carbon footprint calculation and principles of life …users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul/nawshadl3.pdfabout...

Carbon footprint calculation and Principles of Life Cycle Evaluation for a Bioenergy Plant

Dr Nawshad Haque

Web: www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul

24th July 2016 – Presentation 3

Source: US DOE Nov 10

Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA 1

About Me• A Forestry Graduate from Chittagong

University

• MSc from University of Wales

• PhD in Chemical Engineering from University of Sydney

• 3 Years work at NZ Forest Research

• Since 2005, at CSIRO Australia

• Leads a Team on technology evaluation and LCA research, co-supervises PhD students, offers workshop, courses for universities and industries


With Dr Steve Schuck, Manager Bioenergy Australia who I met first in 1997

Structure of this courseLecture Topic

1 Overview of bioenergy system – issues and challenges

2 Feedstock for bioenergy

3 Processing of feedstock

4 Fuel comparison – fossil and non-fossil energy

5 Properties of biomass as fuel, physical and chemical

6 Size reduction of biomass fuel – chipping equipment and issues

7 Biomass fuel processing including drying

8 Biomass conversion to energy – mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical

9 Plant size, design and flowsheeting

10 Techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy plant

11 Life cycle assessment of bioenergy plant

12 Design of a typical bioenergy system

13 Case study plants study

Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA

3

Learning Objectives

• What are the key steps and principles to estimate bioenergy plants’ carbon footprint?

• Why do you need to know this?

• How to do it?

• What are the tools, software and standards available?

• And where to go further if you need this as a student or in your professional life as a consultant?


Source: IBI Survey May 2011

CO2 conc. measurement by CSIRO/BOM

Source: State of the Climate - CSIRO and The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia - http://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/.

Station at Cape Grim, TasmaniaCourtesy: Google Maps

5 |Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA

• Various process design and optimisation

software

• Equipment sizing and costing database

• Online sources

• Supplier’s quote

• Yearly subscription to Cost Estimation

Handbooks

• SimaPro software for LCA work

• European Eco-invent and other

Australian databases

Process evaluation (economic & environmental)

Inputs

Develop flowsheet,

mass & energy balance

Equipment sizing

Estimate CAPEX,

OPEX

Process economics

Sensitivity analysis

LCA studies

Process improvement


What are the tools to assess sustainability?

• Process auditing for energy and water

• Life cycle costing (LCC)

• Environmental Life cycle assessment (eLCA)

• Social life cycle assessment (SLCA)

• Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

• Environmental management system

• Material flow analysis

• International Standards for LCA and Water

Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA 7 |

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• LCA is compilation & evaluation of inputs & outputs & potential environmental impacts of a product system including:

• Raw material collection

• Processing

• Manufacturing

• Disposal/Waste scenario

- throughout its life cycle


Life cycle

Extraction

Processing&

Manufacturing

TransportUse phase

Resource

Landfill


Some common terms used in LCA

• Boundary

• Functional unit

• Life cycle inventory (LCI) data

• Characterisation

• Environmental impact categories• Midpoint• Endpoint

• Impact methods (Ecoindicator, ReCiPE, CML etc)

• Weighting (economic, environmental, social)

• Interpretation, reporting, peer review

• Tools - SimaPro, GaBi, LCA softwares, Ecoinvent, AusLCIdatabase, ISO 14044 Standard (2006)



SimaPro software - https://www.pre-sustainability.com/simapro


SimaPro software screen - https://www.pre-sustainability.com/simapro

Stages of LCA• Why and for whom?

• Boundary demarcation, data collection

• Impact category selection, characterisation

• Assessment, interpretation, sensitivity analysis

• Update & improvement with new data

Goal and scope

definition

Inventory analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation


LCA Impact/midpoint - Indicators

Indicators Unit

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2

Photochemical oxidation kg C2H4

Eutrophication kg PO4 eq

Carcinogens kg chloro-ethylene eq

Toxicity kg 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene eq

Land use ha.year

Water Use kL H2O

Solid waste kg

Fossil fuels MJ surplus

Minerals MJ Surplus


Assessment - LCA Impact/Indicators

Impact category Indicators Unit

Human Health Climate change Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

Ozone depletion DALY

Carcinogens DALY

Respiratory effects (organic/inorganic)

DALY

Toxicity DALY

Ionising radiation DALY

Ecosystem damage Land use Partially disappeared fraction* (m2/y)

Acidification/Eutrophication PDF*m2/y

Ecotoxicity PDF*m2/y

Resource depletion Minerals/fossil fuel MJ surplus


Assessment - LCA Impact/Indicators


Biocarbon Plant Flowsheet (100,000 t/y)

