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Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2014

Information paperApril 2015

Information paperApril 2015

ISBN: 978-1-921604-73-7

© National Transport Commission 2015

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2014

| CArboN DIoxIDE EmIssIoNs INtENsIty for NEw AustrALIAN LIght VEhICLEs 2014

ExECutIVE summAry

This information paper provides detailed data on the carbon dioxide emissions intensity of new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia in 2014. The emissions data complements existing benchmarks and makes comparisons with 2013 data. The data is broken down by vehicle make, model, segment, fuel and buyer type.

This report focuses on vehicle emissions intensity, which is measured in terms of grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). This is a measure of vehicle efficiency rather than a measure of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions.

Fleet-wide vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference (such as, vehicle type, engine size and power, fuel type, and transmission type) among other things. Consumer preferences can also be influenced by government policies and regulations, industry influence and fuel prices.

This report also contains 10-year trend data in average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new light vehicles sold in Australia between 2005 and 2014.

Key findings

• In 2014 the national average carbon emissions intensity from new passenger and light commercial vehicles was 188 g/km. This is a 2.3 per cent reduction from 2013.

• Consumer preferences are an important factor affecting the national average of carbon emissions intensity for new vehicles. If all Australians who purchased new vehicles in 2014 had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions, the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity would have been reduced to 95 g/km, a 50 per cent reduction.

• About 91 per cent of all new vehicle sales were from 15 makes. Of these 15 makes, BMW had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity (151 g/km) and Jeep had the highest (222 g/km).

• The average emissions intensity for all Australian-made vehicles was 210 g/km in 2014. This figure is unchanged since 2012.

• Private buyers purchased vehicles with the lowest average emissions intensity (182 g/km), followed by business buyers (193 g/km) and government buyers (207 g/km).

• There were 59 ‘green’ car models available in Australia in 2014 (compared with 45 in 2013) which represented 2.8 per cent of total sales (compared with 2.2 per cent in 2013). A ‘green’ car is defined as a vehicle that does not exceed 120 g/km.

• The average emission intensity for new passenger vehicles in the European Union was 127 g/km in 2013. In the same year, Australia’s average emissions intensity was 182 g/km, 43 per cent higher.

• Over the 10-year period between 2005 and 2014, the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new light vehicles has fallen by 22 per cent.

INformAtIoN pApEr – AprIL 2015 | Page 3

Executive summary 2

Key findings 2

Abbreviations 8

1 Introduction 9

2 Methodology 10

3 Australian emissions 14

Vehicle manufacturers 14

Australian-made vehicles 16

Segment type 19

Buyer type 23

Fuel type 27

Green vehicles 28

4 Comparison of Australian and international data 29

Passenger vehicles: emissions intensities by country 30

Passenger vehicles: emissions intensities by manufacturer 31

Light commercial vehicles: emissions intensities by country 33

Light commercial vehicles: emissions intensities by manufacturer 34

5 10-year trends 36

Manufacturers 36

Australian-made vehicles 37

Segment type 38

Buyer type 39

Fuel type 39

Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from light vehicles 40

References 41

Data 41

Publications 41

Websites 41

Appendix 42

CoNtENts


LIst of fIgurEs

Figure 1: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for top 10 selling light vehicles in Australia, plus other selected models, 2014 13

Figure 2: National average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2014 14

Figure 3: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for the top 15 makes by volume, 2014 15

Figure 4: Change in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 for the top 15 makes by volume 15

Figure 5: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles, 2014 16

Figure 6: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles between 2013 and 2014 17

Figure 7: Range and average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles, 2014 17

Figure 8: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2014 18

Figure 9: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2013 and 2014 18

Figure 10: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment, 2014 19

Figure 11: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment between 2013 and 2014 20

Figure 12: Range and average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment, 2014 21

Figure 13: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type, 2014 23

Figure 14: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type between 2013 and 2014 23

Figure 15: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed buyer type, 2014 24

Figure 16: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by detailed buyer type 25

Figure 17: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed government buyer type, 2014 26

Figure 18: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by detailed government buyer type 26

Figure 19: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by fuel type, 2014 27


Figure 20: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by fuel type 27

Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2014 28

Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2014 28

Figure 23: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles by country, 2013 30

Figure 24: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia, 2013 31

Figure 25: Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013 32

Figure 26: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013 33

Figure 27: Differences in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013 34

Figure 28: Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013 35

Figure 29: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014 36

Figure 30: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for the top ten highest selling manufacturers, 2005–2014 37

Figure 31: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for Australian-made vehicles, 2005–2014 37

Figure 32: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by segment type, 2005–2014 38

Figure 33: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by buyer type, 2005–2014 39

Figure 34: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by fuel type, 2005–2014 39

Figure 35: Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014 40


LIst of tAbLEs

Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions 11

Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity 12

Table 3: Best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity in each segment, 2014 22

Table 4: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles, 2013 and 2014 29

Table 5: National average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2014 42

Table 6: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by make, 2013 and 2014 43

Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2013 and 2014 45

Table 8: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models, 2013 and 2014 45

Table 9: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by segment, 2013 and 2014 46

Table 10: Top-selling models within segments, 2014 47

Table 11: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for models with sales volume greater than 1000 vehicles, 2014 52

Table 12: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by buyer type, 2013 and 2014 57

Table 13: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2013 and 2014 57

Table 14: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2013 and 2014 58

Table 15: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by fuel type, 2013 and 2014 58

Table 16: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual registrationsa for new passenger vehicles by country, 2012–13 59

Table 17: Equivalent manufacturers for new passenger vehicles in European Union and Australia 60

Table 18: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles for the European Union and Australia by manufacturer, 2013 60

Table 19: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013 61


Table 20: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and the European Union by manufacturer, 2013 61

Table 21: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014 62

Table 22: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for the top 15 highest selling manufacturers, 2005–2014 62

Table 23: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for Australian-made vehicles, 2005–2014 65

Table 24: Simplified segment categories 65

Table 25: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by segment type, 2005–2014 66

Table 26: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by buyer type, 2005–2014 67

Table 27: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by fuel type, 2005–2014 67

Table 28: Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014 68


AbbrEVIAtIoNs

AWD all-wheel drive

CO2 carbon dioxide

FCAI Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries

g/km grams per kilometre

GVM gross vehicle mass

LPG liquefied petroleum gas

NTC National Transport Commission

SUV sport utility vehicle


1. INtroDuCtIoN

This information paper provides detailed data on the carbon dioxide emissions intensity of new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia in 2014. The information establishes a new benchmark and compares this with the previous year’s data. The paper updates five similar information papers published by the National Transport Commission (NTC) in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 (NTC 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014).

The paper focuses on vehicle emissions intensity, which is measured in terms of grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). This is a measure of vehicle efficiency, rather than a measure of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions.

Section 2 describes the methodology used; section 3 presents the results of the analysis; section 4 compares Australian data with international data; and section 5 contains 10-year trend data of average emissions intensity for new light vehicles sold between 2005 and 2014.


2. mEthoDoLogy

The data supplied by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI is the peak industry organisation representing the manufacturers and importers of passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles and motorcycles in Australia) were entered into a database and analysed. The data contained the full records of annual sales for 2005–2014. In all, there are nearly 730,000 records representing more than 9.5 million vehicles sold. These records consisted of:

• vehicle attributes: make, model, vehicle generation, body style, engine capacity, number of cylinders, engine power, transmission type, gears, number of seats, gross vehicle mass, driven wheels, country of origin, fuel type, carbon dioxide emissions intensity and fuel economy

• vehicle category: consistent with the classifications in Table 1

• sales data: sales by state and region, and by type of buyer (i.e. government, business or private).

The carbon dioxide emissions intensity for vehicles is calculated using the method described in the Australian Design Rules, which is ‘fuel consumption labelling for light vehicles’ (also known as ADR 81/02) and expressed in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km).

The NTC calculated the sales-weighted average for vehicle emissions intensity for different vehicle attributes, categories and buyer types. A weighted-average calculation is similar to an arithmetic average (the most common type of average), but instead of each data point contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. In this case, the average was weighted to vehicle sales.

The FCAI classifies motor vehicles into four main classes: passenger motor vehicles, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), light trucks and heavy trucks. These four classes are then broken down into subclasses; for example, the subclasses of SUVs are small, medium, large and upper large. Table 1 presents all the motor vehicle classifications and definitions.

This report uses the following definitions:

• passenger vehicles: passenger motor vehicles and SUVs

• light commercial vehicles: light trucks.


Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions

Passenger motor vehicles Sports utility vehicles (SUVs) Light trucks Heavy trucks

Passenger vehicles are classified according to size, specification and average retail pricing. Vehicle size is based on the wheelbase multiplied by track measurement, but it is not an exclusive criterion for determining segmentation. Price banding of entrants is determined by the FCAI based on price relativity.

Vehicles classified as SUVs meet the FCAI criteria for classifying SUV vehicles based on a wagon body style, ground clearance and design purpose. Price banding of entrants is determined by the FCAI based on price relativity.

Vehicles designed principally for commercial use but may include designs intended for non-commercial use.

Vehicles designed for exclusive heavy commercial application.

