 

V. ALCOHOL STRIPPING

Further research at the USBM showed that the atmospheric pressure Zadra stripping cycle

can be made to operate much faster by the addition of alcohol to the strip solution (6).

Figure 6 shows the dramatic laboratory results obtained by adding 20% ethyl alcohol to

a Zadra solution. Several different alcohols were investigated. Methanol, ethanol, and

Isopropanol were all found to increase the gold desorption rate. Ethanol and methanol were

found to perform almost equally, but were substantially better that Isopropanol.

In plant operation alcohol stripping normally requires about 12 to 16 hours to strip

carbon to less than 3 oz. Au per ton of carbon. This is achieved at flow rates in the

range of 2 bed volumes per hour operating in series flow with electrowinning cells.

The main drawback to the alcohol stripping process is the potential for fires. Fires

have been reported at several alcohol stripping operations. The electrowinning section is

especially vulnerable to fires because of the potential for sparks.

Ethanol is generally used rather than methanol. This is due to ethanol’s greatly lower

health risks from exposure to vapors. There are, however, isolated examples of operations

using methanol.

Ethylene or propylene glycol are frequently used, rather than alcohol, to increase the

speed of atmospheric pressure Zadra stripping (7). Typical strip times with glycol are 24

to 36 hours.

Glycols are generally used, rather than alcohols, because they are virtually

uninflammable. The disadvantages of glycols are their inferior strip rate increase and

higher costs.

A typical glycol stripping solution contains 20 to 25 wt% ethylene or propylene glycol,

and 2 wt% sodium hydroxide. Sodium cyanide is sometimes added to the solution but it is

frequently unnecessary. The solution is heated to about 190 deg-F and pumped through the

carbon stripping vessel at a flow rate of about 2 Bed Volumes per hour. Gold and silver

values are recovered from the pregnant solution by electrowinning and the barren solution

is reheated and recycled through the stripping vessel. Glycol consumption is typically in

the range of 20 to 40 gallons, per ton of carbon stripped.

VI. MICRON STRIPPING

The most recently developed stripping procedure being used commercially was developed

at Micron Research, in Australia (8). The Micron method involves pretreatment of loaded

carbon, with a caustic cyanide solution followed by elution with an alcohol mixture.

The Micron elution procedure takes advantage of the enhanced stripping rate achieved

with alcohol, but confines the alcohol to the closed stripping unit. Fire dangers are

reduced quite substantially, as the pregnant eluant that is subsequently processed for

gold recovery does not contain alcohol.

The elution unit is configured like a packed bed distillation tower with a heater on

the base of the column, an overhead condenser, a reflux pump and the loaded carbon

functioning as the tower packing.

Loaded carbon is first presoaked with sodium cyanide/sodium hydroxide solution. The

presoak solution is drained from the carbon bed and an alcohol solution is added to the

vessel.

The unit is then switched to the batch distillation mode. Within a few hours, the

alcohol is concentrated in the overhead condenser tank. The tower bottoms solution is then

free of alcohol and loaded with gold solution which has been stripped by the refluxing

action in the column.

The Micron process consists of the following operations (See Figure 7):

(1) Presoak

The carbon is first soaked in a solution of 1 to 2 % sodium hydroxide and 5 to 10 %

sodium cyanide at ambient temperature. Carbons with particularly high concentrations of

gold, silver, or copper may require solutions containing up to 20% sodium cyanide. The

solution is then drained from the carbon until free of excess moisture.

(2) Desorption

About 0.5 Bed Volume of alcohol is added after the carbon bed has drained. Methyl

alcohol is used in the majority of applications, but ethanol is occasionally applied.

Acetonitrile may be substituted for the alcohol, but its higher cost generally discourages

its use.

Heat is then applied to the base of the desorption vessel. Organic vapors rise through

the carbon bed and are condensed in the overhead condenser. The condensate is pumped

back

to the top of the carbon bed and is sprayed on the carbon. The downflowingcondensate

washes the gold values from the carbon particles into the boiler section below.

(3) Alcohol Recovery

When desorption is completed, as indicated by gold solution concentration reaching a

constant level in the column boiler, alcohol recovery commences. The condensate recycle

spray is stopped and the alcohol is allowed to boil out of the pregnant solution. The

boiling is terminated when the temperature in the boiler rises to the boiling point of the

water solution. The pregnant liquor is then drained from the desorption vessel. The carbon

is then steam stripped to recover residual alcohol.

The Micron process produces a very concentrated eluant free of alcohol, with gold and

silver values two or three times higher than those in the loaded carbon. This is in direct

contrast with the Zadra and AARL procedures, which produce eluant concentrations one or

two orders of magnitude lower. The high solution grades make recovery methods such as

chemical precipitation and aluminum foil electro-deposition very attractive.

The micron eluted carbon also appears to have a somewhat higher level of activity than

carbon eluted by other methods. This may reduce the need to reactivate carbon as

frequently at some operations.

The entire stripping cycle takes about 8 hours. Over 20 licenses for this process have

been issued, but none are in the United States.

VII. VARIATIONS

There are numerous variations to, and combinations of, the basic processes as

illustrated by the following:

(1) Glycol or alcohol are sometimes added to pressure strip or AARL strip operations to

increase stripping rates.

(2) A caustic/cyanide presoak may be used in a Zadra system.

(3) A hot water wash is sometimes used at the end of a pressurized Zadra strip to gain

some of the advantage of the  water elution used in AARL stripping.

(4) In situations where large amounts of copper load onto carbon with the gold and

silver, a two stage strip may be

beneficial. Copper may often be selectively eluted with a cold caustic/cyanide solution.

This is then followed by one of       the standard stripping methods.

(5) Carbon is normally stripped batch wise, but moving bed continuous elution systems

have occasionally been used with         both Zadra and AARL

procedures.

(6) Electrowinning may be done under pressure to avoid repressuring solution on each

pass through the carbon.

(7) Zinc precipitation may be substituted for electrowinning.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Each new project should be evaluated individually to determine the best procedure for

the particular ore and site specific circumstances.

In general atmospheric pressure Zadra stripping is favored for smaller projects where

the increased size of equipment can be justified by a simplification of the system. It may

also be preferred for areas where extreme ease of maintenance and operability are a

priority due to a lack of skilled manpower.

The pressurized Zadra system has recently been the preferred process in the United

States for most medium to large sized projects. This is due to its significant cost

advantage over atmospheric pressure Zadra systems.

The AARL process is the preferred process in Australia and South Africa, except where

water balance or water quality problems exist. Several recent United States projects have

also elected to use AARL systems. The AARL process should definitely be considered for

large projects with sophisticated operators.

Alcohol stripping has generally fallen out of favor due to the flammability concerns.

Glycol stripping frequently is used to increase capacity in existing Zadra operations, but

economics usually favor conversion to pressure stripping if continuing operation is

planned.