PYROLYSIS UNITWATER VAPOUR

CHIPPINGUNIT

COLD AIR OUT HEATINGZONE

CONVEYOR ENTRY EXITSCREENS

PYROLYSISZONE

BED DRYER515,785 t/y 50,000 t/y

WOODY BIOMASS HOPPER HOT AIR IN LIQUID CONDENSATE

OVERSIZEBIN

WASTE CHARCOALUNWANTED MATERIAL 100,000 t/y


Charcoal metallurgy Charcoal metallurgy Charcoal metallurgy Charcoal metallurgy –––– Ancient ProcessAncient ProcessAncient ProcessAncient Process

• Copper ore – 3000 BC

• Iron ore – 1200 BC (Chinese puddle furnace)

Delhi Iron Pillar -

Kutub Minar

Complex

Wrought Iron -

Built by Gupta

Dynasty – in 3rd

Century India



Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass LCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economics

21


LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for Biomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationDry biomass

Plantation Harvesting Collection Transport Chipping Drying

22

Charcoal LCA


Source: Norgate, Haque et al., 2011, 7th LCA Conference, Melbourne

What are the requirements

• Input data (also called Life Cycle Inventory – LCI)

• Materials use

• Chemicals

• Fuel (natural gas, coal)

• Electricity

• Outputs (called functional unit)

• Charcoal

• Other by-product or co-product

Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA 24 |

Charcoal LCA



Wood drying example


Source: Haque et al., 2012 Handbook of Industrial Drying

Wood drying example

Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA 29Source: Haque et al., 2012 Handbook of Industrial Drying

Conceptual feasibility study of a bioenergy plant for IFESCU??

• Key steps

• Assemble a team (nominate a team coordinator)

• Try to convince and get support from academics

• Develop a workplan, timeline, regular meeting schedules

• Divide the work area

• Determine the capacity of power required based on the current electricity use at IFESCU or its certain portion from bioenergy

• Biomass supply and estimate biomass amount required per year


What to do then

• Develop the block diagram

• Identify unit processes required

• Identify equipment

• Establish requirements of wood and how much power will be generated

• Link them together in a spreadsheet environment

• Divide the work modules to each person and propose deadline

• Meet regularly, present your promised work and monitor progress


Why do you do it and what’s in it for you?

• These activities will force you to learn new subject areas (e.g. engineering) and skills

• You will learn about team work

• You will get opportunity to improve presentation skill

• If you work well, you might be able to publish this work

• Publication in a good journal would help your future career

• Establish some ground rules from the beginning, particularly any idea is good idea and respect each other’s opinion


What’s the output would look like?

• A report or draft paper that will answer:

• How much electricity currently is being used by IFESCU?

• What is the capacity of the plant required?

• How much wood is required for such plant?

• What are the various equipment needed to build a plant?

• How much will it cost to build it (capital cost) and to run it (operating cost)?

• Is the techno-economically and environmentally feasible compared with current system?

• How much carbon emission it can save?


Carbon footprints of electricity??


Electricity source for IFESCU/Bangladesh CO2-e/kWh electricity

Electricity from gas-fired power plant ??

Hydro-electricity ??

Electricity from wood based bio-energy ??

Recap for the day• Life cycle assessment takes account of impact from raw

material processing, manufacturing, transport, use phase, waste disposal and recycling

• Identify and list assumptions for plant size, location

• Develop block flow diagrams

• Identify unit processes, equipment and size them for throughput or production capacity

• Estimate all materials and energy inputs

• Determine carbon footprint and other indicators

• Undertake sensitivity of inputs and prepare report card


Conceptual development of a techno-economic and environmental feasibility report

• A small bioenergy plant as case study

• Understanding of capital and operating costs

• Understanding of environmental cost and benefits

• I am happy to help

• GOOD LUCK and HAVE FUN!


Further reading

• http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures

• www.bioeneregyaustralia.org

• www.iea.org

• http://www.biochar-international.org/

• For equipment -http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/chemical/peters/data/ce.html

• Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society – www.alcas.asn.au

• FPInnovation Canada -http://fpjoule.fpinnovations.ca/Views/FuelParamsDetails.aspx


MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP

Thank you

Dr Nawshad HaqueTeam Leader

t +61 3 9545 8931e [email protected] http://people.csiro.au/H/N/Nawshad-Haque.aspx

Energy

Dr Nawshad Haque

t +61 434 141506e [email protected] www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul Thank youNawshad Haque | Bioenergy and LCA

38

carbon footprint calculation and principles of life …users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul/nawshadl3.pdfabout...

Documents