Light

Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 3–4 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats

Small

Design: wagon Engine: 4–6 cylinders Driven wheels: 2/4 and AWD

Light bus

Fewer than 20 seats

Truck 3501–7500 kg GVM

Small


Medium


Light bus

20 or more seats

Truck 7501–15000 kg GVM

Medium


Large


Van/control cab truck

Less than 2500 kg GVM

Truck greater than 15001 kg GVM

Large

Design: sedan, wagon Engine: 6–12 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats

Upper large


Van/control cab truck 2500–3500 kg GVM

Upper large

Design: sedan Engine: 6–12 cylinders Seating: 4/5 seats

Pick-up/chassis 4×2

Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis and crew cab

People movers

Design: wagon Engine: 4/6/8 cylinders Seating: 7 or more seats

Pick-up/chassis 4×4

Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis and crew cab

Sports

Design: coupe, convertible, 2- or 4-door Engine: 3–12 cylinders Seating: 2/4 seats

AWD = all-wheel drive; FCAI = Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries; GVM = gross vehicle mass.

Note: These parameters are indicative only. Exceptions occur based on market focus and other subjective criteria. They are largely based on the specifications listed and are reflective of the volume-selling variant where cross-over occurs.

Source: FCAI 2013.


To help get a frame of reference for carbon dioxide emissions intensity from vehicles, Figure 1 shows the carbon dioxide emissions intensity from the top 10 selling light vehicles in Australia in 2014. Figure 1 also contains the seven vehicle models with the lowest emissions intensity (three electric vehicles have zero carbon dioxide tailpipe emissions but may contribute carbon dioxide emissions elsewhere depending on the nature of their source power) and the model with the highest emissions intensity.

Carbon dioxide emissions per kilometre is directly related to vehicle fuel consumption. Table 2 provides fuel consumption figures and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensities for petrol and diesel.

Another way to relate carbon dioxide emissions to fuel is per litre of fuel consumed. For example, one litre of petrol will produce about 2.3 kg of carbon dioxide, and one litre of diesel will produce about 2.7 kg of carbon dioxide.

Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity

Fuel consumption (litres per 100 kilometres)

CO2 emissions intensity (g/km)

Petrol Diesel

3 68 80

4 91 107

5 114 134

6 137 160

7 160 187

8 182 214

9 205 240

10 228 267

11 251 294

12 274 321

13 297 347

14 319 374

15 342 401

16 365 427

17 388 454

18 411 481

19 433 508

20 456 534

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre.

Source: Department of Climate Change 2009.


Figure 1: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for top 10 selling light vehicles in Australia, plus other selected models, 2014

CO

2 em

issi

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(g/k

m)

Mazda CX5

Volkswagen Golf

Hyundai i30Toyota Corolla

Holden Cruze

Mazda 3

Ford Ranger

Toyota Hilux 4x4Holden Commodore Mitsubishi Triton

Nissan Leaf/ BMW i3/ Renault Kangoo

Holden Volt

BMW i3 REX

BMW i8

Toyota Prius

Ferrari F599

0

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The national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in 2014 was 188 g/km (Figure 2) – a 2.3 per cent reduction from 2013. This reduction is similar to the long-term average annual reduction achieved between 2002 and 2014. Additional data on the annual average emissions intensity is provided in Table 5 in the appendix.

Vehicle manufacturers

In 2014 there were 51 makes of new vehicles available to Australian consumers. About 91 per cent of all new vehicle sales were from 15 makes. The average corporate emissions intensities of these market-leading makes largely determines the national average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles.

Figure 3 shows the corporate average carbon emissions intensities for the top 15 makes in 2014 (data for all vehicle makes is provided in Table 6 in the appendix). Of these 15 makes, BMW had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity (151 g/km) and Jeep had the highest (222 g/km).

3. AustrALIAN EmIssIoNs

Figure 2: National average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2014

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre

0

50

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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241230 226 222 219

213 207199

192

2014

188


Figure 4 shows the change in corporate average emissions intensities between 2013 and 2014. Mazda had over a ten per cent reduction in average corporate carbon dioxide emissions intensity, while Holden’s average emissions intensity increased by one per cent from 2013 to 2014.

Figure 3: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for the top 15 makes by volume, 2014

Figure 4: Change in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 for the top 15 makes by volume


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Australian-made vehicles

There are three Australian car manufacturers: Ford Australia, General Motors Holden and Toyota Australia. The average emissions intensity for all Australian-made vehicles was 210 g/km in 2014. This figure is unchanged since 2012.

Figure 5 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for the Australian-made vehicles by make in 2014. Toyota had the lowest emissions intensity (177 g/km), followed by Holden (217 g/km) and Ford (239 g/km). The average emissions intensity for Toyota’s Australian-made vehicles is well below the overall national average of 188 g/km. Additional data on Australian car manufacturers is provided in Table 7 in the appendix.

Figure 5: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles, 2014


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Toyota Holden Ford0

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177

217

239

Figure 6 shows that only Toyota improved its average emissions intensity for its Australian-made vehicles (1.1 per cent) in 2014. Both Ford and Holden’s average emissions intensity for its Australian-made vehicles increased – Ford’s by 0.8 per cent and Holden’s by 1.8 percent.


Figure 6: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles between 2013 and 2014

Toyota

HoldenFord

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The range and average emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles by make are presented in Figure 7. The average emissions intensities are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines.

Figure 7: Range and average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles, 2014


HoldenToyota Ford

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Figure 8 shows the average emissions intensities from Australian-made models sold in 2014. The best performing Australian-made model was the Toyota Hybrid Camry (121 g/km), followed by the Holden Cruze (174 g/km). The Holden Caprice (266 g/km) had the highest average emissions intensity of all Australian-made vehicles in 2014.

Additional data on Australian car models is provided in Table 8 in the appendix.


Figure 8: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2014


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121

174183

215229

236 237247

256266

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Figure 9 shows the change in average emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2013 and 2014. The Ford Falcon Utility and Holden Utility showed the greatest decrease in emissions intensities (6.9 per cent respectively), while the Ford Falcon increased emissions intensity by 3.6 per cent.

Figure 9: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2013 and 2014

Ford

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Segment type

Segment analysis was conducted using the categories shown in Table 1.

Figure 10 shows the average emissions intensities by segment for 2014 sales. The light vehicle segment had the lowest emissions intensity (142 g/km) and the ‘SUV upper large’ segment had the highest emissions intensity (281 g/km).

Additional segment data is provided in Table 9 in the appendix.

Figure 10: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment, 2014

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle

Ligh

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155162

173 179 182

217225 227

236 238

257

281

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142


Figure 11: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment between 2013 and 2014

SUV = sports utility vehicle

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0.1 0.2

Figure 12 shows the average and the range in emissions intensities for the segments during 2014. The average emissions intensities are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines.

The ‘small’ and ‘van/control cab truck’ segments had the lowest emissions intensities with the three fully electric vehicle models with 0 g/km: the Nissan Leaf (173 sales), the BMW i3 (nine sales) and the electric Renault Kangoo (five sales). Although electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions, the electricity that fuels these vehicles may produce emissions depending on their source.


Figure 12: Range and average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment, 2014

Ligh

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CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre ; SUV = sports utility vehicle

If Australian consumers had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions intensity in 2014, the national average carbon dioxide emissions would have been reduced to 95 g/km, a 50 per cent reduction (fully electric vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions were excluded from this analysis to prevent invalid results). This shows the potential emissions intensity reduction with currently available vehicles and technologies.

Table 3 shows the best-in-class vehicles available in each segment. In 2014, fully electric or electric-hybrid vehicles were available in most of the passenger car segments, and in the ‘vans/control cab truck’ segment. For these segments, emissions intensities have been included for both the best-in-class fully electric and/or electric-hybrid vehicles and with the best performing petrol or diesel powered vehicles (including hybrids).


Table 3: Best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity in each segment, 2014

Segment Make and model (fuel source)CO

2 emissions

intensity (g/km)

Light Toyota Prius C (petrol-electric hybrid), Fiat 500 (petrol) 90

Small Nissan Leaf, BMW i3 (electric) 0

BMW i3 REX (range extended electric) 13

Toyota Prius (petrol-electric hybrid) 89

Medium Mercedes-Benz C300 BTH (diesel-electric hybrid) 105

Large Mercedes-Benz E300 BTH (diesel-electric hybrid) 113

Upper large Porsche 970 S E-Hybrid (range extended electric) 71

Mercedes-Benz S300 BT HYBRID (diesel-electric hybrid) 118

Sports BMW i8 (range extended electric) 49

Honda CR-Z (petrol-electric hybrid) 110

People mover Citroen C4 Grand Picaso (diesel) 120

SUV small Peugeot 2008 (diesel) 103

SUV medium Mitsubishi Outlander (range extended electric) 49

Volvo XC60 (diesel) 127

SUV large Subaru Outback (diesel) 148

SUV upper large Land Rover Range Rover (diesel) 186

Pick-up/chassis 4×2 Holden Utility (petrol) 168

Pick-up/chassis 4×4 Ssangyong Actyon (diesel) 195

Van/control cab truck Renault Kangoo (electric) 0

Citroen Berlingo (diesel) 122

Light bus Toyota Hiace (diesel) 228


Additional data comparing the top 10 highest selling models in each segment against best-in-class vehicles is provided in Table 10 in the appendix. Additional emissions intensity data for all models that sold more than 1000 vehicles is provided in Table 11 in the appendix.


Buyer type

Figure 13 shows the average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type. Private buyers’ vehicles had the lowest average emissions intensity (182 g/km), followed by business buyers (193 g/km) and government buyers (207 g/km). Additional data on buyer types is provided in Table 12 in the appendix.

