carbon compounds chapter 2 section 3 part 1. objectives describe the unique qualities of carbon ...
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Carbon CompoundsChapter 2 Section 3
Part 1
Objectives Describe the unique qualities
of carbon Describe the structures and
functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules
Important Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Protein Amino acid
What is Biochemistry?
It is the study of the chemical _________ that occur in ________________
Carbon Compounds All living things are mainly made up
of carbon Carbon is a very versatile element Compounds that are mostly carbon
are called organic compounds Compounds that don’t contain
carbon are called inorganic compounds
Important Facts About Carbon
Has 4 valence electrons Forms 4 covalent bonds Readily combines with itself and other
elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen
Forms different arrangements with itself such as chains, branches and rings
Can share 1, 2 or 3 electrons
Carbon Structures with Single Bonds
Carbon Structures with Double & Triple Bonds
Macromolecules
Are really large organic compounds found in living cells
Most macromolecules are made in a process known as polymerization, in which smaller units called monomers are join together to form polymers
Monomers are the building blocks of large carbon compounds Like blocks, monomers can be “stacked”
together to make larger structures Polymers are a chains of monomers Macromolecules are sorted into groups based
on their chemical compositions
Condensation Reactions Put monomers together to make
polymers by releasing water and forming bonds between the monomers
Hydrolysis Reactions
Take polymers apart by adding water to break bonds between the monomers
This reaction is the reverse of a condensation reaction
4 Main Classes of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
They are used as a source of energy and structural materials
3 types of carbohydrates:MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides
Monosaccharides A monomer of a carbohydrate A simple sugar
Its general formula is (CH2O)n
( n is a number from 3 to 8) Most common monosaccharides
include: glucose, fructose, & galactose
Disaccharides
A double sugar 2 monosaccharides together Monomers of disaccharides are
monosaccharides For example:
Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose
Polysaccharides
3 or more monosaccharides together
Complex sugar Ex. Glycogen: stored energy molecule
for animals Ex. Starch & Cellulose: stored energy
molecules for plants
Lipids Are large, non-polar organic
molecules They do not dissolve in water Include fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments
Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
They store more energy
Fatty Acids
Are unbranched carbon chains
Main component of lipids They have a hydrophilic
and a hydrophobic end 4 types of fatty acids:
TriglyceridesPhospholipidsWaxesSteroids
Saturated fat
Hydrophobic end
Hydrophilic end
Unsaturated fat
Triglycerides
Are composed of 3 fatty acid chains connected to 1 molecule of glycerol
Saturated triglycerides are made of saturated fatty acids, have high melting points and are hard at room temp.
Ex. Butter, fat in red meat Unsaturated triglycerides are made
of unsaturated fatty acids and are soft or liquids at room temp.
Ex. Found in plant seeds
Triglycerides
Phospholipids Have 2 fatty acid chains attached
to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group attached to that
Our cell membranes are made of 2 layers of phospholipids, known as the lipid bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
Wax
Is a type of structural lipid composed of 1 long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
Wax is waterproof It is used as a protective outer-
coating for both plants and animals
Steroids
Are composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
Ex. Animal hormones & Cholesterol