Figure 14 shows the reduction in average emissions intensities between 2013 and 2014. Business buyers purchased vehicles representing a 2.5 per cent improvement in average emissions intensity.

Figure 13: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type, 2014

Figure 14: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type between 2013 and 2014

Ave

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nsity

(g/k

m)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Private Business Government

182193

207

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0PrivateBusiness Government

-2.5

-2.1

-1.5

Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)



The three buyer types can be broken down further:

• private:localdeliveryandoverseasdelivery

• government:Australian,stateandlocal

• business:rental,not-for-profitorganisation,companycapitalisation,diplomatic,taxi,largefleet,fleetanddealer demonstrator.

Figure 15 shows the average emissions intensities for these buyer types. The change in average emissions intensities from 2013 to 2014 is shown in Figure 16. Additional data on the detailed buyer types is provided in Table 13 in the appendix.

Figure 15: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed buyer type, 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

136

180181 182 185 186 187

200206 206 207 207 211

0

50

100

150

200

250

Taxi

Ren

tal

Dea

ler

Dem

onst

rato

r

Priv

ate

-Lo

cal D

eliv

ery

Com

pany

Cap

italis

atio

n

Dip

lom

atic

Not

For

Pro

fitO

rgan

isat

ion

Priv

ate

-O

vers

eas

Del

iver

y

Loca

lG

over

nmen

t

Larg

e Fl

eet

Sta

teG

over

nmen

t

Flee

t

Aus

tral

ian

Gov

ernm

ent



Figure 16: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by detailed buyer type

-9.0

-2.6 -2.5 -2.3 -2.1 -2.0-1.4 -1.3

-0.7

1.41.9

Taxi

Dea

ler

Dem

onst

rato

r

Dip

lom

atic

Com

pany

C

apita

lisat

ion

Larg

e Fl

eet

Sta

te

Gov

ernm

ent

Priv

ate

-Lo

cal D

eliv

ery

Loca

l G

over

nmen

t

Flee

t

Ren

tal

Not

For

Pro

fit

Org

anis

atio

n

Priv

ate

- O

vers

eas

Del

iver

y

Aus

tral

ian

Gov

ernm

ent

Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

-0.6

-3.2

The average emissions intensities for the detailed government buyers are shown in Figure 17. Tasmanian local governments showed the lowest average emissions intensity (194 g/km) and the Northern Territory local governments had the highest average emissions intensity (220 g/km). The change in average emissions intensities from 2013 to 2014 is shown in Figure 18. The Queensland Government showed an improvement of six per cent, while the Australian showed increased emissions intensity of 1.9 per cent. Government buyers accounted for 3.9 per cent of new vehicle sales in 2014. Additional data on government buyer types is provided in Table 14 in the appendix.


Figure 18: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by detailed government buyer type

QLD

gov

ernm

ent

SA

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

WA

gov

ernm

ent

TAS

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

NS

W lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

WA

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

TAS

gov

ernm

ent

NS

W g

over

nmen

t

NT

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

SA

gov

ernm

ent

VIC

gov

ernm

ent

QLD

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

VIC

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

NT

gove

rnm

ent

AC

T go

vern

men

t

Aus

tral

ian

gove

rnm

ent

Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)

-6.0

-1.4 -1.2 -1.2

0.1 0.10.3

0.9

1.9

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-2.7 -2.6 -2.6

-2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7

ACT = Australian Capital Territory; CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; NSW = New South Wales; NT = Northern Territory; QLD = Queensland; SA = South Australia; TAS = Tasmania; VIC = Victoria; WA = Western Australia

Figure 17: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed government buyer type, 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

194 198 201 204 205 205 205 205 207 207 209 211 213218 220218

TAS

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

AC

T go

vern

men

t

NS

W lo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

SA

gov

ernm

ent

WA

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

VIC

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

NS

W g

over

nmen

t

TAS

gov

ernm

ent

VIC

gov

ernm

ent

WA

gov

ernm

ent

QLD

gov

ernm

ent

Aus

tral

ian

gove

rnm

ent

SA

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

QLD

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

NT

gove

rnm

ent

NT

loca

lgo

vern

men

ts

0

50

100

150

200

250



Fuel type

Figure 19 shows the average emissions intensities by fuel type for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for 2014. Petrol vehicles had the lowest average emissions intensity (177 g/km), followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles (204 g/km) and diesel vehicles (213 g/km). There were also 1135 electric vehicles, with either zero tailpipe carbon emissions sold during 2014. Electric vehicle sales grew by 389 per cent from the 292 electric vehicles sold in 2013.

Figure 20 shows that petrol vehicles showed the best improvement between 2013 and 2014 (3.1 per cent). LPG and diesel vehicles also improved by 1.5 per cent and 0.5 per cent respectively. Additional data on fuel types is provided in Table 15 in the appendix.

Figure 19: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by fuel type, 2014

Figure 20: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2013 and 2014 by fuel type

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

0

50

100

150

200

250

177

204213

Petrol LPG Diesel

Petrol LPG Diesel

-1.5

-0.5

Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)

-3.1

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas

LPG = liquefied petroleum gas


Green vehicles

As in previous reports, a ‘green’ vehicle has been defined as a vehicle whose carbon dioxide emissions intensity does not exceed 120 g/km. In Australia the proportion of green vehicles sold in 2014 was 2.8 per cent of total sales (compared with 2.2 per cent in 2013). Figure 21 shows the growth of ‘green’ vehicle sales as a proportion of total new light vehicle sales between 2008 and 2014.

There were 59 green vehicle models available in Australia in 2014 (compared with 45 in 2013). Figure 22 shows the growth in the number of ‘green’ vehicle models available for sale between 2008 and 2014. Within this group, there were four ‘green’ SUV models (Mitsubishi Outlander, Peugeot 2008, Mini Cooper and Nissan Dualis) and one light commercial vehicle model (Renault Kangoo) available in 2014.

Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2014

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20142013

Per

cent

age

of v

ehic

les

sold

(%)

0.6 0.60.7

0.8

1.2

2.8

2.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2014

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20142013

Num

ber

of m

odel

s av

aila

ble

7

1114

26

37

59

45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


4. CompArIsoN of AustrALIAN AND INtErNAtIoNAL DAtA

This section compares Australian and international data. However, this task is not straightforward because different methods are used worldwide to calculate vehicle emissions. The three main methods are from Europe, Japan and the United States. Each method can give a different emissions result when applied to the same vehicle.

Australia uses the European method. Therefore, Australian vehicle emissions intensities are directly comparable with European vehicle emissions intensities. However, the published data from Europe separates passenger vehicles from light commercial vehicles. The Australian information presented in section 3 includes both passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles as combined figures.

To enable comparisons between Australian and European data, the National Transport Commission has separated the passenger and light vehicles data by grouping the following vehicle segments:

• passenger vehicles: light, small, medium, large, upper large, sports, people movers, SUV light, SUV medium, SUV large and SUV upper large

• light commercial vehicles: pick-up/chassis 4×2, pick-up/chassis 4×4 and van/control cab truck.

Table 4 gives separated emissions intensity data for both passenger and light commercial vehicles. The average carbon emissions for passenger vehicles sold in Australia during 2014 was 177 g/km – a 2.6 per cent improvement from the previous year. For light commercial vehicles this figure was 235 g/km - a 0.5 per cent improvement.

Table 4: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles, 2013 and 2014

Vehicles

average CO2 emissions (g/km)

annual change (%)2013 2014

Passenger 182 177 -2.6

Light commercial 236 235 -0.5


The rest of this section compares Australian and European data for passenger and light commercial vehicles separately. The latest European data is from 2013; therefore, the following analysis uses Australian average emissions data from 2013.


Passenger vehicles: emissions intensities by country

The breakdown for average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles by country for 2013 is shown in Figure 23. The average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in the European Union was 127 g/km. Australia’s average emissions was 182 g/km: 43 per cent higher than the European average. In 2013 European emissions ranged from 109 g/km in the Netherlands to 147 g/km in Estonia and Latvia (19 per cent lower than Australia).

European average emissions were reduced by 3.8 per cent for 2013 compared with 2012. In the same time, Australia’s average emissions fell by 4.2 per cent. The European countries that showed the highest annual reductions were Norway (13.2 per cent), the Netherlands (8 per cent) and Greece (7.6 per cent). Additional European emissions data is provided in Table 16 in the appendix.

Figure 23: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles by country, 2013

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

109

112

112

113 11

7

119

121

121

Net

herla

nds

Gre

ece

Por

tuga

l

Den

mar

k

Fran

ce

Mal

ta

Irela

nd Italy

Spa

in

Nor

way

Bel

gium

Slo

veni

a

Eur

opea

n U

nion

Cro

atia

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Aus

tria

Finl

and

Rom

ania

Sw

eden

Luxe

mbo

urg

Hun

gary

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Ger

man

y

Pol

and

Cyp

rus

Lith

uani

a

Bul

garia

Latv

ia

Est

onia

Aus

tral

ia

122

123

124

126

127

127

128 13

2

132

132

133

133

134

135

135

136

138

139

140

142 14

7

147

182

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


Source of European Union data: European Environment Agency 2014


Figure 24: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia, 2013

Ren

ault

Peu

geot

Toyo

ta

Citr

oën

Fiat

Ford

Ško

da

Volk

swag

en

All

Mak

es Kia

Volv

o

Nis

san

Ope

l

Aud

i

BM

W

Maz

da

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

Dai

mle

r

Hyu

ndai

Jagu

ar L

and

Rov

er

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

110 11

5

185

158

116

116

116 12

2

125

127

127

128

131

131

132

134

133

134

136

137

138

18218

8

167

Australia

European Union16

9

189

15215

9

182

168

194

176

172

212

159

184

205

258

205

267



Passenger vehicles: emissions intensities by manufacturer

Figure 24 shows average carbon emissions intensities for new vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia in 2013. Vehicles have been grouped in a way that makes comparisons possible. The groupings are shown in Table 17 in the appendix.

Corporate average emissions intensities in the European Union range from 110 g/km for Renault to 182 g/km for Jaguar Land Rover. The range of corporate average emissions intensities in Australia was from 152 g/km for Volkswagen to 212 g/km for Jaguar Land Rover. Additional data on European emissions intensities by manufacturer are provided in Table 18 in the appendix.


Figure 25 shows the differences between the corporate average emissions intensities for makes sold in Australia compared with the European Union. The smallest difference in corporate average emissions was for Jaguar Land Rover (17 per cent higher in Australia), while the largest difference was for Renault (68 per cent higher in Australia).

Figure 25: Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013

Jagu

ar L

and

Rov

er

BM

W

Dai

mle

r

Volk

swag

en

Aud

i

Hyu

ndai

Ško

da

Ope

l

Maz

da

Citr

oën

All

Mak

es Kia

Peu

geot

Fiat

Nis

san

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

Ford

Volv

o

Toyo

ta

Ren

ault

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)

17 18 19 20 20

2427 27

32

36

45 4543 43

4851

5557

62

68



Figure 26: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013

Bel

gium

Por

tuga

l

Fran

ce

Gre

ece

Spa

in

Italy

Den

mar

k

Irela

nd

Eur

opea

n U

nion

Nor

way

Net

herla

nds

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Finl

and

Luxe

mbo

urg

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Sw

itzer

land

Aus

tral

ia

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

153 155 159 160 161 164170 173 175 178

183180186 186 187 198

199195

236


Source of European Union data: The International Council on Clean Transportation 2014

Light commercial vehicles: emissions intensities by country

The European Union’s average carbon emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles was 175 g/km in 2013 (Figure 26). The Australian equivalent average emissions intensity was 236 g/km, 35 per cent higher than the European Union. Additional data on European emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles is provided in Table 19 in the appendix.


Light commercial vehicles: emissions intensities by manufacturer

Figure 27 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia. Citroën and Peugeot had the lowest corporate average emissions intensities for light commercial vehicles in both the European Union and Australia (Citroën’s were 150 g/km in Europe and 155 g/km in Australia while Peugeot’s were also 150 g/km in Europe and 161 g/km in Australia). Mercedes-Benz had the highest average emissions intensity in the European Union with 209 g/km. Nissan had the highest average emissions intensity in Australia with 242 g/km. Additional data on European emissions intensities for light commercial vehicles by manufacturer is provided in Table 20 in the appendix.

Figure 27: Differences in average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013

Citr

oen

Peu

geot

Fiat

Ren

ault

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

Volk

swag

en

Ford

Nis

san

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ave

rage

CO

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issi

ons

inte

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(g/k

m)

150

150 16

2

166 18

0

183 18

8 199

242

236

208

196

161

155

240

204

194 20

9

Australia

European Union




Figure 28 shows the difference in the emissions intensities for light commercial vehicles between the European Union and Australia for 2013. Mercedes-Benz had average emissions intensities that were 5 per cent lower in Australia compared with the European Union. General Motors had average emissions intensities that were 31 per cent higher in Australia compared with the European Union.

Figure 28: Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2013

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

Citr

oen

Peu

geot

Volk

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en

Fiat

Nis

san

Ren

ault

Ford

Gen

eral

Mot

ors

-4.8

3.4Per

cent

age

diff

eren

ce (%

)

7.1

11.6

21.0

24.625.4

27.8

31.5



The NTC now has 10 years of Australian carbon dioxide emissions intensity data for light vehicles sold between 2005 and 2014. This detailed section of the report presents emissions intensity trend data broken down by passenger and light commercial vehicles, vehicle make, Australian-made vehicles, segment, fuel type and buyer type. Much of this data has been reported in earlier NTC reports, but this is the first time it has been combined across the 10-year time period.

Figure 2 in Section 3 shows the trend for national average light vehicles emissions intensities from 2002 to 2014. These figures combine both passenger and light vehicles.

Figure 29 shows the separated average emissions intensities for passenger and light vehicles average emissions intensities between 2005 and 2014.

Over the 10 years, the average emissions intensity for passenger vehicles reduced by 18.9 per cent. For light commercial vehicles, the average emissions intensity reduced by 15.7 per cent. Table 21 in the appendix provides additional passenger and light commercial vehicle emissions data.

Manufacturers

Figure 30 shows the average emissions intensities for the top 10 highest selling manufacturers between 2005 and 2014.

Figure 29: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20140

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

279

269

261

260

256

252

245

182

17719

0198

201

206

20921

9

198

191

238

236

235

Passenger vehicles

Light commercial vehicle


5. 10-yEAr trENDs


Of the top 10 selling makes, Ford and Mazda achieved the greatest reductions in average emissions intensities, both with a more than 25 per cent reduction. Hyundai’s reduction was the smallest over this period with a 12.6 per cent reduction in emissions intensity. Table 22 in the appendix provides further trend data on the top 15 selling makes.

Australian-made vehicles

Figure 31 shows the average emissions intensities for Australian-made vehicles by make between 2005 and 2014.

Figure 30: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for the top 10 highest selling manufacturers, 2005–2014

Figure 31: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for Australian-made vehicles, 2005–2014

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Toyota Holden Ford Mazda

Nissan Mitsubishi HondaHyundai

VolkswagenSubaru

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

Toyota Holden Ford Mitsubishi

0

50

100

150

200

250

300



Note: Mitsubishi ended Australian vehicle manufacturing in 2008 with small volumes sold in 2009 and 2010.


Over the 10-year period, the average emissions intensity of Toyota’s Australian-made vehicles fell by 28 per cent. Holden’s fell by 23 per cent and Ford’s by 18 per cent. Table 23 in the appendix provides additional data on Australian-made vehicles.

Segment type

Figure 32 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by segment type between 2005 and 2014

Over the 10-year period, the greatest reductions in average emissions intensities were in the sports and SUVs segments, which fell by 32 and 29 per cent respectively. The smallest reductions were in the light vehicle segment with an 11 per cent reduction. Table 25 in the appendix provides additional data on vehicle segments.

Figure 32: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by segment type, 2005–2014

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

LCVs Large All SUVs Sports Medium Small Light

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; LCV = light commercial vehicle; SUV = sports utility vehicle

Note: Due to changes in segment definitions in 2011 some categories have been combined to mitigate the data variations caused by changing definitions. Table 24 in the appendix details how the categories have been combined.


Over the 10-year period, the average emissions intensity of vehicles purchased by businesses fell by 24 per cent. Vehicles purchased by governments fell by 22 per cent and vehicles purchased by private buyers fell by 19 per cent. Table 26 in the appendix provides additional data on vehicles purchased by the three main buyer groups.

Fuel type

Figure 34 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by fuel type between 2005 and 2014.

Figure 33: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by buyer type, 2005–2014

Figure 34: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by fuel type, 2005–2014

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

Government Business Private

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Ave

rage

CO

2 em

issi

ons

inte

nsity

(g/k

m)

Diesel LPG Petrol Electric

0

50

100

150

200

250

300



Buyer type

Figure 33 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensities by buyer type between 2005 and 2014.


Over the 10-year period, the average emissions intensity of petrol-powered vehicles fell by 26 per cent. Diesel- and LPG-powered vehicles both fell by 18 per cent. Table 27 in the appendix provides additional data on emissions intensities by fuel type.

Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from light vehicles

All the data and analysis so far in this report has been focused on average emission intensities of new light vehicles. These figures are important indicators of progress towards a lower carbon intensity transport system; however, they do not reflect real-life emissions. Vehicle emissions intensity is one of many inputs that contribute to carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles.

The following data shows how actual in-vehicle carbon dioxide emissions for the whole fleet of light vehicles has changed between 2005 and 2014. These estimates reflect the actual tailpipe emission of all passenger and light commercial vehicles (not just new vehicles) and are influenced by many contributing factors, including vehicle emissions intensity, but also changes in vehicle use (distances travelled and the nature of this travel).

Figure 34 shows that passenger fleet emissions have remained relatively stable between 2005 and 2014, while emissions from the light commercial vehicle fleet has increased by 33 per cent.

Figure 35: Estimated CO2 emissions from passenger and light commercial vehicles,

2005–2014

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Mill

ions

of t

onne

s C

O2

(cum

ulat

ive)

Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Note: 2013 and 2014 CO2 values are preliminary estimates.

Source: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) (unpublished data, pers. comm. D. Cosgrove 2015)


rEfErENCEs

Data

2014 light vehicle sales and CO2 emissions data provided by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries.

Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) (unpublished data, pers. comm. D. Cosgrove 2015).

Publications

Department of Climate Change (DCC) 2009, National greenhouse accounts (NGA) factors, Australian Government, Canberra.

European Environment Agency (EEA) 2014, CO2 emissions performance of car manufacturers in 2012, EEA, Copenhagen.

National Transport Commission (NTC) 2009, Carbon emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, NTC, Melbourne.

National Transport Commission (NTC) 2011, Carbon dioxide emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, NTC, Melbourne.




The International Council on Clean Transportation 2014, European vehicle market statistics, Pocketbook 2014, ICCT, Berlin.

Websites

Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) 2013, Segmentation criteria, <http://www.fcai.com.au/sales/segmentation-criteria>, viewed 8 February 2013.


This appendix provides tables containing the data used in this report.

Table 5: National average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2014

Yearaverage CO

2 emissions

intensity (g/km)annual change (%)

2002 252.4 n/a

2003 249.5 –1.1

2004 246.5 –1.2

2005 240.5 –2.4

2006 230.3 –4.2

2007 226.4 –1.7

2008 222.4 –1.8

2009 218.6 –1.7

2010 212.6 –2.7

2011 206.6 –2.8

2012 199.0 –3.7

2013 192.2 –3.4

2014 187.8 –2.3


AppENDIx


Table 6: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by make, 2013 and 2014

Make

average CO2 emissions

intensity (g/km) Change from 2013

to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Toyota 203 201 -1.2 214,343 203,274

Holden 212 214 1.0 112,059 106,092

Mazda 184 164 -10.7 103,144 100,704

Hyundai 175 175 0.4 97,006 100,011

Ford 205 205 -0.2 86,372 79,051

Mitsubishi 191 191 0.0 71,528 68,637

Nissan 209 202 -3.5 76,545 65,852

Volkswagen 163 159 -2.0 54,284 54,480

Subaru 181 178 -1.6 40,196 40,502

Honda 176 168 -4.6 39,258 32,998

Jeep 226 222 -1.9 22,170 30,408

Mercedes-Benz 165 160 -3.3 24,091 28,017

Kia 184 179 -2.7 29,778 28,005

BMW 158 151 -4.1 20,522 22,713

Audi 159 155 -2.9 16,009 19,227

Suzuki 158 156 -1.4 22,075 17,422

Isuzu Ute 216 219 1.1 10,209 16,674

Land Rover 216 207 -4.2 8,350 10,106

Renault 191 174 -8.5 6,209 8,923

Lexus 199 185 -6.9 6,920 7,000

Fiat 169 156 -7.3 3,854 5,758

Volvo Car 205 193 -6.2 5,174 4,693

Peugeot 167 163 -2.3 4,413 4,394

Skoda 159 144 -9.3 3,555 3,853

Porsche 204 200 -1.6 1,905 2,812

Great Wall 231 231 0.1 6,105 2,637

MINI 155 138 -10.7 2,535 2,570

Alfa Romeo 145 135 -6.7 2,373 2,498

Chrysler 238 244 2.4 2,676 1,657

Dodge 242 242 0.0 1,661 1,547

Citroen 158 158 0.4 1,180 1,307


Make



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Ssangyong 204 203 -0.6 1,507 1,280

Jaguar 190 198 3.7 1,105 1,167

Proton 174 178 2.4 611 814

Opel 168 167 -0.8 1,610 746

Chery 187 190 1.7 903 592

Foton Light n/a 218 n/a 0 537

Infiniti 256 211 -17.5 304 441

Maserati 347 266 -23.4 134 401

Fiat Professional 196 195 -0.3 196 303

LDV n/a 233 n/a 0 214

Bentley 296 280 -5.5 121 135

Ferrari 388 352 -9.3 106 113

Smart 111 113 1.3 126 108

Aston Martin 334 331 -1.0 99 107

Lotus 194 198 1.6 71 61

Rolls-Royce 323 329 2.0 16 39

Lamborghini 363 331 -8.9 47 27

McLaren 279 278 -0.3 26 26

Morgan 180 181 0.5 15 16

Caterham 166 170 2.6 2 3

Total 192 188 -2.3 1,103,498 1,080,952



Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2013 and 2014

Make



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Holden 213 217 1.8 57,261 54,299

Toyota 179 177 -1.1 31,699 27,207

Ford 237 239 0.8 29,550 18,962

Australian-made 210 210 0.1 118,510 100,468


Table 8: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models, 2013 and 2014

Make



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Holden Commodore 239 236 -1.4 27,766 30,203

Holden Cruze 169 174 2.7 22,441 17,282

Toyota Camry 183 183 0.0 19,275 16,758

Ford Territory 229 229 -0.1 14,261 9,828

Ford Falcon 239 247 3.5 10,610 6,349

Holden Utility 252 237 -6.0 5,941 5,596

Toyota Hybrid Camry 121 121 0.0 5,585 5,286

Toyota Aurion 215 215 0.0 6,839 5,163

Ford Falcon Utility 254 256 0.9 4,679 2,785

Holden Caprice 266 266 0.1 1,113 1,218

Total 210 210 0.1 118,510 100,468



Table 9: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by segment, 2013 and 2014

Segment



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Small 164 155 -5.2 266,222 250,536

Pick-up/chassis 4x4 236 236 -0.2 138,084 133,566

SUV Large 231 225 -2.5 126,530 127,820

SUV Medium 186 182 -2.4 119,464 125,222

Light 144 142 -1.6 130,757 124,374

SUV Small 187 179 -4.5 74,809 87,237

Medium 167 162 -2.7 77,981 71,405

Large 226 227 0.3 52,482 47,387

Pick-up/chassis 4x2 240 238 -1.0 44,831 41,807

Sports 177 173 -2.2 25,337 23,805

Vans/Control Cab 222 220 -0.9 18,621 19,208

SUV Upper Large 283 281 -0.6 12,707 12,068

People movers 232 217 -6.3 9,242 10,220

Upper Large 242 242 0.1 4,238 3,869

Light buses 259 257 -0.6 2,193 3,375

Total 192 188 -2.3 1,103,498 1,081,899



Table 10: Top-selling models within segments, 2014

Segment

Selling rank

within segment Make Model Sales

average CO

2

emissions intensity

(g/km)

Difference in CO

2 emissions

compared with best-in-class

model (%)

Best-in-class emissions

(g/km) a

Light 1 Hyundai I20 14,979 149 65 90

2 Mazda 200 13,424 153 70

Toyota Prius C (petrol-electric

hybrid)

Fiat 500 (petrol)

3 Toyota YARIS 12,779 146 62

4 Suzuki SWIFT 9,376 144 60

5 Kia RIO 7,925 144 60

6 Honda JAZZ 7,583 148 65

7 Hyundai ACCENT 7,561 150 66

8 Mitsubishi MIRAGE 7,066 110 23

9 Volkswagen POLO 6,607 125 38

10 Ford FIESTA 6,530 134 49

Small 1 Toyota COROLLA 43,735 154 1082 13

2 Mazda 300 43,313 146 1021

BMW i3 REX (range extended

electric)

Fully electric Nissan Leaf and

BMW i3 also available at

0 g/km

3 Hyundai I30 31,505 161 1137

4 Volkswagen GOLF 19,178 132 917

5 Holden CRUZE 18,554 174 1236

6 Ford FOCUS 15,116 154 1088

7 Nissan PULSAR 10,515 166 1176

8 Mitsubishi LANCER 10,033 178 1268

9 Hyundai ELANTRA 8,779 168 1191

10 Subaru IMPREZA 6,891 162 1145

Medium 1 Toyota CAMRY 16,758 183 62 113

2 Mazda 6 5,883 140 31

Mercedes-Benz C300 BTH

(diesel-electric hybrid)

3 Toyota CAMRY HYBRID 5,286 121 41

4 Volkswagen PASSAT 3,079 161 28

5 Ford MONDEO 3,051 176 120

6 Hyundai I40 2,684 168 70

7 Audi A4 2,510 150 68

8 Volkswagen JETTA 2,006 145 21

9 Skoda OCTAVIA 1,803 133 4

10 Nissan ALTIMA 1,791 180 9


Segment

Selling rank


average CO

2

emissions intensity

(g/km)

Difference in CO

2 emissions


model (%)


(g/km) a

Large 1 Holden COMMODORE 30,203 236 109 113

2 Ford FALCON 6,349 247 119

Mercedes-Benz E300 BTH (diesel-

electric hybrid)

3 Toyota AURION 5,163 215 90

4 Jaguar XF 846 180 60

5 Audi A6 551 150 33

6 Mercedes-Benz E400 367 177 57

7 Peugeot 508 357 152 34

8 Skoda SUPERB 351 163 45


10 BMW 520D 306 124 9

Upper Large 1 Chrysler 300 LX 1,580 243 243 71

2 Holden CAPRICE 1,218 266 275

Porsche 970 S E-Hybrid (range

extended electric)

3 Maserati GHIBLI 213 232 227

4 Mercedes-Benz S350 BLUETEC 99 159 124

5 Maserati QUATTROPORTE 89 244 244

6 Porsche 970 85 192 170

7 Mercedes-Benz S500L 62 215 203

8 Mercedes-Benz S500 60 215 203

9 Audi A8 57 165 132

10 BMW 740I 54 184 159

People movers

1 Honda ODYSSEY 2,552 183 53 120

2 Hyundai IMAX 2,137 252 110

Citroen C4 Grand Picaso (diesel)

3 Kia CARNIVAL 1,592 260 117

4 Toyota TARAGO 1,059 218 81

5 Volkswagen MULTIVAN 602 217 81

6 Ssangyong STAVIC 522 209 74

7 Kia RONDO RP 388 179 49

8 Mercedes-Benz VALENTE 323 216 80

9 CitroenC4 GRAND

PICASSO244 126 5

10 Mercedes-Benz VIANO 233 226 88


Segment

Selling rank


average CO

2

emissions intensity

(g/km)

Difference in CO

2 emissions


model (%)


(g/km) a

Sports 1 Toyota 86 4,257 174 254 49

2 Hyundai VELOSTER 3,405 164 234

BMW i8 (range extended electric)

3 Subaru BRZ 1,112 174 256


5 BMW 428I COUPE 553 149 204

6 Audi A3 542 126 156

7 Audi A5 537 152 209

8 Mercedes-Benz C250 BE ECO C 536 160 227

9 Kia CERATO YD 531 184 276

10 Renault MEGANE 530 183 273

SUV Small 1 Hyundai IX35 17,922 208 102 103

2 Subaru XV 11,539 163 58

Peugeot 2008 (diesel)

3 Mitsubishi ASX 10,404 174 69

4 Nissan DUALIS 6,640 191 85

5 Volkswagen TIGUAN 6,604 183 77

6 Holden TRAX 5,979 175 70

7 Jeep COMPASS 4,212 195 89

8 Nissan QASHQAI 3,973 157 53

9 Nissan JUKE 2,812 152 47

10 Jeep PATRIOT 2,717 192 86

SUV Medium

1 Mazda CX5 21,571 158 223 49

2 Toyota RAV4 18,160 182 271

Mitsubishi Outlander (range

extended electric)

3 Subaru FORESTER 13,670 186 279

4 Nissan XTRAIL 12,564 193 294

5 Honda CR-V 9,714 189 286

6 Mitsubishi OUTLANDER 9,677 152 210

7 Kia SPORTAGE SLE 6,359 199 305

8 Ford KUGA 5,874 175 257

9 Holden CAPTIVA 5 5,481 216 341

10 Jeep CHEROKEE 3,997 218 345


Segment

Selling rank


average CO

2

emissions intensity

(g/km)

Difference in CO

2 emissions


model (%)


(g/km) a

SUV Large1 Jeep

GRAND CHEROKEE

16,582 227 53 148

2 Toyota PRADO 16,112 227 53

Subaru Outback (diesel)

3 Toyota KLUGER 11,484 245 66

4 Holden CAPTIVA 7 10,159 229 55

5 Ford TERRITORY 9,828 229 55

6 Hyundai SANTA FE 6,532 192 30

7 Mitsubishi PAJERO 5,458 239 61

8 Nissan PATHFINDER 5,343 234 58

9 Isuzu Ute MU-X 4,625 222 50

10 Mazda CX9 3,344 258 75

SUV Upper Large

1 Toyota LANDCRUISER 9,067 277 49 186

2 Nissan PATROL 1,859 312 68

Land Rover Range Rover

(diesel)

3 Mercedes-Benz GL350 BT 369 199 7

4 Land Rover RANGE ROVER 352 271 46

5 Lexus LX570 145 350 88

6 Mercedes-Benz GL63 AMG 132 288 55

7 Mercedes-Benz GL500 BE 94 269 45

8 Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 29 322 73

9 Mercedes-Benz G350 BT 13 295 59

10 Mercedes-Benz G500 8 348 87

Pick-up/ chassis 4 x 2

1 Toyota HILUX 4X2 10,807 254 51 168

2 Ford RANGER 5,945 228 33

Holden Utility (petrol)

3 HoldenHOLDEN

UTILITY5,596 237 31

4 Mitsubishi TRITON 4,266 236 49

5 Holden COLORADO 2,887 235 38

6 Ford FALCON 2,785 256 50

7 Mazda B32 2,616 230 27

8 Mazda B22 2,123 211 25

9 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 1,752 215 36

10 Nissan NAVARA 1,287 227 42


Segment

Selling rank


average CO

2

emissions intensity

(g/km)

Difference in CO

2 emissions


model (%)


(g/km) a

Pick-up/ chassis 4 x 4

1 Toyota HILUX 4X4 27,319 226 16 195

2 Ford RANGER 20,674 245 25

Ssangyong Actyon (diesel)

3 Mitsubishi TRITON 19,990 226 16

4 Holden COLORADO 15,161 234 20

5 Nissan NAVARA 14,793 240 23

6 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 10,297 218 12

7 Mazda B32 8,312 242 24

8 Volkswagen AMAROK 7,716 215 10

9 Toyota LANDCRUISER 7,306 308 58

10 Great Wall V200 837 220 13

Vans/ Control Cab

1 Toyota HIACE 6,432 242 99 122

2 Hyundai ILOAD 4,344 246 102

Citroen Berlingo (diesel)

Fully electric Renault Kangoo also available at

0 g/km

3 Volkswagen CADDY VAN 1,855 152 25

4 Renault TRAFIC 1,643 217 78

5 Volkswagen TRANSPORTER 1,296 208 71

6 Mercedes-Benz VITO 896 199 63

7 Renault KANGOO 659 173 42

8 FordTRANSIT CUSTOM

653 187 54

9 Suzuki APV 487 190 56

10 Fiat Professional SCUDO 300 196 61

Light buses

1 Toyota HIACE 2,615 257 13

228

Toyota Hiace (diesel)


a. Best-in-class vehicle models exclude fully electric vehicles with zero CO2 g/km in this analysis to prevent invalid results

Note: The highest 10 selling vehicle models are shown for each segment.


Table 11: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for models with sales volume greater than 1000 vehicles, 2014

Rank Make Model

average CO2

emission intensity (g/km) Sales

1 Toyota COROLLA 154 43,735

2 Mazda 3 146 43,313

3 Hyundai I30 161 31,505

4 Holden COMMODORE 236 30,203

5 Toyota HILUX 4X4 226 27,319

6 Mazda CX5 158 21,571

7 Ford RANGER 228 20,674

8 Mitsubishi TRITON 236 19,990

9 Volkswagen GOLF 132 19,178

10 Holden CRUZE 174 18,554

11 Toyota RAV4 182 18,160

12 Hyundai IX35 208 17,922

13 Toyota CAMRY 183 16,758

14 Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE 227 16,582

15 Toyota PRADO 227 16,112

16 Holden COLORADO 234 15,161

17 Ford FOCUS 154 15,116

18 Hyundai I20 149 14,979

19 Nissan NAVARA 240 14,793

20 Subaru FORESTER 186 13,670

21 Mazda 2 153 13,424

22 Toyota YARIS 146 12,779

23 Nissan XTRAIL 193 12,564

24 Subaru XV 163 11,539

25 Toyota KLUGER 245 11,484

26 Toyota HILUX 4X2 254 10,807

27 Nissan PULSAR 166 10,515

28 Mitsubishi ASX 174 10,404

29 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 215 10,297

30 Holden CAPTIVA 7 229 10,159

31 Mitsubishi LANCER 178 10,033


Rank Make Model

average CO2


32 Ford TERRITORY 229 9,828

33 Honda CR-V 189 9,714

34 Mitsubishi OUTLANDER 152 9,677

35 Suzuki SWIFT 144 9,376

36 Toyota LANDCRUISER 277 9,067

37 Hyundai ELANTRA 168 8,779

38 Mazda B32 242 8,312

39 Kia RIO 144 7,925

40 Volkswagen AMAROK 210 7,716

41 Honda JAZZ 148 7,583

42 Hyundai ACCENT 150 7,561

43 Toyota LANDCRUISER 308 7,306

44 Mitsubishi MIRAGE 110 7,066

45 Subaru IMPREZA 162 6,891

46 Kia CERATO YD 170 6,679

47 Nissan DUALIS 191 6,640

48 Volkswagen POLO 125 6,607

49 Volkswagen TIGUAN 183 6,604

50 Hyundai SANTA FE 192 6,532

51 Ford FIESTA 134 6,530

52 Toyota HIACE 257 6,432

53 Holden BARINA 167 6,396

54 Kia SPORTAGE SLE 199 6,359

55 Ford FALCON 256 6,349

56 Holden TRAX 175 5,979

57 Ford RANGER 245 5,945

58 Mazda 6 140 5,883

59 Ford KUGA 175 5,874

60 Holden HOLDEN UTILITY 237 5,596

61 Holden CAPTIVA 5 216 5,481

62 Mitsubishi PAJERO 239 5,458

63 Nissan PATHFINDER 234 5,343

64 Toyota CAMRY HYBRID 121 5,286


Rank Make Model

average CO2


65 Toyota AURION 215 5,163

66 Isuzu Ute MU-X 222 4,625

67 Hyundai ILOAD 246 4,344

68 Mitsubishi TRITON 226 4,266

69 Toyota 86 174 4,257

70 Honda CIVIC 5D 152 4,238

71 Jeep COMPASS 195 4,212

72 Jeep CHEROKEE 218 3,997

73 Nissan QASHQAI 157 3,973

74 Honda CIVIC 4D 169 3,477

75 Audi Q5 173 3,432

76 Audi A3 126 3,426

77 Hyundai VELOSTER 164 3,405

78 Mazda CX9 258 3,344

79 Subaru WRX 215 3,299

80 Volkswagen PASSAT 166 3,079

81 Ford MONDEO 176 3,051

82 Jeep WRANGLER 265 2,900

83 Holden COLORADO 235 2,887

84 Fiat 500 132 2,871

85 Nissan JUKE 152 2,812

86 Ford FALCON 247 2,785

87 Jeep PATRIOT 192 2,717

88 Honda CITY 134 2,706

89 Land Rover DISCOVERY 231 2,701

90 Hyundai I40 168 2,684

91 Mazda B32 230 2,616

92 Toyota HIACE 242 2,615

93 Renault CLIO 124 2,611

94 Kia SORENTO 199 2,608

95 Audi Q3 162 2,607

96 Land Rover RR EVOQUE 157 2,584

97 Land Rover RR SPORT 210 2,576


Rank Make Model

average CO2


98 Honda ODYSSEY 183 2,552

99 Audi A4 150 2,510

100 Subaru OUTBACK 182 2,457

101 Nissan MICRA 149 2,419

102 Alfa Romeo GIULIETTA 136 2,268

103 Ford ECOSPORT 149 2,200

104 BMW X5 XDRIVE30D 162 2,179

105 Suzuki GRAND VITARA 222 2,160

106 Hyundai IMAX 252 2,137

107 Mazda B22 211 2,123

108 Volkswagen JETTA 145 2,006

109 Volkswagen TOUAREG 198 1,926

110 Suzuki ALTO 122 1,871

111 Nissan PATROL 312 1,859

112 Volkswagen CADDY VAN 152 1,855

113 Toyota FJ CRUISER 267 1,840

114 Skoda OCTAVIA 160 1,803

115 Nissan ALTIMA 180 1,791

116 Honda ACCORD 194 1,760

117 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 218 1,752

118 Mitsubishi CHALLENGER 251 1,739

119 Suzuki S-CROSS 139 1,733

120 Renault KOLEOS 219 1,709

121 Audi A1 137 1,708

122 MINI COOPER 124 1,668

123 BMW X3 XDRIVE20D 143 1,664

124 Toyota PRIUS C 90 1,654

125 Renault TRAFIC 217 1,643

126 Holden MALIBU 187 1,635

127 BMW 328I 147 1,614

128 Kia CARNIVAL 260 1,592

129 Mercedes-Benz A250 SPORT 152 1,586


Rank Make Model

average CO2


130 Chrysler 300 LX 243 1,580

131 Fiat FREEMONT 229 1,560

132 Dodge JOURNEY 242 1,547

133 Mercedes-Benz C200 138 1,537

134 Volvo Car XC60 190 1,519

135 Holden COLORADO 7 252 1,508

136 Renault MEGANE 158 1,382

137 Audi Q7 199 1,355

138 Volkswagen TRANSPORTER 208 1,296

139 Nissan NAVARA 227 1,287

140 Mercedes-Benz CLA200 133 1,281

141 Kia OPTIMA 192 1,274

142 Mercedes-Benz ML350 BT 192 1,262

143 Holden BARINA SPARK 135 1,257

144 Lexus IS250 213 1,244

145 Peugeot 4008 186 1,240

146 Holden CAPRICE 266 1,218

147 Land Rover FREELANDER 186 1,156

148 Mercedes-Benz C200 BE ECO 158 1,154

149 Porsche CAY 204 1,125

150 Audi S3 159 1,123

151 BMW X1 SDRIVE18D 132 1,122

152 Subaru BRZ 174 1,112

153 BMW 320I 141 1,087

154 Toyota TARAGO 218 1,059

155 Mercedes-Benz C250 138 1,046

156 Mercedes-Benz A180 BE 135 1,045

157 Subaru LIBERTY 189 1,041

158 Mercedes-Benz ML250 BT 168 1,019



Table 12: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by buyer type, 2013 and 2014

Buyer type



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Private 186 182 -2.0 583,229 585,228

Business 198 193 -2.5 479,713 453,799

Government 210 207 -1.5 40,556 41,925

Total 192 188 -2.3 1,103,498 1,080,952


Table 13: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2013 and 2014

Buyer type


intensities (g/km) Change from 2013

to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Private – Local Delivery 186 182 -2.0 583,133 584,894

Fleet 210 207 -1.3 174,073 145,842

Dealer Demonstrator 187 181 -3.2 136,396 136,663

Large Fleet 211 206 -2.3 58,150 60,612

Rental 181 180 -0.5 54,797 56,068

Company Capitalisation 190 185 -2.5 38,388 36,064

State Government 211 207 -2.1 26,967 28,658

Not For Profit Organisation 188 187 -0.6 17,076 16,731

Local Government 209 206 -1.4 10,154 9,542

Australian Government 207 211 2.0 3,435 3,725

Taxi 149 136 -8.8 730 1,429

Private - Overseas Delivery 197 200 1.4 96 334

Diplomatic 191 186 -2.6 50 78

Total 192 188 -2.3 1,103,445 1,080,640



Table 14: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2013 and 2014

Buyer type



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

NSW government 208 205 -1.5 9,734 9,932

VIC government 209 207 -1.2 6,349 6,499

QLD government 223 209 -6.2 2,970 5,222

Australian government 207 211 1.9 3,435 3,725

NSW local governments 205 201 -2.0 3,329 3,376

WA government 213 207 -2.7 3,402 2,619

SA government 207 204 -1.4 2,531 2,416

VIC local governments 205 205 -0.1 2,007 1,957

QLD local governments 218 218 0.0 2,182 1,598

WA local governments 209 205 -2.1 1,570 1,588

TAS government 209 205 -1.8 1,114 894

NT government 217 218 0.4 595 869

SA local governments 219 213 -2.8 664 719

ACT government 197 198 0.7 278 216

TAS local governments 199 194 -2.6 232 179

NT local governments 223 220 -1.2 164 116

Total 210 207 -1.4 40,556 41,925


Table 15: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual sales by fuel type, 2013 and 2014

Fuel type



to 2014 (%)

Sales

2013 2014 2013 2014

Petrol 182 177 -2.7 758,939 746,489

Diesel 214 213 -0.5 339,754 330,583

LPG 207 204 -1.4 4,704 2,932

Electric 3 42 1300 101 948

Total 192 188 -2.3 1,103,498 1,080,952

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas


Table 16: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities and annual registrationsa for new passenger vehicles by country, 2012–13

Country



to 2014 (%)

Sales (thousands)

2012 2013 2012 2013

Netherlands 119 109 -8.0 499 416

Greece 121 112 -7.6 58 85

Portugal 118 112 -4.6 95 105

Denmark 117 113 -3.7 171 184

France 124 117 -5.6 193 1,827

Malta 122 119 -2.3 6 6

Ireland 125 121 -3.5 73 74

Italy 126 121 -4.0 1,402 1,304

Spain 129 122 -4.9 674 732

Norway 142 123 -13.2 - -

Belgium 128 124 -3.1 489 490

Slovenia 133 126 -5.8 50 51

European Union 133 127 -4.5 11,993 11,825

Croatia 121 127 5.0 - -

United Kingdom 133 128 -3.5 2,035 2,254

Austria 136 132 -3.0 335 319

Finland 139 132 -5.2 107 100

Romania 139 132 -5.0 66 57

Sweden 136 133 -2.0 265 252

Luxembourg 137 133 -2.6 49 46

Hungary 141 134 -4.5 52 55

Czech Republic 141 135 -4.4 170 162

Slovakia 141 135 -4.2 70 66

Germany 142 136 -3.9 3,060 2,930

Poland 141 138 -2.3 274 288

Cyprus 144 139 -3.5 11 7

Lithuania 144 140 -3.1 12 12

Bulgaria 149 142 -5.0 14 15

Latvia 152 147 -3.2 10 10

Estonia 151 147 -2.3 19 20

Australia 190 182 -4.2 979 884


a. New car sales


Table 17: Equivalent manufacturers for new passenger vehicles in European Union and Australia

Manufacturer in european Union Combed makes in australia

BMW BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce

Daimler Mercedes-Benz and Smart

General Motors Holden and Opel

Hyundai Hyundai and Kia

Volkswagen Group Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Porsche, Bentley, Lamborghini

Toyota Toyota and Lexus

Nissan Nissan and Infiniti

Table 18: Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger vehicles for the European Union and Australia by manufacturer, 2013

Make

average vehicle CO2 emissions intensity (g/km)

Percentage difference (%)european Union australia

Renault 110 185 68

Peugeot 115 167 45

Toyota 116 188 62

Citroën 116 158 36

Fiat 116 169 45

Ford 122 189 55

Škoda 125 159 27

Volkswagen 127 152 20

Kia 128 184 43

Volvo 131 205 57

Nissan 131 194 48

Opel 132 168 27

Audi 133 159 20

BMW 134 158 18

Mazda 134 176 32

General Motors 136 205 51

Daimler 137 164 19

Hyundai 138 172 24

Jaguar Land Rover 182 212 17

All Makes 127 182 43



Table 19: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013

Country Sales (thousands) average CO2 emissions intensity (g/km)

Belgium 54 153

Portugal 18 155

France 365 159

Greece 3 160

Spain 85 161

Italy 89 164

Denmark 24 170

Ireland 11 173

European Union 1,371 175

Norway 31 178

Netherlands 51 180

Sweden 37 183

United Kingdom 271 186

Finland 10 186

Luxembourg 3 187

Austria 32 189

Germany 212 195

Switzerland 32 199

Australia 197 236


Table 20: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and the European Union by manufacturer, 2013

Make

average vehicle CO2 emissions intensity (g/km)

Percentage difference (%)european Union australia

Citroën 150 155 3

Peugeot 150 161 7

Fiat 162 196 21

Renault 166 208 25

General Motors 180 236 31

Volkswagen 183 204 12

Ford 188 240 28

Nissan 194 242 25

Mercedes-Benz 209 199 -5



Table 21: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014

Year

Passenger vehicles Light commercial vehicles

average CO2

emissions intensity (g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity (g/km) annual Sales

2005 219 526,405 279 130,081

2006 209 550,223 269 125,072

2007 206 559,929 261 135,812

2008 201 521,275 260 137,227

2009 198 540,542 256 153,202

2010 191 592,001 252 153,008

2011 198 803,396 245 175,647

2012 190 882,507 238 196,461

2013 182 899,769 236 203,729

2014 177 883,761 235 197,191

10-year change (%) -18.9 -15.7


Table 22: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for the top 15 highest selling manufacturers, 2005–2014

Year

Toyota Holden Ford

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 237 190,421 251 162,136 275 115,775

2006 229 198,528 248 134,203 253 102,615

2007 222 209,678 253 130,133 247 91,550

2008 223 211,155 252 114,552 242 88,486

2009 222 200,709 242 119,568 241 94,647

2010 217 214,352 229 132,923 237 93,754

2011 217 181,303 219 126,095 220 89,950

2012 210 217,796 214 114,665 206 89,328

2013 203 214,343 212 112,059 205 86,372

2014 201 203,274 214 106,092 205 79,051

10-year change (%) -15.4 -14.8 -25.7


Year

Mazda Hyundai Nissan

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 220 60,324 201 45,911 258 35,429

2006 213 58,121 188 43,782 243 47,490

2007 210 69,651 183 43,123 241 53,743

2008 208 69,241 176 39,257 231 52,496

2009 205 77,739 182 63,207 232 52,901

2010 204 84,777 182 80,038 230 62,676

2011 200 88,333 181 87,008 226 67,907

2012 189 103,886 176 91,536 221 79,670

2013 184 103,144 175 97,006 209 76,545

2014 164 100,704 175 100,011 202 65,852

10-year change (%) -25.4 -12.6 -21.9

Year

Mitsubishi Honda Subaru

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 251 53,061 202 43,703 236 15,910

2006 245 49,459 198 51,443 236 33,688

2007 240 57,741 195 54,093 233 34,282

2008 229 53,621 193 46,501 226 33,349

2009 224 56,998 189 41,443 222 36,506

2010 215 62,384 189 40,375 215 40,025

2011 212 61,078 188 30,107 215 34,011

2012 207 58,773 181 35,812 194 40,189

2013 191 71,528 176 39,258 181 40,196

2014 191 68,637 168 32,998 178 40,502

10-year change (%) -23.9 -17.0 -24.5


Year

Volkswagen Kia Suzuki

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 199 11,588 242 18,150 191 12,849

2006 193 19,772 221 19,299 192 14,851

2007 193 23,195 215 17,914 193 19,829

2008 192 25,760 200 16,985 192 20,482

2009 187 29,651 200 19,407 190 20,298

2010 175 37,172 199 23,848 177 24,789

2011 172 44,271 197 25,128 161 23,778

2012 177 53,997 188 30,758 157 24,057

2013 163 54,284 184 29,778 158 22,075

2014 159 54,480 179 28,005 156 17,422

10-year change (%) -19.8 -26.2 -18.6

Year

Mercedes-Benz BMW audi

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 232 14,108 234 15,002 213 4,594

2006 232 15,117 225 14,856 218 5,162

2007 228 15,700 219 15,334 223 6,173

2008 221 13,791 216 14,855 206 8,218

2009 217 16,379 210 17,099 191 11,310

2010 209 19,441 191 17,993 182 12,900

2011 192 17,927 181 17,508 173 14,511

2012 175 19,201 163 18,413 166 14,535

2013 165 24,091 158 20,522 159 16,009

2014 160 28,017 151 22,713 155 19,227

10-year change (%) -31.1 -35.3 -27.3



Table 23: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities for Australian-made vehicles, 2005–2014

Year

Toyota Holden Ford Mitsubishi

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 247 36,439 280 88,522 290 89,576 277 14,950

2006 240 31,138 280 69,561 274 70,417 261 11,935

2007 233 41,820 286 66,235 269 57,958 259 9,550

2008 233 37,365 286 59,571 268 49,520 259 2,861

2009 233 34,756 275 58,535 268 54,100 264 10

2010 216 36,778 260 59,362 263 50,173 259 1

2011 203 28,084 229 74,434 252 39,421

2012 181 36,304 217 69,077 238 34,415

2013 179 31,699 213 57,261 237 29,550

2014 177 27,207 217 54,299 239 18,962

10-year change (%) -28.4 -22.6 -17.6 -6.6


Table 24: Simplified segment categories

Simplified Segment categories Segments included

Light Light

Small Small

Medium Medium

Large Large Upper Large People Movers

Sports Sports

SUV SUV Small SUV Medium SUV Large SUV Upper Large

Light Commercial Vehicle Pick Up/Cab Chassis 4 x 2

Pick Up/Cab Chassis 4 x 4

Light Buses Vans/ Control Cabs

| Carbon DioxiDe emissions intensity for new australian light VehiCles 2014

Tab

le 2

5: A

vera

ge

car

bo

n d

ioxi

de

em

issi

on

s in

ten

siti

es,

by

seg

me

nt

typ

e, 2

00

5–

20

14

Yea

r

Lig

ht

Smal

lM

ediu

mSp

ort

sC

om

bin

ed L

igh

t co

mm

erci

al v

ehic

les

Co

mb

ined

Lar

ge

Co

mb

ined

SU

Vs

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

Ave

rag

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

inte

nsi

ty

(g/k

m)

Sale

s

2005

160

81,6

6719

118

0,80

722

271

,984

254

17,5

8327

415

1,16

326

917

4,36

428

116

3,72

9

2006

159

107,

612

190

202,

616

221

80,3

3424

015

,360

265

146,

370

264

144,

301

270

158,

387

2007

158

113,

211

187

205,

358

217

80,4

1523

116

,892

258

156,

078

262

144,

053

260

175,

847

2008

158

111,

587

184

200,

086

214

76,2

3822

915

,087

257

161,

733

260

118,

277

254

171,

079

2009

158

116,

460

182

213,

988

210

76,6

2421

917

,145

253

179,

204

254

116,

325

246

188,

153

2010

157

137,

804

181

239,

191

200

82,6

2220

617

,393

250

178,

019

246

114,

991

238

235,

285

2011

152

132,

412

177

244,

071

187

75,9

8419

714

,569

245

175,

647

243

92,2

2723

024

4,13

3

2012

148

137,

511

171

252,

089

175

87,6

7417

921

,437

238

196,

461

235

77,9

7121

930

5,82

5

2013

144

130,

757

164

266,

222

167

77,9

8117

725

,337

236

203,

729

228

65,9

6220

733

3,51

0

2014

142

124,

374

155

250,

354

162

71,4

0517

323

,805

235

197,

191

226

61,4

7620

035

2,34

7

10-y

ear

chan

ge

(%)

-11.

4

-18.

8

-26.

9

-31.

8

-14.

2

-16.

0

-28.

8

CO

2 =

car

bon

diox

ide;

g/k

m =

gra

ms

per

kilo

met

re


Table 26: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by buyer type, 2005–2014

Year

Business government Private

average CO2


average CO2


average CO2


2005 253 353,038 264 78,271 225 409,988

2006 242 362,449 251 70,563 216 421,968

2007 237 390,742 243 63,008 213 438,104

2008 233 392,645 238 59,943 210 401,499

2009 229 424,293 231 59,892 207 423,714

2010 222 457,951 225 63,281 202 484,073

2011 214 442,803 217 57,856 198 478,384

2012 206 488,028 212 50,673 191 540,267

2013 198 479,713 210 40,556 186 583,229

2014 193 453,799 207 41,925 182 585,228

10-year change (%) -23.7 -21.6 -19.1


Table 27: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensities, by fuel type, 2005–2014

Year

Diesel LPg Petrol electric

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

average CO2

emissions intensity

(g/km) Sales

2005 260 98,834 248 7,726 238 734,737

2006 249 118,211 255 12,283 227 724,486

2007 236 152,051 245 11,982 224 727,821

2008 232 177,947 246 12,333 220 663,807

2009 228 211,392 249 10,473 215 686,034

2010 223 253,196 249 7,954 209 744,155

2011 221 265,589 248 3,082 201 710,372

2012 217 325,783 209 5,766 191 747,339 27 80

2013 214 339,754 207 4,704 182 758,939 27 101

2014 213 330,583 204 2,932 177 746,489 42 948

10-year change (%) -18.0 -17.9 -25.8 56.3



Table 28: Estimated actual carbon dioxide emissions from passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2005–2014

Year

Million tonnes of CO2 emissions

Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles

2005 42.5 10.7

2006 41.5 11.0

2007 41.9 11.4

2008 42.1 11.9

2009 41.8 12.3

2010 41.9 12.8

2011 42.2 13.2

2012 42.4 13.5

2013 42.4 13.9

2014 42.2 14.2

10-year change (%) -0.7 32.6


Note: CO2 values for 2013 and 2014 are preliminary estimates.

National Transport Commission Level 15/628 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000

Ph: +61 3 9236 5000 Fax: +61 3 9642 8922

[email protected] www.ntc.gov.au

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